References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 April 2023
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Two Logics of Autocratic Rule , pp. 267 - 291Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Abel, Theodore. [1938] 1986. Why Hitler Came into Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Abrami, Regina, Malesky, Edmund, and Zheng, Yu. 2013. “Vietnam through Chinese Eyes: Divergent Accountability in Single-Party Regimes.” In Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Resilience in Asia and Europe, ed. Dimitrov, Martin K. New York: Cambridge University Press, 237–76.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2001. “A Theory of Political Transitions.” The American Economic Review 91 (4): 938–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2006. Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Albertus, Michael, and Menaldo, Victor. 2012. “Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratization.” Comparative Politics 44 (2): 151–69.Google Scholar
Albrecht, Holger, and Schlumberger, Oliver. 2004. “‘Waiting for Godot’: Regime Change without Democratization in the Middle East.” International Political Science Review 25 (4): 371–92.Google Scholar
Alexander, Jeffrey C. 1987. Twenty Lectures: Sociological Theory Since World War II. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Almond, Gabriel A., and Powell, G. Bingham. 1966. Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Mike, Cheibub, José A., Limongi, Fernando, and Przeworski, Adam. 1996. “Classifying Political Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 31 (2): 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amable, Bruno. 2003. The Diversity of Modern Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J., Regan, Patrick M., and Ostergaard, Robert L.. 2002. “Political Repression and Public Perceptions of Human Rights.” Political Research Quarterly 55 (2): 439–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Ben W., and Samuels, David J.. 2015. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aoki, Masahiko. 2001. Towards a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. [1951] 2005. Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft: Antisemitismus, Imperialismus, Totalitarismus. 10th ed. München: Piper.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. [1952–1954] 2018. The Modern Challenge to Tradition: Fragmente eines Buchs. Vol. 6, eds. Hahn, Barbara and McFarland, James. Göttingen: Wallstein.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 2005. Ich will verstehen: Selbstauskünfte zu Leben und Werk. Ed. Ursula Ludz. München: Piper.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 2007. “Was ist Politik?” In Hannah Arendt: Was ist Politik?: Fragmente aus dem Nachlass, ed. Ludz, Ursula. München: Piper, 9–12.Google Scholar
Aristotle. [335 BC] 1995. Politics: Books III and IV. Translated with introduction and comments by Robinson, Richard. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Charles K. 2003. The North Korean Revolution 1945–1950. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo R. 2009. “Patronage and Political Stability in Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (10): 1339–62.Google Scholar
Backes, Uwe, and Kailitz, Steffen, eds. 2016. Ideocracies in Comparison: Legitimation – Co-optation – Repression. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baird, Ian G. 2018. “Party, State and the Control of Information in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Secrecy, Falsification and Denial.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5): 739–60.Google Scholar
Bank, André. 2017. “The Study of Authoritarian Diffusion and Cooperation: Comparative Lessons on Interests versus Ideology, Nowadays and in History.” Democratization 12 (3): 1–13.Google Scholar
Barber, Benjamin R. 1969. “Conceptual Foundations of Totalitarianism.” In Totalitarianism in Perspective: Three Views, eds. Friedrich, Carl J., Curtis, Michael, and Barber, Benjamin R.. New York: Praeger, 3–52.Google Scholar
Barker, Rodney. 2001. Legitimating Identities: The Self-Presentations of Rulers and Subjects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barros, Robert. 2002. Constitutionalism and Dictatorship: Pinochet, the Junta, and 1980 Constitution. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, Michael. 2008. “Regularity Theory Reassessed.” Philosophia 36 (3): 327–54.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Michael, and Graßhoff, Gerd. 2004. Kausalität und kausales Schliessen: Eine Einführung mit interaktiven Übungen. Bern: Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Beblawi, Hazem. 1987. “The Rentier State in the Arab World.” In The Rentier State, eds. Beblawi, Hazem and Luciani, Giacomo. Kent: Istituto Affari Internazionali, 49–62.Google Scholar
Beblawi, Hazem, and Luciani, Giacomo, eds. 1987. The Rentier State. Kent: Istituto Affari Internazionali.Google Scholar
Beetham, David. 1991. The Legitimation of Power. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinin, Joel, and Vairel, Frédéric. 2013. Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2012. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring.” Comparative Politics 44 (2): 127–49.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 2003. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernhard, Michael, and Karakoç, Ekrem. 2007. “Civil Society and the Legacies of Dictatorship.” World Politics 59 (4): 539–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernholz, Peter. 2001. “Ideocracy and Totalitarianism: A Formal Analysis Incorporating Ideology.” Public Choice 108 (1/2): 33–75.Google Scholar
Bertocchi, Graziella, and Spagat, Michael. 2001. “Politics of Co-optation.” Journal of Comparative Economics 29 (4): 591–607.Google Scholar
Beyme, Klaus von. 1998. “Totalitarismus: Zur Renaissance eines Begriffs.” In Totalitarismustheorien nach dem Ende des Kommunismus, ed. Siegel, Achim. Köln: Böhlau, 23–36.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2018. State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Stokes, Susan C.. 2003. “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics 55 (4): 517–49.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Svolik, Milan W.. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” Journal of Politics 75 (2): 300–316.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael K., and Rosato, Sebastian. 2013. “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (12): 1523–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, Robert. 2007. Growth Strategies and Poverty Reduction: The Institutional Complementarity Hypothesis. Paris: Paris School of Economics Working Paper.Google Scholar
Bracher, Karl D. 1970. The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Brady, Henry E. 2008. “Causation and Explanation in Social Sciences.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, eds. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Brady, Henry E., and Collier, David. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 217–70.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 1994. “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transition in Africa.” World Politics 46 (4): 453–89.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and van de Walle, Nicolas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M., and Morrow, James D.. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bunce, Valerie. 2003. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience.” World Politics 55 (2): 167–92.Google Scholar
Burnell, Peter. 2006. “Autocratic Opening to Democracy: Why Legitimacy Matters.” Third World Quarterly 27 (4): 545–62.Google Scholar
Callahan, Mary P. 2003. Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Capoccia, Giovanni. 2005. Defending Democracy: Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Carter, Jeff, Bernhard, Michael H., and Nordstrom, Timothy. 2016. “Communist Legacies and Democratic Survival in a Comparative Perspective: Liability or Advantage.” East European Politics and Societies 30 (4): 830–54.Google Scholar
Cassani, Andrea. 2014. “Hybrid What? Partial Consensus and Persistent Divergences in the Analysis of Hybrid Regimes.” International Political Science Review 35 (5): 542–58.Google Scholar
Cassani, Andrea. 2017. “Social Services to Claim Legitimacy: Comparing Autocracies’ Performance.” Contemporary Politics 23 (4): 348–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Siddharth, and Rudra, Nita. 2015. “Reassessing the Links between Regime Type and Economic Performance: Why Some Authoritarian Regimes Show Stable Growth and Others Do Not.” British Journal of Political Science 45 (2): 253–85.Google Scholar
Chatelus, Michel. 1987. “Policies for Development: Attitudes Towards Industry and Services.” In The Rentier State, eds. Beblawi, Hazem and Luciani, Giacomo. Kent: Istituto Affari Internazionali, 108–37.Google Scholar
