Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:01:15.363Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - Improving the Governance of Governments

from Addressing Barriers io Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2021

Kenneth G. H. Baldwin
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Mark Howden
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Michael H. Smith
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Karen Hussey
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Peter J. Dawson
Affiliation:
P. J. Dawson & Associates
Get access

Summary

Integrity in government is one of the most important preconditions for progress towards a low-carbon future. It is founded in the public trust principle according to which all public officers – politicians and public servants – are entrusted with putting the public interest ahead of other interests. Climate is a public interest, held in common. Corruption threatens the integrity of any system of government, undermining local, national and global action on climate change. The risks are not only from the most egregious corruption such as accepting illegal benefits coincident with making decisions favouring donors, but across a spectrum extending to subtle flouting of the public trust principle. Evidence of the risks to a healthy climate posed by corruption are illustrated by the environmental performance of corrupt states, buying influence and votes in democracies and procurement practices that defy government obligations under Paris Climate Change Agreement commitments. Strategies are outlined that can be implemented by nations to honour their Paris Agreement commitments and proactively reduce risks of corruption which undermine action on climate change.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, S. and Belot, H. (2017). Sussan Ley quits as health minister as Malcolm Turnbull flags political expenses reform. ABC News. 14 January. Available at: www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-13/sussan-ley-tenders-resignation-parliament-expenses-scandal/8180602.Google Scholar
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Anti-Corruption and Transparency Working Group (2015). Anti-corruption and transparency. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Available at: www.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/Anti-Corruption-and-Transparency.aspx.Google Scholar
Bingham of Cornhill KG (2006). The rule of law. Sixth Sir David Williams Lecture presented at the Centre for Public Law, 16 November. Available at: www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.law.cam.ac.uk/files/images/www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/legacy/Media/THE%20RULE%20OF%20LAW%202006.pdf.Google Scholar
Brennan, G. (1996). Judicial independence. Paper presented at the Australian Judicial Conference, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2 November. Available at: www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/former-justices/brennanj/brennanj_ajc.htm.Google Scholar
Brennan, G. (2013). Presentation of Accountability Round Table Integrity Awards, Parliament House, Australia, 11 December Available at: www.accountabilityrt.org/integrity-awards/sir-gerard-brennan-presentation-of-accountability-round-table-integrity-awards-dec-2013/.Google Scholar
Brown, D. (2015). The worst ethical scandal in Congress: Climate change? Rock Ethics Institute. 15 April. Available at: https://archive.thinkprogress.org/the-worst-ethical-scandal-in-congress-climate-change-7b8832b0380e/.Google Scholar
C40 (C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group) (2015). The power of C40 cities. C40 Cities. Available at: www.c40.org/cities.Google Scholar
Cameron, D. (2013). Speech presented at Open Government Partnership 2013 [transcript]. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-at-open-government-partnership-2013.Google Scholar
Center for Responsive Politics (2019). Revolving door. OpenSecrets.org. Available at: www.opensecrets.org/revolving.Google Scholar
Centre for Law and Democracy (2014). Briefing Paper on Transparency and Accountability. Briefing paper 47. Centre for Law and Democracy. Available at: www.law-democracy.org/live/briefing-paper-on-transparency-and-accountability/.Google Scholar
Coghill, K. and Kinyondo, A. (2015). Benchmarks for codes of conduct. The Parliamentarian, 2015, 172175.Google Scholar
Committee of Inquiry Concerning Public Duty and Private Interest (1979). Public Duty and Private Interest: Report of the Committee of Inquiry Established by the Prime Minister on 15 February 1978 [The Bowen Report]. Canberra: Commonwealth Government of Australia. Available at: https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/1979-07/apo-nid33757.pdf.Google Scholar
Commonwealth Ombudsman (1998). Ombudsman releases ABARE investigation report. Media release. Commonwealth Ombudsman. 4 February. Available at: www.ombudsman.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/26286/investigation_1998_01.pdf.Google Scholar
Commonwealth Secretariat (2015). Commonwealth Charter. The Commonwealth. Available at: https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us/charter.Google Scholar
Conca, J. (2014). Atmospheric trust litigation: Can we sue ourselves over climate change? Forbes. 23 November. Available at: www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2014/11/23/atmospheric-trust-litigation-can-we-sue-ourselves-over-climate-change/?sh=7bd200264005.Google Scholar
CURF (Canberra Urban and Regional Futures) (2015). Canberra Urban and Regional Futures. Available at: www.curf.com.au.Google Scholar
