Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T03:27:40.672Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Eleven - Three Questions Concerning Armenian and Byzantine Art

from II - Images, Objects, Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2024

Elizabeth S. Bolman
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
Scott Fitzgerald Johnson
Affiliation:
University of Oklahoma
Jack Tannous
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

If the Armenological scholarship of the past five decades is any indication, close and deep examination has tended to reveal shared concerns, broader cultural horizons, and a strong sense of Armenia’s connectedness to other traditions and places. This could be shown for virtually all periods of Armenian history, but this essay focuses on the seventh to tenth centuries. Exploring some points of convergence between Armenian and Byzantine artistic traditions, I ask three very specific questions: 1) Is there such a thing as an Armenian imperial image? 2) What if an Armenian church were constructed in the imperial palace at Constantinople? and 3) What if an early medieval Armenian icon panel was shown to have survived? These are all hypothetical scenarios, but they are not entirely fantastical; each finds at least some support in historical evidence. Moreover, all of them urge a broader, more complex, and more dynamic conceptualization of visual culture than most studies of Byzantine and Armenian art have allowed.

Type
Chapter
Information
Worlds of Byzantium
Religion, Culture, and Empire in the Medieval Near East
, pp. 324 - 351
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamyan, Aida. Vardges Surenyanc‘ (1860–1921): Kensamatenagitut‘yun [Vardges Surenyanc‘: A Biographical Bibliography]. Yerevan: Girk‘, 2012.Google Scholar
Ališan, Łewond. Ayrarat. Venice: San Lazzaro Mekhitarist Monastery, 1890.Google Scholar
Aṙak‘elyan, Varag, ed. Movsēs Kałankatuac‘i, Patmut‘iwn Ałuanic‘ Ašxarhi. Yerevan: Haykakan SSH GA, 1983.Google Scholar
Azatyan, Vardan. Arvestabanut‘yun ev Azgaynakanut‘yun: Miǰnadaryan Hayastani ev Vrastani arvestnerē 19–20–rd dd. Germaniayum [Art History and Nationalism: Medieval Armenian and Georgian Arts in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Germany]. Erevan: Aktual Arvest, 2012.Google Scholar
Borgehammar, Stephan. “Heraclius Learns Humility: Two Early Latin Accounts Composed for the Celebration of the Exaltatio Crucis.Millennium, Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte der ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. 5 (2009): 145201.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. Les Apôtres Thaddée et Barthélemy. Aux origines du christianisme arménien: Martyre et découverte des reliques de Thaddée. Martyre et découverte des reliques de Barthélemy par Maroutha. Apocryphes 13. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canepa, Matthew. The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran. Berkeley: University of California, 2009.Google Scholar
Chaillot, Christine. “Y a-t-il vénération des icȏnes dans la tradition armeniénne?Bazmavep 151 (1993): 122–41.Google Scholar
Dark, Ken. “Roman Architecture in the Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors at Constantinople during the Sixth to Ninth Centuries.Byzantion 77 (2007): 87105.Google Scholar
Davidian, Vazken Khatchig.Image of an Atrocity: Ivan (Hovhannes) Aivazovsky’s Massacre of the Armenians in Trebizond 1895.Études arméniennes contemporaines 11 (2018): 4073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Der Nersessian, Sirarpie. Armenian Art. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1978.Google Scholar
Der Nersessian, SirarpieImage Worship in Armenia and Its Opponents.” In Études byzantines et arméniennes/Byzantine and Armenian Studies, vol. 1, pp. 405–15. Louvain: Imprimerie Orientaliste, 1973.Google Scholar
Dowsett, Charles, trans. History of the Caucasian Albanians. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Eastmond, Anthony. “An Intentional Error? Imperial Art and ‘Mis’-Interpretation under Andronikos I Komnenos.Art Bulletin 76, no. 3 (1994): 502–10.Google Scholar