Chatelus, Michel, and Schmeil, Yves. 1984. “Towards a New Political Economy of State Industrialization in the Arab Middle East.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 16 (2): 251–65.Google Scholar
Cheibub, José A., Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James R.. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143 (1–2): 67–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Jidong, Pan, Jennifer, and Xu, Yiqing. 2016. “Sources of Authoritarian Responsiveness: A Field Experiment in China.” American Journal of Political Science 60 (2): 383–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheong, Seong-Chang. 2001. “Kim Jon Il’s Military First Politics: The Existing Conditions and the Essence.” Vantage Point 24 (8): 43–52.Google Scholar
Cheong, Seong-Chang. 2004. “Kim Jong Il’s Regime Survival Strategy: With a Focus on Domestic Strategy.” Vantage Point 27 (4): 41–52.Google Scholar
Cheong, Yong M. 1999. “The Political Structures of the Independent States.” In The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume Four: From World War II to the Present, ed. Tarling, Nicholas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 59–138.Google Scholar
Chon, Hyun-Joon, Huh, Moon-Young, Philo, Kim, and Bae, Chin-Soo. 2007. An Assessment of the North Korean System’s Durability. Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification.Google Scholar
Chua, Beng-Huat. 2009. “The Influence of Communitarian Politics.” In Contemporary Southeast Asia, ed. Beeson, Mark. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 111–24.Google Scholar
Cingranelli, David L., and Richards, David L.. 2010. “The Cingranelli and Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project.” Human Rights Quarterly 32 (2): 401–24.Google Scholar
Clapham, Christopher. 1982. “Clientelism and the State.” In Private Patronage and Public Power, ed. Clapham, Christopher. London: Frances Pinter, 1–35.Google Scholar
Clemens, Elisabeth S., and Cook, James M.. 1999. “Politics and Institutionalisms: Explaining Durability and Change.” Annual Review of Sociology 25: 441–66.Google Scholar
Collier, David. 1979a. “Overview of the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model.” In The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, ed. Collier, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19–32.Google Scholar
Collier, David. 1979b. “The Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model: Synthesis and Priorities for Future Research.” In The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, ed. Collier, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 363–98.Google Scholar
Collier, David, and Levitsky, Steven. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49 (3): 430–51.Google Scholar
Collier, David, Laporte, Jody, and Seawright, Jason. 2008. “Typologies: Forming Concepts and Creating Categorical Variables.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, eds. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Brady, Henry E., and Collier, David. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 153–73.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 1986. Weberian Sociological Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Altman, David, Bernhard, Michael, Fish, Steven, Hicken, Allen, Kroenig, Matthew, Lindberg, Staffan I., McMann, Kelly, Paxton, Pamela, Semetko, Holli A., Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Staton, Jeffrey, and Teorell, Jan. 2011. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach.” Perspectives on Politics 9 (2): 247–67.Google Scholar
Cornell, Erik. 2002. North Korea under Communism: Report of an Envoy to Paradise. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar
Creak, Simon, and Barney, Keith. 2018. “Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 48 (5): 693–716.Google Scholar
Croissant, Aurel. 2018. Civil-Military Relations in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Croissant, Aurel, and Kamerling, Jil. 2013. “Why Do Military Regimes Institutionalize? Constitution-Making and Elections as Political Survival Strategy in Myanmar.” Asian Journal of Political Science 21 (2): 105–25.Google Scholar
Croissant, Aurel, and Kühn, David. 2018. “Military and Politics.” In Routledge Handbook of Asian Politics, ed. Hua, Shiping. New York: Routledge, 413–29.Google Scholar
Croissant, Aurel, and Lorenz, Philipp. 2018. Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold. 1979. “Patrimonialism and Military Rule in Indonesia.” World Politics 31 (4): 571–87.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold. 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouch, Colin. 2006. “Complementarity and Fit in the Study of Comparative Capitalisms.” In Changing Capitalisms? Internationalization, Institutional Change, and Systems of Economic Organization, eds. Morgan, Glenn, Whitley, Richard, and Moen, Eli. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 167–89.Google Scholar
Crouch, Colin, Streeck, Wolfgang, Boyer, Robert, Amable, Bruno, Hall, Peter A., and Jackson, Gregory. 2005. “Dialogue on ‘Institutional Complementarity and Political Economy.’” Socio-Economic Review 3 (2): 359–82.Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 1993. “The Corporate State in North Korea.” In State and Society in Contemporary Korea, ed. Koo, Hagen. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 197–230.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 1999. “Human Rights and the Democratic Proposition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43 (1): 92–116.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2004. “The Promise of Democratic Pacification: An Empirical Assessment.” International Studies Quarterly 48 (3): 539–60.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and Political Order.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 1–23.Google Scholar
Deeg, Richard. 2007. “Complementarity and Institutional Change in Capitalist Systems.” Journal of European Public Policy 14 (4): 611–30.Google Scholar
Della Porta, Donatella, and Reiter, Herbert, eds. 1998. Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W. [1954] 1968. “Risse im Monolith: Möglichkeiten und Arten der Desintegration in totalitären Systemen.” In Wege der Totalitarismus-Forschung. 2nd ed., eds. Seidel, Bruno and Jenkner, Siegfried. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 197–227.Google Scholar
Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, and Magaloni, Beatriz. 2001. “Party Dominance and the Logic of Electoral Design in Mexico’s Transition to Democracy.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 13 (3): 271–93.Google Scholar
Dimitrov, Martin K., ed. 2013. Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Resilience in Asia and Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dimitrov, Martin K., 2014a. “Tracking Public Opinion under Authoritarianism: The Case of the Soviet Union During the Brezhnev Era.” Russian History 41 (3): 329–53.Google Scholar
Dimitrov, Martin K., 2014b. “What the Party Wanted to Know: Citizen Complaints as a ‘Barometer of Public Opinion’ in Communist Bulgaria.” East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 28 (2): 271–95.Google Scholar
Dimitrov, Martin K., 2019. “The Functions of Letters to the Editor in Reform-Era Cuba.” Latin American Research Review 54 (1): 1–15.Google Scholar
Dittmer, Lowell, Fukui, Haruhiro, and Lee, Peter N.S., eds. 2000. Informal Politics in East Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dixon, Chris. 2004. “State, Party and Political Change in Vietnam.” In Rethinking Vietnam, ed. McCargo, Duncan. Abingdon: Routledge Curzon, 15–26.Google Scholar
Drath, Martin. [1954] 1968. “Totalitarismus in der Volksdemokratie.” In Wege der Totalitarismus-Forschung. 2nd ed., eds. Seidel, Bruno and Jenkner, Siegfried. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 310–58.Google Scholar
Dukalskis, Alexander. 2017. Authoritarian Public Sphere: Legitimation and Autocratic Power in North Korea, Burma, and China. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dukalskis, Alexander. 2021. Making the World Safe for Dictatorship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dukalskis, Alexander, and Gerschewski, Johannes. 2017. “What Autocracies Say (and What Citizens Hear): Proposing Four Mechanisms of Autocratic Legitimation.” Contemporary Politics 23 (3): 251–68.Google Scholar
Dukalskis, Alexander, and Joo, Hyung-min. 2021. “Everyday Authoritarianism in North Korea.” Europe-Asia Studies 73 (2): 364–86.Google Scholar
Dukalskis, Alexander, and Lee, Junhyoung. 2020. “Everyday Nationalism and Authoritarian Rule: A Case Study of North Korea.” Nationalities Papers 48 (6): 1052–68.Google Scholar
Earl, Jennifer. 2003. “Tanks, Tear Gas, and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression.” Sociological Theory 21 (1): 44–68.Google Scholar
Earl, Jennifer. 2011. “Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control.” Annual Review of Sociology 37: 261–84.Google Scholar
Easton, David. 1957. “An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems.” World Politics 9 (3): 383–400.Google Scholar
