Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-06T10:11:29.893Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Antennas for Wireless Energy Harvesting and Massive MIMO Applications

from Part I - Basics of Wireless Energy Harvesting and Transfer Technology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2016

By
Zahra A. Pour ,
Lotfollah Shafai ,
Ali M. Mehrabani  and
Navid Rezazadeh
Edited by
Dusit Niyato ,
Ekram Hossain ,
Dong In Kim ,
Vijay Bhargava  and
Lotfollah Shafai
Zahra A. Pour
Affiliation:
University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
Lotfollah Shafai
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Ali M. Mehrabani
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Navid Rezazadeh
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Dusit Niyato
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Ekram Hossain
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Canada
Dong In Kim
Affiliation:
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Vijay Bhargava
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Lotfollah Shafai
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Canada
Get access

Summary

Introduction

In conventional wireless and microwave communications, voice or data signals are exchanged between the users, suppliers, or both. The wireless communications need not be limited to information signals alone. Power can also be transmitted or exchanged. This possibility will extend the use of wireless systems to many new applications, simplify hardware designs, and remove the current requirement of wireless communication channels for locations with available power, or batteries. The latter places severe limitations on the use of wireless networks and prevents innovation in the related technologies and applications. In addition, the availability of wireless power will expand the use of wireless sensors to many new areas in remote sensing and medicine. It will also enable innovations in non-communication-related technologies such as transportation, unmanned aerial vehicles, and mechanical systems.

The technology of wireless power transmission is currently known as microwave power transmission (MPT), or “energy harvesting.” While the former deals with any wireless power transmission, the latter refers mostly to small power levels. Historically, MPT has dealt with large power transmissions. Small power transmissions were not considered, mostly because wireless devices were not widespread and the power requirements of electronic devices were large. However, many new devices and technologies need small power levels to operate. Thus, energy harvesting is currently the primary area of interest, and this chapter will address the antenna designs for its applications, in particular antennas that can share both power and communication channels concurrently. However, since most research in the literature deals with communication antennas, for completeness a historical background is provided, to review the steps in the development of MPT, and the role of the antennas in its development. This is followed by a review of different antenna types that are useful for both energy harvesting and communications, and a few design examples.

In selecting the design examples effort is made to choose antennas with low-profile structures, having geometries compatible with technologies for both passive and active devices, mass production techniques and low-cost fabrication. In addition, since most innovations in communication, remote sensing and medical applications deal with small sizes, the design examples are selected to have potential for antenna miniaturizations. However, the actual antenna miniaturization techniques are not discussed in this chapter.

Type
Chapter
Information
Wireless-Powered Communication Networks
Architectures, Protocols, and Applications
 , pp. 86 - 132
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