Eastmond, Anthony Tamta’s World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Ǝndhanrakan T‘ułt‘k‘ Srpoyn Nersisi Šnorhalioy. Jerusalem: Armenian Patriarchate of Saint James, 1871.Google Scholar
Evans, Helen C. “Nonclassical Sources for the Armenian Mosaic near the Damascus Gate in Jerusalem.” In East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, edited by Garsoïan, Nina, Mathews, Thomas F., and Thomson, Robert W., pp. 216–22. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.Google Scholar
Evans, Helen C., ed. Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2018.Google Scholar
Evans, Helen C. Byzantium and Islam: Age of Transition. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012.Google Scholar
Featherstone, Michael, Spieser, Jean-Michel, Tanman, Gülru, and Wulf-Rheidt, Ulrike, eds. The Emperor’s House: Palaces from Augustus to the Age of Absolutism. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G.The Iranian Substratum of the ‘Agat‘angełos’ Cycle.” In East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, edited by Garsoïan, Nina, Mathews, Thomas F., and Thomson, Robert W., pp. 151–74. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G.The Problem of Armenian Integration into the Byzantine Empire.” In Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire, edited by Laiou, Angeliki and Ahrweiler, Hélène, pp. 53124. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G., Mathews, Thomas F., and Thomson, Robert W., eds. East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.Google Scholar
Gasparean, Gurgēn, ed. Movsēs Kałankatuac‘i, Patmut‘iwn Ałuanic‘ Ašxarhi [Movsēs Kałankatuac‘i, History of the Caucasian Albanians]. Matenagirk‘ Hayoc‘, vol. 15, part 2, pp. 619829. Antelias: Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia, 2010.Google Scholar
Ghazaryan, Manya. Vardges Surenyants‘. Erevan: Haypethrat, 1960.Google Scholar
Greenwood, Timothy W.Armenian Neighbours (600–1045).” In The Cambridge History of the Byzantium Empire c. 500–1492, edited by Shepard, Jonathan, pp. 333–64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Greenwood, Timothy W.A Corpus of Early Medieval Armenian Inscriptions.Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004): 2791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, Timothy W.Movses Daskhurants‘i/Movses Kaghankatuats‘i.” In Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History, vol. 1: 600–900, edited by Thomas, David and Roggema, Barbara, pp. 261–7. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009.Google Scholar
Greenwood, Timothy W., trans. The Universal History of Step‘anos Tarōnec‘i. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Hakobyan, Zaruhi. “The Restitution of the True Cross in the 10th-Century Armenian Sources and Its Depiction in the Early Medieval Sculpture.Revue des études arméniennes 35 (2013): 227–40.Google Scholar
Hovhannisean, Petros. “Movsēs Kałankatuac‘in ew ir ‘Ałuanic‘ ašxarhi patmut‘iwn-ǝ’” [“Movsēs Kałankatuac‘i and his ‘History of the Nation of the Albanians’”]. In Matenagirk‘ Hayoc‘, vol. 15, part 2, pp. 2731. Antelias: Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia, 2010.Google Scholar
Howard-Johnston, James. “Armenian Historians of Heraclius: An Examination of the Aims, Sources, and Working-Methods of Sebeos and Movses Daskhurants‘i.” In The Reign of Heraclius (610–641): Crisis and Confrontation, edited by Reinink, Gerrit J. and Stolte, Bernard H., pp. 4162. Louvain: Peeters, 2002.Google Scholar
Howard-Johnston, James. “Historical Commentary.” In The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, vol. 2, 155288.Google Scholar
K‘ēosyēean, Yakob, ed. Vrt‘anēs K‘ert‘oł, Yałags Patkeramartic‘ [Vrt‘anēs K‘ert‘oł, Concerning the Iconoclasts]. Matenagirk‘ Hayoc‘, vol. 3, pp. 493500. Antelias: Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia, 2003.Google Scholar
K‘yoseyan/ K‘ēosyean, Yakob. “Vrt‘anēs K‘ert‘ołi ‘Yałaks Patkeremartic‘’ Erkǝ” [“The Work ‘Concerning the Iconoclasts’ by Vṙt‘anēs K‘ert‘oł”]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes 2 (1981): 178–90.Google Scholar