Easton, David. 1965a. A Framework for Political Analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Easton, David. 1965b. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Easton, David. 1975. “A Re-assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5 (4): 435–57.Google Scholar
Edgell, Amanda B., Mechkova, Valeriya, Altman, David, Bernhard, Michael, and Lindberg, Staffan I.. 2018. “When and Where Do Elections Matter? A Global Test of the Democratization by Elections Hypothesis, 1900–2010.” Democratization 25 (3): 422–44.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 1973b. Traditional Patrimonialism and Modern Neopatrimonialism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., and Lemarchand, René, eds. 1981. Political Clientelism, Patronage and Development. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., and Roniger, Louis. 1980. “Patron-Client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1): 42–77.Google Scholar
Elliott, David W.P. 2012. Changing Worlds: Vietnam’s Transition from Cold War to Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Elman, Colin. 2005. “Explanatory Typologies in Qualitative International Politics.” International Organization 59 (1): 293–326.Google Scholar
Erdmann, Gero, and Engel, Ulf. 2007. “Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: A Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept.” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 45 (1): 95–119.Google Scholar
Escribà-Folch, Abel. 2012. “Authoritarian Responses to Foreign Pressure: Spending, Repression, and Sanctions.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (6): 683–713.Google Scholar
Escribà-Folch, Abel. 2013. “Repression, Political Threats, and Survival under Autocracy.” International Political Science Review 34 (5): 543–60.Google Scholar
Escribà-Folch, Abel, and Wright, Joseph. 2015. Foreign Pressure and the Politics of Autocratic Survival. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fairbank, John K., and Goldman, Merle. 1998. China. A New History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
Fishkin, James S., He, Baogang, Luskin, Robert C., and Siu, Alice. 2010. “Deliberative Democracy in an Unlikely Place: Deliberative Polling in China.” British Journal of Political Science 40 (2): 435–448.Google Scholar
Forst, Rainer. 2012. The Right to Justification: Elements of a Constructivist Theory of Justice. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Forst, Rainer. 2017. Normativity and Power: Analyzing Social Orders of Justification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Ernst. 1991. “Der Pluralismus als Strukturelement der freiheitlich-rechtsstaatlichen Demokratie.” In Deutschland und die westlichen Demokratien, ed. Fraenkel, Ernst. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 297–325.Google Scholar
Frantz, Erica, and Stein, Elizabeth A.. 2016. “Countering Coups: Leadership Succession Rules in Dictatorships.” Comparative Political Studies 50 (7): 935–62.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael. 1994. “Political Concepts and Ideological Morphology.” Journal of Political Philosophy 2 (2): 140–64.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael. 1996. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael. 1998. “Is Nationalism a Distinct Ideology?” Political Studies 46 (4): 748–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeden, Michael. 2006. “Ideology and Political Theory.” Journal of Political Ideologies 11 (1): 3–22.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael. 2013. “The Morphological Analysis of Ideology.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies, eds. Freeden, Michael, Sargent, Lyman T., and Stears, Marc. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 115–37.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael, Sargent, Lyman T., and Stears, Marc, eds. 2013. Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Nick J. 2001. “Laos: Timid Transition.” In Government and Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Funston, John. New York: Zed, 120–59.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J. [1954] 1968. “Der einzigartige Charakter der totalitären Gesellschaft.” In Wege der Totalitarismus-Forschung. 2nd ed., eds. Seidel, Bruno and Jenkner, Siegfried. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 179–96.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J. 1969. “The Evolving Theory and Practice of Totalitarian Regimes.” In Totalitarianism in Perspective: Three Views, eds. Friedrich, Carl J., Curtis, Michael, and Barber, Benjamin R.. New York: Praeger, 123–64.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J. 1970. Politik als Prozeß der Gemeinschaftsbildung: Eine empirische Theorie. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J., and Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 1956. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Dieter, and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. 2009. “David Easton: The Theory of the Political System.” In Masters of Political Science, eds. Campus, Donatella and Pasquino, Gianfranco. Colchester: ECPR Press, 63–83.Google Scholar
Fukui, Haruhiro. 2000. “On the Significance of Informal Politics.” In Informal Politics in East Asia, eds. Dittmer, Lowell, Fukui, Haruhiro, and , Peter N.S. Lee, . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1–20.Google Scholar
Funston, John. 2001. “Malaysia: Developmental State Challenged.” In Government and Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Funston, John. New York: Zed, 160–202.Google Scholar
Gallie, William B. 1956. “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56: 167–98.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1969. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6 (3): 167–91.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorships. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2009. “Elections under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403–22.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Przeworski, Adam. 2006. “Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorships.” Economics and Politics 18 (1): 1–26.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40 (11): 1279–1301.Google Scholar
Gareis, Sven B. 2012. The United Nations: An Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–44.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (2): 313–31.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2018. How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gentile, Emile. 1984. “The Problem of the Party in Italian Fascism.” Journal of Contemporary History 19: 251–74.Google Scholar
Gentile, Emile. 2005. “Political Religion: A Concept and Its Critics. A Critical Survey.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religion 6 (1): 19–31.Google Scholar
Gentile, Emilio, and Mallett, Robert. 2000. “The Sacralisation of Politics: Definitions, Interpretations and Reflections on the Question of Secular Religion and Totalitarianism: Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 1(1): 18–55.Google Scholar
George, Alexander L., and Bennett, Andrew. 2005. Case Study and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, John. 2008. “Case Selection for Case-Study Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, eds. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Brady, Henry E., and Collier, David. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 645–84.Google Scholar
Gerring, John. 2017. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, John, and Thomas, Craig W.. 2005. Comparability: A Key Issue in Research Design. Committee on Concepts and Methods Working Paper 4.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2013. “The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratization 20 (1): 13–38.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2016. “Do Ideocracies Constitute a Distinct Subtype of Autocratic Regimes?” In Ideocracies in Comparison: Legitimation – Co-optation – Repression, eds. Backes, Uwe and Kailitz, Steffen. London: Routledge, 88–106.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2018. “Legitimacy in Autocracies: Oxymoron or Essential Feature?” Perspectives on Politics 16 (3): 652–65.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2020a. “Governing Markets in Autocratic Regimes.” In The Governor’s Dilemma: Indirect Governance Beyond Principals and Agents, eds. Abbott, Kenneth W., Zangl, Bernhard, Snidal, Duncan and Genschel, Philipp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 239–56.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2020b. “Persistenz – Kontinuität – Adaptivität: Konzeptionen politischer Stabilität in der Vergleichenden Autokratieforschung.” Leviathan 36: 21–38.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes. 2021. “Explanations of Institutional Change: Reflecting on a ‘Missing Diagonal’.” American Political Science Review 115 (1): 218–33.Google Scholar