[1] H., Hertz, Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York : Scribner, pp. 340–349.
[2] N., Tesla, “The true wireless,” Electrical Experimenter, May 1919.
[3] B., Strassner and K., Chang, “Microwave power transmission: Historical milestones and system Strassner and K., Chang, “Microwave power transmission: Historical milestones and system components,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1379–1396, June 2013.Google Scholar
[4] O., Heil, “Velocity Modulation Tube,” U.S. Patent 3,116,435, December 1963.
[5] H. A. H., Root and J. T., Randall, “Early work on cavity magnetron,” IEE Journal, Part IIIA: Ra. A.-H., Root and J. T., Randall, “Early work on cavity magnetron,” IEE Journal, Part IIIA: Radiolocation, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 182–183, March 1946.Google Scholar
[6] H. A. H., Root and J. T., Randall, “The cavity magnetron,” IEE Journal, Part IIIA: Rad. A. H., Root and J. T., Randall, “The cavity magnetron,” IEE Journal, Part IIIA: Radiolocation, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 928–938, July 1946.Google Scholar
[7] J. F., Skowron, W. C., Brown and G. H., MacMaster, “The super power CW amplitron,” Mic. F., Skowron, W. C., Brown and G. H., MacMaster, “The super power CW amplitron,” Microwave Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 65–69, October 1964.Google Scholar
[8] R. H., George and E. M., Sabbagh, “An efficient means of converting microwave energy to DC using semiconductor diodes,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 132–141, March H., George and E. M., Sabbagh, “An efficient means of converting microwave energy to DC using semiconductor diodes,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 132–141. March 1963.Google Scholar
[9] W. C., Brown, “Thermionic diode rectifier,” Microwave Power Engineering, vol. 1, E. C., Okress, ed., New York : Academic, 1968, pp. 295–298.
[10] W. C., Brown, “Experimental airborne microwave supported platform,” technical report RADC-TR-65-188, Contract AF30 (602) 3481, December 1965.
[11] W. C., Brown, “Electronic and mechanical improvement of the receiving terminal of a freespacemicrowave power transmission system,” Raytheon Contractor Report PT-4964, NASA CR-135194, August 1977.
[12] J., Schlesak, A., Alden and T., Ohno, “SHARP rectenna and low altitude flight trials,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, New Orleans, LA, December 2–5, 1985.
[13] Y., Fujino, T., Ito, M., Fujita et al., “A rectenna for MILAX,” in Proc. First Wireless Power Transmission Conference, February 1993, pp. 273–277.
[14] H., Matsumoto, N., Kaya, I., Kimura et al., “MINIX project toward the solar power satellites – Rocket experiment of microwave energy transmission and associated nonlinear plasma physics in the ionosphere,” in Proc. 1982 ISAS Space Energy Symposium, 1982, pp. 69–76.
[15] R., Akiba, K., Miura, M., Hinada et al., “ISY-METS rocket experiment,” Tokyo: Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, report no. 652, pp. 1–13. 1993.
[16] N., Shinohara and H., Matsumoto, “Dependence of DC output of a rectenna array on the method of in connection of its array elements,” Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 9–17. 1998.Google Scholar
[17] H., Matsumoto, “Research on solar power satellites and microwave power transmission in Japan,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 36–45, December 2002.Google Scholar
[18] J., Garnica, R., Chinga, and J., Lin et al., “Wireless power transmission: From far field to near field,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1321–1331, June 2013.Google Scholar
[19] I., Mayordomo, T., Drager, P., Spies, J., Besnhard, and A, Pflaum, “An overview of technical challenges and advances of inductive wireless power transmission,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1302–1311, June 2013.Google Scholar
[20] E., Waffenschmidt and T., Staring, “Limitation of inductive power transfer for consumer applications,” in Proc. 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, September 2009, pp. 1–10.
[21] X., Liu and S. Y., Hui, “Optimal design of a hybrid winding structure for planar contactless battery charging platform,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 455–463, January 2008.Google Scholar
[22] P., Jaffe and J., McSpadden, “Energy conversion and transmission modules for space solar power,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1424–1427, June 2013.Google Scholar
[23] M. I., Skolnik, Radar Systems. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1962.
[24] C. A., Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd edn. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2005.
[25] G., Goubau and F., Schwering, “3.5 Free space beam transmission,” in Microwave Power Engineering, vol. 1, E. C., Okress, ed. New York : Academic, 1968, pp. 241–255.
[26] W. C., Brown, “Beamed microwave power transmission and its application to space,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Technology, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1239–1250, June 1992.Google Scholar
[27] A., Costanzo, M., Dionigi, D., Masotti et al., “Electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless power transmission: A unified approach,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 120, no. 11, pp. 1692–1711, November 2014.Google Scholar
[28] S., Ladan, N., Ghassemi, A., Ghiotto, and K., Wu, “Highly efficient compact rectenna for wireless energy harvesting application,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 117–122, January/February 2013.Google Scholar
[29] Z., Popovi'c, E. A., Falkenstein, D., Costinett, and R., Zane, “Low-power far-field wireless powering for wireless sensors,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1397–1409, June 2013.Google Scholar
[30] L., Shafai, “Wideband microstrip antennas,” in Antenna Engineering Handbook. J. L., Volakis, ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2007, ch. 16.
[31] E. O., Hammerstad, “Equations for microstrip circuit design,” in Proc. 5th European Microwave Conference, September 1975, pp. 268–272.Google Scholar
[32] W. L., Stutzman and G. A., Theile, Antenna Theory and Design. 3rd edn., Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2013.
[33] T., Huynh and K. F., Lee, “Single-layer single-patch wideband microstrip antenna,” Electronics Letters, vol. 31, no. 16, pp. 1310–1312, August 1995.Google Scholar
[34] M., Clénet and L., Shafai, “Multiple resonances and polarization of U-slot patch antenna,” Electronics Letters, vol. 35, no. 2. pp. 1001–1002, June 1999.Google Scholar
[35] K. F., Lee, K. M., Luk, K. F., Tong et al., “Experimental and simulation studies of the coaxially fed U-slot rectangular patch antenna,” IEE Proceedings – Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 144, no. 5, pp. 354–358, October 1997.Google Scholar
[36] R., Bhalla and L., Shafai, “Resonance behavior of single U-slot microstrip patch antenna,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 333–335. 2002.