Davies, A. (2015). CSG industry hires well-connected staffers. The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 May. Available at: www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/csg-industry-hires-wellconnected-staffers-20150515-gh2rg3.html.Google Scholar
Devine, T. and Walden, S. (2013). International best practices for whistleblower policies. Government Accountability Project. 22 July. Available at: http://whistleblower.org/international-best-practices-for-whistleblower-policies/.Google Scholar
EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative) (2016). Impacting 49 EITI countries. EITI Progress Report 2016. 18 March. Available at: http://progrep.eiti.org/2016/glance/where-implementation-happens.Google Scholar
Excell, C. (2016). Open government and climate action. OGP Blog. 27 April. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/blog/ogp-webmaster/2016/04/27/open-government-and-climate-action.Google Scholar
Faull, L. (2011). Parliament’s ethics committee eviscerates top ANC MP. Mail and Guardian. 25 August. Available at: http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-25-parliaments-ethics-committee-eviscerates-top-anc-mp.Google Scholar
Feeney, S. (2005). The impact of foreign aid on economic growth in Papua New Guinea. The Journal of Development Studies, 41, 10921117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, P. (2016). Public trusts and fiduciary relations. In Coghill, K., Sampford, C. and Smith, T., eds., Fiduciary Duty and the Atmospheric Trust. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Francis, (2015). Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ of the Holy Father Francis: On Care for Our Common Home. Rome: Vatican Press. Available at: http://w2.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf.Google Scholar
French, R. (2010). Fiduciary duties and indigenous people: In the interface between equitable principles and public law. Available at: www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/current-justices/frenchcj/frenchcj29oct10.pdf.Google Scholar
G20 (2014). G20 Anti-Corruption Action Plan. G20 Agenda for Action on Combating Corruption, Promoting Market Integrity, and Supporting a Clean Business Environment. Available at: www.ag.gov.au/Integrity/AntiCorruption/Documents/G20AntiCorruptionActionPlan.pdf.Google Scholar
Global Forest Coalition (2018). Ending subsidies for meat and soy sector is key to halting deforestation, shows new paper. Global Forest Coalition. 18 November. Available at: https://globalforestcoalition.org/ending-subsidies-for-meat-and-soy-is-key-to-halting-deforestation/.Google Scholar
GOPAC (Global Organisation of Parliamentarians Against Corruption) (2015a). Parliamentary ethics and conduct. GOPAC Network. Available at: http://gopacnetwork.org/programs/parliamentary-ethics-conduct/.Google Scholar
GOPAC (2015b). A global organization of parliamentarians against corruption. GOPAC Network. Available at: http://gopacnetwork.org/.Google Scholar
Graycar, A. (2013). Perceptions of corruption in Victoria. Research Paper. Independent Broad-Based Anti-Corruption Commission Victoria. Available at: www.ibac.vic.gov.au/publications-and-resources/article/perceptions-of-corruption-in-victoria.Google Scholar
Great Barrier Reef Foundation (2020). Great Barrier Reef Foundation. Available at: www.barrierreef.org/.Google Scholar
Green Bond Principles (2015). Green, social and sustainability bonds. International Capital Market Association. Available at: www.icmagroup.org/Regulatory-Policy-and-Market-Practice/green-bonds/.Google Scholar
Green Climate Fund (n.d.). Green Climate Fund. Available at: www.greenclimate.fund/.Google Scholar
Gupta, S., Davoodi, H. and Alonso-Terme, R. (1998). Does Corruption Effect Income Inequality and Poverty? Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Heller, N. and Bapna, M. (2015). The OGP journey to go subnational. OGP Blog. 13 August. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/the-ogp-journey-to-go-subnational/.Google Scholar
Hendriks, E. (2010). Common law: Implementing the public trust doctrine in British Columbia. Water Canada. Available at: https://poliswaterproject.org/polis-media-highlight/common-law-implementing-public-trust-doctrine-british-columbia-article-water-canada/.Google Scholar
Higham, S. (2012a). Congressional ethics committees protect legislators, critics say. Washington Post. 7 October. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/congressional-ethics-committees-protect-legislators-critics-say/2012/10/07/a313e59c-e251-11e1-ae7f-d2a13e249eb2_story.html.Google Scholar
Higham, S. (2012b). Parliament ethics committee to continue questioning MP El-Eleimy on Monday. Ahram Online. 11 March. Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/36415/Egypt/Politics-/Parliament-ethics-committee-to-continue-questionin.aspx.Google Scholar
Holmes, D. (2016). The fossil-fuelled political economy of Australian elections. The Conversation. 22 June. Available at: https://theconversation.com/the-fossil-fuelled-political-economy-of-australian-elections-61394.Google Scholar
ICLEI Global (n.d.). ICLEI Global. Available at: www.iclei.org/.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice and Weeramantry, C. (1997). Separate opinion of Vice-President Weeramantry. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia). Available at: www.icj-cij.org/en/case/92/judgments.Google Scholar
INTOSAI (International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions) (1998). Code of Ethics. Available at: www.intosai.org/documents/open-access.Google Scholar