Gerschewski, Johannes, Merkel, Wolfgang, Schmotz, Alexander, Stefes, Christoph, and Tanneberg, Dag. 2013. “Warum überleben Diktaturen?” In Autokratien im Vergleich: PVS Sonderheft 47, eds. Kailitz, Steffen and Köllner, Patrick. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 106–31.Google Scholar
Gibney, Mark, and Dalton, Matthew. 1996. “The Political Terror Scale.” Policy Studies and Developing Nations 4: 73–84.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, and Moustafa, Tamir, eds. 2008. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Glasius, Marlies. 2018a. “Extraterritorial Authoritarian Practices: A Framework.” Globalizations 15 (2): 179–97.Google Scholar
Glasius, Marlies. 2018b. “What Authoritarianism Is … and Is Not: A Practice Perspective.” International Affairs 94 (3): 515–33.Google Scholar
Goemans, Hein, Gleditsch, Kristian S., and Chiozza, Giacomo. 2005. Archigos: A Data Set of Political Leaders.Google Scholar
Goertz, Gary. 2006. Social Science Concepts: A User’s Guide. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Goertz, Gary. 2017. Multimethod Research, Causal Mechanisms, and Case Studies: An Integrated Approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Greene, Kenneth F. 2008. “Dominant Party Strategy and Democratization.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (1): 16–31.Google Scholar
Greitens, Sheena C. 2013. “Authoritarianism Online: What Can We Learn from Internet Data in Nondemocracies.” PS: Political Science and Politics 46 (2): 262–70.Google Scholar
Greitens, Sheena C. 2016. Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gunitsky, Seva. 2015. “Corrupting the Cyber-Commons: Social Media as a Tool of Autocratic Stability.” Perspectives on Politics 13 (1): 42–54.Google Scholar
Guo, Baogang. 2001. “Political Legitimacy in China’s Transition.” In China’s Deep Reform, eds. Dittmer, Lowell and Liu, Guoli. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 147–75.Google Scholar
Guriev, Sergei, and Treisman, Daniel. 2019. “Informational Autocrats.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33 (4): 100–127.Google Scholar
Guriev, Sergei, and Treisman, Daniel. 2020. “A Theory of Informational Autocracy.” Journal of Public Economics 186: 104–58.Google Scholar
Hadenius, Axel, and Teorell, Jan. 2007. “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18 (1): 143–57.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2016. Dictators and Democrats: Masses, Elites, and Regime Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Noland, Marcus. 2007. Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Noland, Marcus. 2011. Witness to Transformation: Refugee Insights into North Korea. Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Noland, Marcus. 2017. Hard Target: Sanctions, Inducements, and the Case of North Korea. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A. 1986. Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A. 2016. “Politics as a Process Structured in Space and Time.” In The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism, eds. Fioretos, Orfeo, Falleti, Tulia G., and Sheingate, Adam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 31–50.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A., and Gingerich, Daniel W.. 2009. “Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Political Economy: An Empirical Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 39 (3): 449–82.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A., and Soskice, David W.. 2001a. “An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism.” In Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, eds. Hall, Peter A. and Soskice, David W.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–70.Google Scholar
Hall, Peter A., and Soskice, David W.. eds. 2001b. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Han, Rongbin. 2015a. “Defending the Authoritarian Regime Online: China’s ‘Voluntary Fifty-Cent Army.’” The China Quarterly 224: 1006–25.Google Scholar
Han, Rongbin. 2015b. “Manufacturing Consent in Cybersapce: China’s ‘Fifty-Cent Army.’” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44 (2): 105–34.Google Scholar
Hanke, Edith. 2005. “Einleitung.” In Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Die Wirtschaft und die gesellschaftlichen Ordnungen und Mächte. Nachlaß. Ed. Edith Hanke, Band 22-4 Max Weber Gesamtausgabe. Tübingen: Mohr, 1–91.Google Scholar
Hanson, Stephen E., and Kopstein, Jeffrey S.. 2005. “Regime Type and Diffusion in Comparative Politics Methodology.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 69–99.Google Scholar
Hathaway, Oona A. 2002. “Do Human Rights Treatises Make a Difference?” The Yale Law Journal 111 (8): 1935–2042.Google Scholar
Hawk, David. 2003. The Hidden GULAG: Exposing North Korea’s Prison Camp. Washington, D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.Google Scholar
Hawk, David. 2005. “Thank you Father Kim Il Sung”: Eyewitness Account of Severe Violations of Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in North Korea. Washington, D.C.: US Commission on International Religious Freedom.Google Scholar
He, Baogang, and Warren, Mark E.. 2011. “Authoritarian Deliberation: The Deliberative Turn in Chinese Political Development.” Perspectives on Politics 9 (2): 269–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heberer, Thomas. 2008. “Das politische System der VR China im Prozess des Wandels.” In Einführung in die politischen Systeme Ostasiens, eds. Heberer, Thomas and Derichs, Claudia. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 21–178.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen, and Levitsky, Steven. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (4): 725–40.Google Scholar
Henderson, Conway W. 1991. “Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35 (1): 120–42.Google Scholar
Herb, Michael. 2005. “No Representation without Taxation? Rents, Development, and Democracy.” Comparative Politics 37 (3): 297–316.Google Scholar
Heston, Alan, Summers, Robert, and Aten, Bettina. 2012. Penn World Table Version 7.1, Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Higley, John, and Burton, Michael G.. 1989. “The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns.” American Sociological Review 54 (1): 17–32.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Declines in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. 1993. “Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History.” World Politics 45 (2): 173–202.Google Scholar
Hlaing, Kyaw Yin. 2009. “Setting the Rules for Survival: Why the Burmese Military Survives in an Age of Democratization.” The Pacific Review 22 (3): 271–91.Google Scholar
Hoare, James E., and Pares, Susan. 2005. North Korea in the 21st Century: An Interpretative Guide. Folkestone: Global Oriental.Google Scholar
Höffe, Otfried. 2007. “Aristoteles, Politik.” In Geschichte des politischen Denkens: Ein Handbuch, ed. Brocker, Manfred. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 31–46.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Hasso. [1964] 2002. Legitimität gegen Legalität: Der Weg der politischen Philosophie Carl Schmitts. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.Google Scholar
Holbig, Heike. 2009. “Remaking the CCP’s Ideology: Determinants, Progress, and Limits Under Hu Jintao.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 38 (3): 35–61.Google Scholar
Höpner, Martin. 2005. “Epilogue to ‘Explaining Institutional Complementarity.’” Socio-Economic Review 3 (2): 383–88.Google Scholar
Hume, David. [1739] 1978. A Treatise in Human Nature, eds. Selby-Bigge, L.A. and Nidditsch, P.H.. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, Leon. 1973. “Contemporary Approaches to Political Stability.” Comparative Politics 5 (3): 449–63.Google Scholar
Im, Hyug Baeg. 1987. “The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea.” World Politics 39 (2): 231–57.Google Scholar
Immergut, Ellen M. 1998. “The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism.” Politics & Society 26 (1): 5–34.Google Scholar
Ivarsson, Søren, Svensson, Thommy, and Tønneson, Stein. 1995. The Quest for Balance in a Changing Laos: A Political Analysis. Copenhagen: NIAS.Google Scholar
Janowitz, Morris. 1964. The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ji, You. 2006. “The People’s Liberation Army as a Key Interest Group in Chinese Party Politics.” In The Chinese Communist Party in Reform, eds. Brodsgaard, Kjeld E. and Zheng, Yongnian. London: Routledge, 59–76.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 1999. “The Developmental State: Odyssey of a Concept.” In The Developmental State, ed. Woo-Cumings, Meredith. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 32–60.Google Scholar
Kang, David C. 2002. Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira, and Weingast, Barry R.. 2005. “Intersections between Historical Institutionalism and Rational Choice Institutionalism.” In Preferences and Situations: Points of Intersection between Historical and Rational Choice Institutionalism, eds. Katznelson, Ira and Weingast, Barry R.. New York: Sage, 1–24.Google Scholar