Keshani, Hussein. “The Abbāsid Palace of Theophilus: Byzantine Taste for the Arts of Islam.Al-Masaq 16, no. 1 (2004): 7591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khachaturian, Shahen. The Color of Pain: The Reflection of the Armenian Genocide in Armenian Painting. Yerevan: Printinfo Publishing House, 2010.Google Scholar
Khatchatrian, Armen. “L’architecture arménienne: Essai analytique.Vostan 1 (1948–9): 57144.Google Scholar
Kleinbauer, W. Eugene.Zvart’nots and the Origins of Christian Architecture in Armenia.Art Bulletin 54, no. 3 (1972): 245–62.Google Scholar
Kochakian, Garabed. Art in the Armenian Church: Origins and Teaching. New York: St. Vartan Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Krautheimer, Richard, and Slobodan, Ćurčić. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Maguire, Henry. “The Medieval Floors of the Great Palace.” In Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and Everyday Life, edited by Necipoğlu, Nevra, pp. 153–74. Leiden: Brill, 2001.Google Scholar
Maguire, HenryStyle and Ideology in Byzantine Imperial Art.Gesta 28, no. 2 (1989), 217–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malxaseanc‘, Step‘an, ed. Step‘anosi Tarōnec‘woy Asołkan patmut‘iwn tiezerakan. St. Petersburg: N. Skorokhodovi, 1885.Google Scholar
Mango, Cyril. “Byzantine Writers on the Fabric of Hagia Sophia.” In Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present, edited by Mark, Robert and Çakmak, Ahmet S., pp. 4156. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Mango, Cyril The Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul. Dumbarton Oaks Studies 8. Dumbarton Oaks: Washington, DC, 1962.Google Scholar
Manukean, Gurgēn, ed. Patmut‘iwn Tiezerakan Step‘anosi Tarawnec‘i. Asołik [Universal History of Step‘anos Tarōnec‘i (Asołik)]. Matenagirk‘ Hayoc‘, vol. 15, part 2. Antelias: Lebanon, 2010.Google Scholar
Maranci, Christina. Armenian Art: An Introduction. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Maranci, ChristinaByzantium through Armenian Eyes: Cultural Appropriation and the Case of Zuart‘noc‘.”Gesta 40 (2001): 105–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maranci, Christina‘Holiness Befits Your House’ (Ps. 92 [93]: 5): A Preliminary Report on the Apse Inscription at Mren.Revue des études arméniennes 36 (2014–15): 243–63.Google Scholar
Maranci, ChristinaThe Humble Heraclius: Revisiting the North Portal at Mren.Revue des études arméniennes 31 (2009): 359–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maranci, ChristinaNew Observations on the Frescoes at Mren.Revue des études arméniennes 35 (2013): 203–25.Google Scholar
Maranci, Christina “‘Open My Eyes So That I May See Wonderful Things’ [Ps 118 (119):18]: Some Art Historical Remarks about the Consecration of a Painted Church.” In Armenia through the Lens of Time, edited by Frederic Alpi, Robin Meyer, Irene Tinti, and David Zakarian, pp. 42–55. Leiden: Brill, 2022.Google Scholar
Maranci, Christina Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia. Turnhout: Brepols, 2015.Google Scholar
Marr, Nikolai. O raskopkakh i rabotakh v Ani. St. Petersburg: Tip. Imp. Akademii nauk, 1907.Google Scholar
Mat‘evosyan, Karen. “Vrt‘anes K‘ert‘ołǝ haytnac mi tełekut‘yan šurǰ” [“Vrt‘anes K‘ert‘oł: A Piece of Information Explained”]. Banasirakan Handes 124 (1989): 242–4.Google Scholar
Mathews, Thomas F.The Early Armenian Iconographic Program of the Ēǰmiacin Gospel (Erevan, Matenadaran MS 2374, olim 229).” In East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, edited by Garsoïan, Nina, Mathews, Thomas F., and Thomson, Robert W., pp. 119215. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.Google Scholar
Mathews, Thomas F.Vrt‘anēs K‘ert‘oł and the Early Theology of Images.Revue des études arméniennes 31 (2008–9): 101–26.Google Scholar
Mathews, Thomas F., and Wieck, Roger S., eds. Treasures in Heaven: Armenian Art, Religion, and Society. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, 1998.Google Scholar
Mathews, Thomas F., and Wieck, Roger S., eds.Treasures in Heaven: Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Melik‘yan, Karine. “Patkeramartakan Šaržman Ēutyunn u Patkeramartut‘yan Haykakan Drsevorumnerǝ” [“The Essence of Iconoclasm as Manifested in Armenian Iconoclasm”]. In Problems of the History of Armenia: Collection of Scientific Articles, pp. 2247. Erevan: Historical Institute, 2011.Google Scholar