[37] S., Weigand, G. H., Huff, K. H., Pan, and J. T., Bernhard, “Analysis and design of broad-band single-layer rectangular U-slot microstrip patch antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 457–468, March 2003.Google Scholar
[38] R., Bhalla and L., Shafai, “Broadband patch antenna with a circular arc shaped slot,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, San Antonio, TX, vol. 1, June 2002, pp. 394–397.
[39] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “V-slot antennas for wideband applications,” in Proc. 2002 Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied EM, St-Hubert, Canada, pp. 463–466, July 2002.
[40] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “Low cross-polarized wideband V-slot microstrip antenna,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 44–47, October 2004.Google Scholar
[41] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “Circular-arc single layer microstrip antenna for wideband application,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Columbus, OH, vol. 2, June 2003, pp. 260–263.
[42] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “Wideband V-slotted diamond-shaped microstrip antennas,” Electronics Letters, vol. 40, no. 19, pp. 1166–1167, September 2004.Google Scholar
[43] Y. X., Guo, K. M., Luk, K. F., Lee, and Y. L., Chow, “Double U-slot rectangular patch antenna,” Electronics Letters, vol. 34, no. 19, pp. 1805–1806, September 1998.Google Scholar
[44] R., Bhalla and L., Shafai, “Circular patch antenna with a circular arc slot and L-probe feeding,” in Proc. 2002 Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied EM, St-Hubert, Canada, July 2002, pp. 456–462.
[45] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “The effect of stacked U-slot patch on the radiation parameters of rectangular U-slot microstrip antenna,” in Proc. 2002 Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied EM, St-Hubert, Canada, July 2002, pp. 451–454.
[46] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “Broadband microstrip patch antenna with V-slot,” IEE Proceedings – Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 435–440, October 2004.Google Scholar
[47] M., Clénet and L., Shafai, “Multiple resonances and polarization of U-slot patch antenna,” Electronics Letters, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1001–1002, June 1999.Google Scholar
[48] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “Wideband microstrip patch antennas with V-slot and patchvia resonators,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagagation, Monterey, CA, 2004, pp. 3741–3744.
[49] G. H., Rafi and L., Shafai, “Improving bandwidth of single layer diamond shape patch microstrip antenna with strip-via resonators,” in Proc. 2004 Symposium on Antenna Technology ai and L., Shafai, “Improving bandwidth of single layer diamond shape patch microstrip antenna with strip-via resonators,” in Proc. 2004 Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied EM, Ottawa, Canada, July 2004, pp. 673–676.
[50] R. G., Vaughan and J. B., Andersen, “Antenna diversity in mobile communications,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 149–172, November 1987.Google Scholar
[51] J. H., Winters, J., Salz, and R. D., Gitlin, “The impact of antenna diversity on the capacity of wireless communication systems,” IEEE Transactions on Communication, vol. 42, no. 234, pp. 1740–1751, February/March/April 1994.Google Scholar
[52] C. B., Dietrich, K., Dietze, J. R, Nealy, and W. L., Stutzman, “Spatial, polarization, and pattern diversity for wireless handheld terminals,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1271–1281, September 2001.Google Scholar
[53] L., Liu, R., Zhang, and K.-C, Chua, “Multi-antenna wireless powered communication with energy beamforming,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 4349–4361, December 2014.Google Scholar
[54] E., Hossain and M., Hasan, “5G cellular: Key enabling technologies and research challenges,” IEEE Magazine on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 11–21, June 2015.Google Scholar
[55] K. L., Wong, S. W., Su, and Y.-L., Kuo, “A printed ultra-wideband diversity monopole antenna,” Microwave Optical Technology Letters, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 257–259, August 2003.Google Scholar
[56] T. S. P., See and Z. N., Chen, “An ultra-wideband diversity antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1597–1605, June 2009.Google Scholar
[57] S., Zhang, Z., Ying, J., Xiong, and S., He, “Ultra-wideband MIMO/diversity antennas with a tree-like structure to enhance wideband isolation,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 1279–1282, 2009.Google Scholar
[58] A., Locatelli, D., Modotto, F. M., Pigozzo, et al., “A planar, differential, and directive ultrawideband antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2439–2442, July 2010.Google Scholar
[59] A., Diallo, C., Luxey, P. Le, Thuc, R., Staraj, and G., Kossiavas, “Study and reduction of the mutual coupling between two mobile phone PIFAs operating in the DCS 1800 and UMTS bands, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 3063–3074, November 2006.Google Scholar
[60] Y., Ding, Z., Du, K., Gong, and Z., Feng, “A novel dual-band printed diversity antenna for mobile terminals,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2088–2096. 2007.Google Scholar
[61] D., Yuandan and T., Itoh, “Planar ultra-wideband antennas in Ku- and K-band for pattern or polarization diversity applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 60, nondan and T., Itoh, “Planar ultra-wideband antennas in Ku- and K-band for pattern or polarization diversity applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2886–2895, June 2012.Google Scholar
[62] V., Rodriguez, “An open-boundary quad-ridged guide horn antenna for use as a source in antenna pattern measurement anechoic chambers,” IEEE Magazine on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 157–160, April 2006.Google Scholar
[63] G., Adamiuk, T., Zwick and W., Wiesbeck, “Compact, dual-polarized UWB-antenna, embedded in a dielectric,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 279–286, February 2010.Google Scholar
[64] D. V., Navarro-Méndez, L. F., Carrera-Suárez, E., Antonino-Daviu, “Compact wideband Vivaldi monopole for LTE mobile communications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 14, pp. 1068–1071, 2015.Google Scholar
[65] M., Sonkki, M., Ferrando-Bataller, E., Antonino-Daviu, and E., Salonen, “Wideband monopole Vivaldi antenna and its angular periodic performance,” in Proc. 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), April 2015, pp. 1–5.
[66] S. I., Latif, L., Shafai, and S. K., Sharma, “Bandwith enhancement and size reduction of microstrip slot antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 994–1003. March 2005.
[67] S., Blanch, J., Romeu, and I., Corbella, “Exact representation of antenna system diversity performance from input parameter description,” Electronics Letters, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 705–707, May 2003.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×