Kelsen, Hans. 1945. General Theory of Law and State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Khong, Cho-Oon. 1995. “Singapore: Political Legitimacy through Managing Conformity.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Alagappa, Muthiah. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 108–35.Google Scholar
Kielmansegg, Peter Graf von. 1971. “Legitimität als analytische Kategorie.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 12 (3): 360–401.Google Scholar
Kil, Soong Hoom. 2001. “Development of Korean Politics – A Historical Perspective.” In Understanding Korean Politics: An Introduction, eds. Hoom, Kil Soong and Chung-in, Moon. Albany: State University of New York Press, 33–70.Google Scholar
Kim, Ilpyong. 2006. “Kim Jong Il’s Military First Politics.” In North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival, eds. Kihl, Young-Whan and Kim, Hong-Nack. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 59–74.Google Scholar
Kim, Kap-Shik. 2005. “Globalization and the State Identity of North Korea: Continuity and Change of Juche Socialism.” Vantage Point 28 (6): 43–53.Google Scholar
Kim, Wonik, and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2010. “Coopting Workers under Dictatorship.” The Journal of Politics 72 (3): 646–58.Google Scholar
Kim, C.I.E., and Koh, Byung-Chul, eds. 1983. Journey to North Korea: Personal Perceptions. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Affairs.Google Scholar
Sung, Kim Il. 1975a. “On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work.” In On Juche in Our Revolution. Vol. 1, ed. Sung, Kim Il. Pyongyang: Foreign Language Publishing House, 149–74.Google Scholar
Sung, Kim Il. 1975b. “On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution.” In On Juche in Our Revolution. Vol. 1, ed. Sung, Kim Il. Pyongyang: Foreign Language Publishing House, 483–95.Google Scholar
Jong Il, Kim. 1985. “On the Juche Idea.” In On the Juche Idea of Our Party, ed. Jong Il, Kim. Pyongyang: Foreign Language Publishing House, 14–80.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Pan, Jennifer, and Roberts, Margaret E.. 2013. “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression.” American Political Science Review 107 (2): 326–43.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Jeane. 1982. Dictatorship and Double Standards: Rationalism and Realism in Politics. New York: Schuster & Schuster.Google Scholar
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. 1999. “Mapping Political Support.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Norris, Pippa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Carl H., and Rasmussen, Magnus. 2017. “The Autocratic Welfare State: Old-Age Pensions, Credible Commitments, and Regime Survival.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (5): 659–95.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Carl H., Nygard, Havard M., and Wig, Tore. 2017. “Autocratic Elections: Stabilizing Tool or Force for Change?” World Politics 69 (1): 98–143.Google Scholar
Koesel, Karrie J., and Bunce, Valerie J.. 2013. “Diffusion-Proofing: Russian and Chinese Responses to Waves of Popular Mobilizations against Authoritarian Rulers.” Perspectives on Politics 11 (3): 753–68.Google Scholar
Koesel, Karrie J. 2014. Religion and Authoritarianism. Cooperation, Conflict, and the Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koesel, Karrie J. 2017. “Religion and the Regime: Cooperation and Conflict in Contemporary Russia and China.” World Politics 69 (4): 1–37.Google Scholar
Koh, Byung-Chul. 1983. “The Cult of Personality and the Succession Issue.” In Journey to North Korea: Personal Perceptions, eds. Kim, C.I E. and Koh, Byung-Chul. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Affairs, 25–41.Google Scholar
Koh, David. 2001. “The Politics of a Divided Party and Parkinson’s State in Vietnam.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 23 (3): 533–51.Google Scholar
Köllner, Patrick. 2013. “Informelle Institutionen in Autokratien: Konzeptionell-analytische Grundlagen und der Fall der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas.” In Autokratien im Vergleich: PVS Sonderheft 47, eds. Kailitz, Steffen and Köllner, Patrick. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 272–97.Google Scholar
Köllner, Patrick, and Kailitz, Steffen. 2013. “Comparing Autocracies: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Analyses.” Democratization 20 (1): 1–12.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1991. “Now out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989.” World Politics 44 (1): 7–48.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1997. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kwon, Heonik, and Chung, Byung-Ho. 2012. North Korea: Beyond Charismatic Politics. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Ladwig, Bernd. 2003. “Die Unterscheidung von Freund und Feind als Kriterium des Politischen (26–28).” In Carl Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen: Ein kooperativer Kommentar, ed. Mehring, Reinhard. Berlin: Akademie, 45–60.Google Scholar
Lankina, Tomila, and Tertytchnaya, Katerina. 2020. “Protest in Electoral Autocracies: A New Dataset.” Post-Soviet Affairs 36 (1): 20–36.Google Scholar
Lankov, Andrei. 1995. “The Repressive System and the Political Control in North Korea: Manuscript.”Google Scholar
Lankov, Andrei. 2005. Crisis in North Korea: The Failure of De-Stalinization 1956. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Lankov, Andrei. 2013. The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Laswell, Harold D. 1936. Politics: Who Gets What, When, How? New York/London: Whittlesey/McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Lawler, Edward J. 1983. “Cooptation and Threats as ‘Divide and Rule’ Tactics.” Social Psychology Research 46 (2): 89–98.Google Scholar
Lazarsfeld, Paul F. 1992. “Classifying and Building Typologies.” In On Social Research and Its Language, edited and with an introduction by Raynald Boudon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 158–71.Google Scholar
Lee, Terence. 2015. Defect or Defend: Military Responses to Popular Protests in Authoritarian Asia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Leifer, Michael. 1995. Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1972. “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building.” American Political Science Review 66 (1): 68–90.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René, and Legg, Keith. 1972. “Political Clientelism and Development: A Preliminary Analysis.” Comparative Politics 4 (2): 149–78.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan. 2013. “The Durability of Revolutionary Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 24 (3): 5–17.Google Scholar
Liddle, William. 1996. “A Useful Fiction: Democratic Legitimation in New Order Indonesia.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. Taylor, Robert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 34–60.Google Scholar
Lieberthal, Kenneth. 1995. Governing China: From Revolution through Reform. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performances in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan, ed. 2009. Democratization by Elections. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J. 1964. “An Authoritarian Regime: Spain.” In Cleavages, Ideologies, and Party Systems: Contributions to Comparative Political Sociology, eds. Allardt, Erik and Luttinen, Irgo. Helsinki: The Academic Bookstore, 291–342.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J. 1975. “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes.” In Handbook of Political Science. III, eds. Greenstein, Fred I. and Polsby, Nelson W.. Reading: Addison Wesley, 175–411.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J. 1977. “The Future of an Authoritarian Situation.” In Authoritarian Brazil, ed. Stepan, Alfred. New Haven: Yale University Press, 233–54.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J. 2000. “Further Reflections on Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes.” In Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes, ed. Linz, Juan J.. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1–48.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J., and Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and the Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69–105.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, Karl. 1937. “Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights, I.” American Political Science Review 31 (3): 417–32.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, Karl. 1973. Kooptation und Zuwahl: Über die autonome Bildung privilegierter Gruppen. Frankfurt a.M.: Metzner.Google Scholar
Löwenthal, Richard. [1954] 1968. “Totalitäre und demokratische Revolution.” In Wege der Totalitarismus-Forschung. 2nd ed., eds. Seidel, Bruno and Jenkner, Siegfried. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 359–81.Google Scholar