Nersessian, Vrej. “Armenian Christianity.” In The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity, edited by Parry, Ken, pp. 2336. Malden; Oxford: Blackwell, 2010.Google Scholar
Nersessian, Vrej Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2001.Google Scholar
Papalexandrou, Amy. “The Church of the Virgin of Skripou: Architecture, Sculpture, and Inscriptions in Ninth-Century Byzantium.” Ph.D. dissertation. Princeton University, 1998.Google Scholar
Rapti, Ioanna. “Le statut des images dans l’art et le culte arméniens.” In L’aniconisme dans l’art religieux byzantine: Actes du colloque de Genève (1–3 octobre 2009), edited by Campagnolo, Matteo, Magdalino, Paul, Martiniani-Reber, Marielle, and Rey, André-Louis. Geneva: La Pomme d’Or, 2014.Google Scholar
Reinink, Gerrit J., and Stolte, Bernard H., eds. The Reign of Heraclius (610–641): Crisis and Confrontation. Louvain: Peeters, 2002.Google Scholar
Ricci, Alessandra. “The Road from Baghdad to Byzantium and the Case of the Bryas Palace.” In Byzantium in the Ninth Century: Dead or Alive?, edited by Brubaker, Leslie, pp. 131–49. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.Google Scholar
Sargsyan, Minas S. “Mreni tačari himnadirneri patkerak‘andaknerǝ” [“The Bas-Reliefs of the Founders of the Church of Mren”]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes 4 (1966): 241–50.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Andrea B.Gab es ein armenischen Ikonoklasmus? Rekonstruktion eines Documents der kaukasich-albanischen Theologiegeschichte.” In Das Frankfurter Konzil von 794: Kristallisationspunkt karolingischer Kultur, edited by Berndt, Rainer, vol. 2, pp. 947–64. Mainz: Gesellschaft für mittelreinische Kirchengeschichte, 1997.Google Scholar
Srboy Hōrn Meroy Movsēsi Xorenac‘ioy Matenagrutiwnk‘ [Complete Works of Our Holy Father Movsēsi Xorenac‘i], pp. 283–96. 1843. Reprint, Venice: San Lazzaro, 1865.Google Scholar
T‘oramanyan, T‘oros. Zvart‘noc‘-Gagkašen. Erevan: Sovetakan Groł, 1984.Google Scholar
Tēr-Vardanean, Gēorg. Mayr Maštoc‘ [Great Ritual Book], vol. 1, Ekełec‘akan Matenagrut‘yun 5. Vałaršapat: Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, 2012.Google Scholar
Thierry, Jean-Michel, and Thierry, Nicole. “La cathédrale de Mren et sa décoration.Cahiers archéologiques 21 (1971): 4377.Google Scholar
Thierry, Nicole. “Héraclius et la vraie croix en Arménie.” In From Byzantium to Iran: Armenian Studies in Honour of Nina G. Garsoïan, edited by Mahé, Jean-Pierre and Thomson, Robert W., pp. 165–86. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W., Howard-Johnston, James (commentary), and Greenwood, Tim (trans.). The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos. 2 vols. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vacca, Alison. Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Esbroeck, Michel. “La naissance du culte de saint Barthélemy en Arménie.Revue des études arméniennes 17 (1983): 194–5.Google Scholar
Vardanyan, Sat‘enik. “Hisus K‘ristosi Patkerman Avanduyt‘ǝ Hamašxarhayin Arvestum.” [“The Tradition of the Image of Jesus Christ in International Art”]. Ēǰmiacin 67 (2011): 7188.Google Scholar
Walker, Alicia. The Emperor and the World: Exotic Elements and the Imaging of Middle Byzantine Imperial Power, Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries c.e. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward-Perkins, John Bryan.Notes on the Structure and Building Methods of Early Byzantine Architecture.” In The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors, Second Report, edited by Talbot-Rice, David, pp. 52104. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958.Google Scholar
Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xač‘atryan, Šahen. Vardges Surenyanc‘ (1860–1921). Erevan: Printinfo, 2014.Google Scholar
Zacos, George, and Veglery, Alexander. Byzantine Lead Seals, vol. 2. Basel: J. J. Augustin, 1972.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×