Luciani, Giacomo. 1987. “Allocation vs. Production States: A Theoretical Framework.” In The Rentier State, eds. Beblawi, Hazem and Luciani, Giacomo. Kent: Istituto Affari Internazionali, 63–82.Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2006. “Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan.” Democratization 13 (3): 456–71.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2011. “After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Arab State.” Perspectives on Politics 9 (2): 301–10.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. ed. 2014. The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, J.L. 1965. “Causes and Conditions.” American Philosophical Quarterly 2 (4): 245–64.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (4/5): 715–41.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, and Kricheli, Ruth. 2010. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 13 (1): 123–43.Google Scholar
Mahdavi, Hossein. 1970. “Patterns and Problems of Economic Development in Rentier States: The Case of Iran.” In Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: From the Rise of Islam to Present Day, ed. Cook, M.A.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 428–467.Google Scholar
Maier, Hans. 1996. “Konzepte des Diktaturvergleichs: ‘Totalitarismus’ und ‘politische Religionen’.” In “Totalitarismus” und “politische Religion”: Konzepte des Diktaturvergleichs. Vol. 1, ed. Maier, Hans. Paderborn: Schöningh, 233–50.Google Scholar
Maier, Hans. 2007. “Political Religion: A Concept and Its Limitations.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religion 8 (1): 5–16.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2014. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund, and Schuler, Paul. 2010. “Nodding or Needling: Analyzing Delegates Responsiveness in an Authoritarian Parliament.” American Political Science Review 104 (3): 482–502.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund, and Taussig, Markus. 2019. “Participation, Government Legitimacy, and Regulatory Compliance in Emerging Economies: A Firm-Level Field Experiment in Vietnam.” American Political Science Review 113 (2): 530–51.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund, Abrami, Regina, and Zheng, Yu. 2011. “Institutions and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China.” Comparative Politics 43 (4): 401–19.Google Scholar
Marinov, Nikolay. 2005. “Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (3): 564–76.Google Scholar
Marquez, Xavier. 2016. “The Irrelevance of Legitimacy.” Political Studies 64 (15): 19–34.Google Scholar
Marquez, Xavier. 2017. Non-democratic Politics: Authoritarianism, Dictatorship, and Democratization. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mauk, Marlene. 2020. Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mauzy, Diane K., and Milne, R.S.. 2002. Singapore’s Politics under the People’s Action Party. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
McEachern, Patrick. 2006. “North Korea’s Policy Process: Assessing North Korea’s Institutional Policy Preferences.” Asian Survey 49 (3): 528–52.Google Scholar
McEachern, Patrick. 2010. Inside the Red Box: North Korea’s Post-Totalitarian Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Means, Gordon P. 1998. “Soft Authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore.” In Democracy in East Asia, eds. Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 96–110.Google Scholar
Meng, Tianguang, Pan, Jennifer, and Yang, Ping. 2017. “Conditional Receptivity to Citizen Participation: Evidence From a Survey Experiment in China.” Comparative Political Studies 50 (4): 399–433.Google Scholar
Menzies, Peter, Hitchcock, Christopher, and Beebee, Helen, eds. 2009. The Oxford Handbook of Causation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Merkel, Wolfgang. 2003. “Totalitarian Regimes.” In Europe’s Century of Discontent: Legacies of Fascism, Nazism and Communism, eds. Avineri, Shlomo and Sternhell, Zeev. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 151–66.Google Scholar
Merkel, Wolfgang. 2004. “Embedded and Defective Democracies.” Democratization 11 (5): 33–58.Google Scholar
Merkel, Wolfgang. 2010. Systemtransformation: Eine Einführung in die Theorie und Empirie der Transformationsforschung. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.Google Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus. 2009. Military Politics, Islam, and the State in Indonesia: From Turbulent Transition to Democratic Consolidations. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Mill, John S. 1911. A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Miller, Michael K. 2015. “Electoral Authoritarianism and Human Development.” Comparative Political Studies 48 (12): 1526–62.Google Scholar
Miller, Michael K. 2020. “The Strategic Origins of Electoral Authoritarianism.” British Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 17–44.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Neil J., and McCormick, James M.. 1988. “Economic and Political Explanations of Human Rights Violations.” World Politics 40 (4): 476–98.Google Scholar
Møller, Jørgen, and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. 2013. “Autocracies, Democracies, and the Violation of Civil Liberties.” Democratization 20 (1): 82–106.Google Scholar
Morgan, Glenn, Whitley, Richard, and Moen, Eli. 2005. Changing Capitalisms? Internationalization, Institutional Change, and Systems of Economic Organization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morgenbesser, Lee. 2014. “Elections in Hybrid Regimes: Conceptual Stretching Revived.” Political Studies 62 (1): 21–36.Google Scholar
Morgenbesser, Lee. 2016. Behind the Façade: Elections under Authoritarianism in Southeast Asia. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Morgenbesser, Lee. 2018. “Misclassification on the Mekong: The Origins of Hun Sen’s Personalist Dictatorship.” Democratization 25 (2): 191–208.Google Scholar
Morgenbesser, Lee. 2020. The Rise of Sophisticated Authoritarianism in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morgenbesser, Lee, and Pepinsky, Thomas B.. 2019. “Elections as Causes of Democratization: Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Political Studies 52 (1): 3–35.Google Scholar
Nathan, Andrew J. 2003. “Authoritarian Resilience.” Journal of Democracy 14 (1): 6–17.Google Scholar
Neumann, Sigmund. 1965. Permanent Revolution: Totalitarianism in the Age of International Civil War. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Neundorf, Anja, Gerschewski, Johannes, and Olar, Roman-Gabriel. 2020. “How Do Inclusionary and Exclusionary Autocracies Affect Ordinary People?” Comparative Political Studies 53 (12): 1890–1925.Google Scholar
Noland, Marcus. 2003. Famine and Reform in North Korea. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Noland, Marcus. 2004. Korea after Kim Jong-Il. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Nordlinger, Eric A. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 1999. “Introduction: The Growth of Critical Citizens?” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, ed. Norris, Pippa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–30.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisted. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1978. “Reflections on the Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State.” Latin American Research Review 13 (1): 3–38.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1979. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1988. Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Argentina, 1966–1973, in Comparative Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Schmitter, Philippe C.. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Oh, Kongdan, and Hassig, Ralph. 2000. North Korea Through the Looking Glass. Washington, D.C.: Brookings University Press.Google Scholar
Ortmann, Stephan. 2010. Politics and Change in Singapore and Hong Kong: Containing Contention. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pabottingi, Mochtar. 1995. “Indonesia: Historicizing the New Order’s Legitimacy Dilemma.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Alagappa, Muthiah. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 224–56.Google Scholar
Park, Han-Shik. 1996. “The Nature and Evolution of Juche Ideology.” In North Korea: Ideology, Politics, Economy, ed. Park, Han-Shik. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 9–18.Google Scholar
Park, Han-Shik. 2002. North Korea: The Politics of Unconventional Wisdom. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Pawelka, Peter. 1985. Herrschaft und Entwicklung im Nahen Osten: Ägypten. Heidelberg: Müller.Google Scholar
Pei, Minxin. 2006. China’s Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Perlmutter, Amos. 1977. The Military and Politics in Modern Times: On Professionals, Praetorians, and Revolutionary Soldiers. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Perlmutter, Amos. 1981. Modern Authoritarianism: A Comparative Institutional Analysis. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Piekalkiewicz, Jaroslaw, and Penn, Alfred W.. 1995. Politics of Ideocracy. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna F. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Poe, Steven C., and Tate, C. Neal. 1994. “Repression of Human Rights to the Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis.” American Political Science Review 88 (4): 853–72.Google Scholar
Pop-Eleches, Grigore, and Tucker, Joshua A.. 2017. Communism’s Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, Gareth. 1993. Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, John D. 1970. “Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics.” American Political Science Review 64 (2): 411–25.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1986. “Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy.” In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, eds. O’Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 47–63.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, and Limongi, Fernando. 1997. “Modernization: Theories and Facts.” World Politics 49 (2): 155–83.Google Scholar
Ragin, Charles C. 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ragin, Charles C. 1992. “‘Casing’ and the Process of Social Research.” In What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, eds. Ragin, Charles C. and Becker, Howard S.. New York: Cambridge University Press, 217–26.Google Scholar
Ragin, Charles C. 2000. Fuzzy-Set Social Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rajaratnam, S. 1977. “Asian Values and Modernization.” In Asian Values and Modernization, ed. Seah, Chee-Meow. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 95–100.Google Scholar
Regan, Patrick M., and Henderson, Errol A.. 2002. “Democracy, Threats and Political Repression in Developing Countries: Are Democracies Internally Less Violent?” Third World Quarterly 23 (1): 119–36.Google Scholar
Remmer, Karen L., and Merckx, Gilbert W.. 1982. “Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism Revisited.” Latin American Research Review 17 (2): 3–40.Google Scholar
Reny, Marie-Eve. 2016. “Authoritarianism as a Research Constraint: Political Scientists in China.” Social Science Quarterly 97 (4): 909–22.Google Scholar
Reny, Marie-Eve. 2018. Authoritarian Containment: Public Security Bureaus and Protestant House Churches in Urban China. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richter, Thomas. 2019. “Oil and the Rentier State in the Middle East.” In The Routledge Handbook to the Middle East and North African State and States System, eds. Hinnebusch, Raymond and Gani, Jasmine K.. London: Routledge, 225–37.Google Scholar
Rigby, T.H. 1972. “‘Totalitarianism’ and Change in Communist Systems.” Comparative Politics 4 (3): 433–53.Google Scholar
Rihoux, Benoit, and Ragin, Charles C., eds. 2009. Configurational Comparative Methods: Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Related Techniques. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Roett, Riordan. 1972. Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Roller, Edeltraud. 2013. “Comparing the Performance of Autocracies: Issues in Measuring Types of Autocratic Regimes and Performance.” Contemporary Politics 19 (1): 35–54.Google Scholar
Roniger, Luis. 2004. “Political Clientelism, Democracy, and Market Economy.” Comparative Politics 36 (3): 353–75.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2020a. “State Dependency and the Limits of Middle Class Support for Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 54 (3–4): 411–444.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2020b. The Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Roth, Guenther. 1968. “Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States.” World Politics 20 (2): 194–206.Google Scholar
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. 2009. Usable Theory: Analytic Tools for Social and Political Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review 64 (4): 1033–53.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1987. The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1989. “The Essence of the Political in Carl Schmitt.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 1 (1): 63–75.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1991. “Comparing and Miscomparing.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 3 (3): 243–57.Google Scholar
Schedler, Andreas. 2011. “Concept Formation.” In International Encyclopedia of Political Science, eds. Badie, Bertrand, Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Morlino, Leonardo. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 370–82.Google Scholar
Schedler, Andreas. 2013. The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schlumberger, Oliver. 2007. “Arab Authoritarianism: Debating the Dynamics and Durability of Nondemocratic Regimes.” In Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes, ed. Schlumberger, Oliver. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1–20.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Manfred G. 2000. Demokratietheorien: Eine Einführung. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Manfred G. 2013. “Staatstätigkeit in Autokratien und Demokratien.” In Autokratien im Vergleich: PVS Sonderheft 47, eds. Kailitz, Steffen and Köllner, Patrick. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 418–37.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Carl. [1932] 2002. Der Begriff des Politischen: Text von 1932 mit einem Vorwort und drei Corollarien. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Carl. [1932] 2007. The Concept of the Political. Transl. and with an Introd. by Gustav Schwab. With a Forew. by Tracy B. Strong and with Notes by Leo Strauss. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe C. 1977. “The ‘Portugalization’ of Brazil.” In Authoritarian Brazil, ed. Stepan, Alfred. New Haven: Yale University Press, 179–232.Google Scholar
Schmotz, Alexander. 2015. “Vulnerability and Compensation: Constructing an Index of Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes.” European Political Science 14 (4): 439–57.Google Scholar
Schmotz, Alexander, Gerschewski, Johannes, Stefes, Christoph, Tanneberg, Dag, and Merkel, Wolfgang. 2021. “The Rise and Fall of Autocratic Regimes.” Manuscript, Berlin.Google Scholar
Schneider, Carsten Q., and Maerz, Seraphine F.. 2017. “Legitimation, Cooptation, and Repression and the Survival of Electoral Autocracies.” Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 11 (2): 213–35.Google Scholar
Schneider, Carsten Q., and Wagemann, Claudius. 2012. Set-Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schwab, George. 1968. “Enemy oder foe: Der Konflikt der modernen Politik.” In Epirrhosis: Festgabe für Carl Schmitt, eds. Barion, Ernst, Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang, Forsthoff, Ernst, and Weber, Werner. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 665–82.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1969. “Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change.” American Political Science Review 63 (4): 1142–58.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia.” American Political Science Review 66 (1): 91–113.Google Scholar
Seawright, Jason, and Gerring, John. 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options.” Political Research Quarterly 61 (2): 294–308.Google Scholar
Sellin, Volker. [1978] 2001. “Politik.” In Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland. Vol. 4, eds. Brunner, Otto, Conze, Werner, and Koselleck, Reinhart. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 789–874.Google Scholar
Selznick, Philipp. [1947] 1980. TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study of Politics and Organizations. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Selznick, Philipp. 1952. The Organizational Weapon: A Study of Bolshevik Strategy and Tactics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Ian. 2003. The State of Democratic Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shleifer, Andrei, and Treisman, Daniel. 2000. Without a Map: Political Tactics and Economic Reform in Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simpser, Alberto, Slater, Dan, and Wittenberg, Jason. 2018. “Dead But Not Gone: Contemporary Legacies of Communism, Imperialism, and Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 21 (1): 419–39.Google Scholar
Sims, Kearrin. 2018. “More Growth, Less Freedom? Charting Development Pathways in Lao PDR.” In National Security, Statecentricity, and Governance in East Asia, ed. Howe, Brendan. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 127–50.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan. 2008. “Democracy and Dictatorship Do Not Float Freely: Structural Sources of Political Regimes in Southeast Asia.” In Southeast Asia in Political Science: Theory, Region, and Qualitative Analysis, eds. Kuhonta, Erik Martinez, Slater, Dan and Vu, Tuong. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 55–79.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan. 2010a. “Altering Authoritarianism: Institutional Complexity and Autocratic Agency in Indonesia.” In Explaining Institutional Change. Ambiguity, Agency, and Power, eds. Mahoney, James and Thelen, Kathleen. New York: Cambridge University Press, 132–67.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan. 2010b. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan, and Wong, Joseph. 2013. “The Strength to Concede: Ruling Parties and Democratization in Developmental Asia.” Perspectives on Politics 11 (3): 717–33.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2013. “The Enduring Indispensability of the Controlled Comparison.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (10): 1301–27.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony L. 2001. “Indonesia: Transforming the Leviathan.” In Government and Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Funston, John. New York: Zed, 74–119.Google Scholar
Smith, Benjamin. 2005. “Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule.” World Politics 57 (3): 421–51.Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard. 1992. “Explaining Transitions from Neopatrimonial Dictatorships.” Comparative Politics 24 (4): 379–99.Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard. 2006. “Beyond Electoral Authoritarianism: The Spectrum of Non-Democratic Regimes.” In Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, ed. Schedler, Andreas. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 219–31.Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard, and Mahoney, James. 1999. “Review: The Missing Variable: Institutions and the Study of Regime Change.” Comparative Politics 32 (1): 103–22.Google Scholar
Sternberger, Dolf. 1961. Begriff des Politischen: Der Friede als der Grund und das Merkmal und die Norm des Politischen. Frankfurt a.M.: Insel.Google Scholar
Sternberger, Dolf. 1968. “Legitimacy.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. Sills, David L.. New York: Macmillan, 244–48.Google Scholar
Stråth, Bo. 2006. “Ideology and History.” Journal of Political Ideologies 11 (1): 23–42.Google Scholar
Stromseth, Jonathan, Malesky, Edmund, and Gueorguiev, Dimitar D.. 2017. China’s Governance Puzzle: Enabling Transparency and Participation in a Single-Party State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Suh, Dae-Sook. 1987. “Korean Nationalism: Communism and Democracy.” Korea and World Affairs 11 (3): 401–15.Google Scholar
Suh, Dae-Sook. 1989. Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Suh, Dae-Sook. 2002. “Military-First Politics of Kim Jong-il.” Asian Perspectives 26 (3): 145–67.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2009. “Power Sharing and Leadership Dynamics in Authoritarian Regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 53 (2): 477–94.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2018. “Force Versus Institutions in Authoritarian Politics.” In Crisis in Autocratic Regimes, eds. Gerschewski, Johannes and Stefes, Christoph H.. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 75–88.Google Scholar
Szalontai, Balacz. 2005. Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Tan, Kenneth P. 2012. “The Ideology of Pragmatism: Neo-liberal Globalisation and Political Authoritarianism in Singapore.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 42 (1): 67–92.Google Scholar
Tanneberg, Dag. 2020. The Politics of Repression under Authoritarian Rule: How Steadfast Is the Iron Throne?Wiesbaden: Springer.Google Scholar
Tanneberg, Dag, Stefes, Christoph, and Merkel, Wolfgang. 2013. “Hard Times and Regime Failure: Autocratic Responses to Economic Downturns.” Contemporary Politics 19 (1): 115–29.Google Scholar
Tannenberg, Marcus, Bernhard, Michael, Gerschewski, Johannes, Lührmann, Anna, and von Soest, Christian. 2020. “Claiming the Right to Rule: Regime Legitimation Strategies from 1900 to 2019.” European Political Science Review 13(1): 77–94.Google Scholar
Tansey, Oisín. 2009. Regime-Building: Democratization and International Administration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tansey, Oisín, Koehler, Kevin, and Schmotz, Alexander. 2016. “Ties to the Rest: Autocratic Linkages and Regime Survival.” Comparative Political Studies 50 (9): 1221–54.Google Scholar
Teorell, Jan, Charron, Nicholas, Stefan Dahlberg, Sören Holmberg, Rothstein, Bo, Sundin, Petrus, and Svensson, Richard. 2013. The Quality of Government Dataset, Version 20Dec13. Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute.Google Scholar
Than, Tin Maung Maung. 2001. “Myanmar: Military in Charge.” In Government and Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Funston, John. New York: Zed, 203–51.Google Scholar
Thayer, Carlyle A. 2010. “Political Legitimacy in Vietnam: Challenge and Response.” Politics & Policy 38 (3): 423–44.Google Scholar
Thiem, Alrik, and Dusa, Adrian. 2012. Qualitative Comparative Analysis with R: A User’s Guide. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Truex, Rory. 2017. “Consultative Authoritarianism and Its Limits.” Comparative Political Studies 50 (3): 329–61.Google Scholar
Tsai, Kellee S. 2006. “Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China.” World Politics 59 (1): 116–41.Google Scholar
Tsai, Kellee S. 2007. Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ulfelder, Jay. 2007. “Natural-Resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy.” Comparative Political Studies 40 (8): 995–1018.Google Scholar
Vasavakul, Thaveeporn. 1995. “Vietnam: The Changing Models of Legitimation.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Alagappa, Muthiah. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 257–92.Google Scholar
Vasavakul, Thaveeporn. 2001. “Vietnam: Doi Moi Difficulties.” In Government and Politics in Southeast Asia, ed. Funston, John. New York: Zed, 372–410.Google Scholar
Vatikiotis, Michael R.J. 1998. Indonesian Politics under Suharto: The Rise and Fall of the New Order. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Voegelin, Eric, ed. [1938] 1996. Die politischen Religionen. Edited and with a epilogue by Peter J. Opitz. München: Fink.Google Scholar
Voegelin, Eric, 1953. “The Origins of Totalitarianism.” The Review of Politics 15 (1): 68–85.Google Scholar
Voegelin, Eric, [1964] 2006. Hitler und die Deutschen.Ed. Manfred Hennigsen. München: Fink.Google Scholar
Volpi, Frédéric. 2017. Revolution and Authoritarianism in North Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vu, Tuong. 2010. Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wahman, Michael, Teorell, Jan, and Hadenius, Axel. 2013. “Authoritarian Regime Types Revisited: Updated Data in Comparative Perspective.” Contemporary Politics 19 (1): 19–34.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. [1922] 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. 2 vols, eds. Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. [1922] 2005. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Die Wirtschaft und die gesellschaftlichen Ordnungen und Mächte. Nachlaß. Ed. Edith Hanke, Band 22-4 Max Weber Gesamtausgabe. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1956. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft.: Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2017. “Autocratic Diffusion and Cooperation: The Impact of Interests vs. Ideology.” Democratization 76 (4): 1–18.Google Scholar
Williame, Jean-Claude. 1972. Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Winkler, Edwin. 1984. “Institutionalization and Participation in Taiwan. From Hard to Soft Authoritarianism.” China Quarterly (99), 481–99.Google Scholar
Wintrobe, Ronald. 1990. “The Tinpot and the Totalitarian: An Economic Theory of Dictatorship.” American Political Science Review 84 (3): 849–72.Google Scholar
Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, Benjamin, and Huang, Xunming. 2010. “Political Legitimacy in Singapore.” Politics & Policy 38 (3): 523–43.Google Scholar
Wood, Reed, and Gibney, Mark. 2010. “The Political Terror Scale (PTS): A Re-introduction and a Comparison to CIRI.” Human Rights Quarterly 32 (2): 367–400.Google Scholar
Würtenberger, Thomas. 1982. “Legitimität, Legalität.” In Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland. Vol. 3, eds. Brunner, Otto, Conze, Werner, and Koselleck, Reinhart. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 677–740.Google Scholar
Yang, Sung Chul. 1994. The North and South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Yawnghwe, Chao-Tzang. 1995. “Burma: The De-Politicization of the Political.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Alagappa, Muthiah. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 170–92.Google Scholar
Yiu, Myung-Kun. 1969. Sino-Soviet Rivalry in North Korea since 1954. Baltimore: University of Maryland (Diss.).Google Scholar