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2012). Summary for Policymakers [Report graphics]. In Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F. et al. eds., Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/managing-the-risks-of-extreme-events-and-disasters-to-advance-climate-change-adaptation/summary-for-policymakers/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by Reisinger, A., Kitching, R. L., Chiew, F. et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-PartB_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Irfan, U. (2019). Fossil fuels are underpriced by a whopping $5.2 trillion. Vox. 17 May. Available at: www.vox.com/2019/5/17/18624740/fossil-fuel-subsidies-climate-imf.Google Scholar
John King of England (1215). Magna Carta [British Museum translation]. Runnymede. British Museum item description: Cotton MS Augustus II 106:1215.Google Scholar
Kania, R. R. E. (2004). Ethical acceptability of gratuities: Still saying yes after all these years. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23, 5463.Google Scholar
Kapama, F. (2015). Chenge contest ethics case mode. Daily News. 26 February. Available at: www.dailynews.co.tz/news/chenge-contests-ethics-case-mode.aspx.Google Scholar
Karayiannis, A. and Hatzis, A. N. (2007). Morality, social norms and rule of law as transaction cost-saving devices: The case of ancient Athens. European Journal of Law and Economics, 33, 621643. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1000749.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Zoido-Lobatón, P. (1999). Governance Matters. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/665731468739470954/Governance-matters.Google Scholar
Knack, S. and Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: Cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics and Politics, 7, 207227.Google Scholar
Lahore High Court (2019). Writ Petition No. 192069 of 2018. Sheikh Asim Farooq V/S Federation of Pakistan etc. Judgment Sheet. Stereo HCJ DA 38. Available at: http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2019/20190830_W.P.-No.-1920692018_judgment-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Lusty, D. (2014). Revival of the common law offence of misconduct in public office. Criminal Law Journal, 337(38): Available at: www.accountabilityrt.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Lusty-Revival-of-the-Common-Law-Offence-of-Misconduct-in-Public-Office-2014-38-Crim-LJ-337.pdf.Google Scholar
Malmendier, U. and Schmidt, K. (2012). You owe me. Discussion Paper No. 392. Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems. Available at: http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14279/1/392.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcel, M. (2015). Engaging citizens: A game changer for development? OGP Blog. 27 February. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/engaging-citizens-a-game-changer-for-development/.Google Scholar
Market Forces (2019). Friends in high places: Fossil fuel political donations. Market Forces. Available at: www.marketforces.org.au/politicaldonations2019/.Google Scholar
Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 681712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, F., dir. (2006). The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil [film]. Arthur Morgan Institute for Community Solutions. Available at: www.communitysolution.org/mediaandeducation/films/powerofcommunity/.Google Scholar
NCCARF (National Australian Climate Change Research Facility) (2014). Supporting Decision-Making for Effective Engagement. Policy Guidance Brief 3. Gold Coast, Australia: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.Google Scholar
Netherlands Supreme Court (2019). Dutch State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by the end of 2020. de Rechtspraak. 20 December. Available at: www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Nieuws/Paginas/Dutch-State-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-25-by-the-end-of-2020.aspx.Google Scholar
Netherlands Supreme Court (2020). Climate case Urgenda. ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007. Rechtspraak. Available at: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007.Google Scholar
Norman, B. (2018). Sustainable Pathways for Our Cities and Regions: Planning Within Planetary Boundaries. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Norman, B., Steffen, W., Webb, R. et al. (2013). South East Coastal Adaptation (SECA): Coastal Urban Climate Futures in SE Australia from Wollongong to Lakes Entrance. Gold Coast, Australia: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.Google Scholar
Norman, B., Steffen, W. and Smith, M. S. (2014). Cities in Future Earth: A Summary of Key Considerations. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Obama, B. (2014). Speech presented at Open Government Partnership meeting [transcript]. Available at: www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/24/remarks-president-obama-open-government-partnership-meeting.Google Scholar
OECD (2015). Australia: Follow-up to the Phase 3 Report & Recommendations. OECD. Available at: www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/Australia-Phase-3-Follow-up-Report-ENG.pdf.Google Scholar
OECD and GEF (Global Environment Facility) (2015). Toolkit to Enhance Access to Adaptation Finance for Developing Countries That Are Vulnerable to Adverse Effects of Climate Change, Including LIDCs, SIDS and African States. Report to the G20 Climate Finance Study Group. OECD. Available at: www.oecd.org/environment/cc/Toolkit%20to%20Enhance%20Access%20to%20Adaptation%20Finance.pdf.Google Scholar
OGP (Open Government Partnership) (n.d). About the IRM. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/process/accountability/about-the-irm/.Google Scholar
OGP (2013). Leading multilateral institutions join forces with the Open Government Partnership. IDB Press release. 30 October. Available at: www.iadb.org/en/news/announcements/2013-10-30/open-government-partnership%2C10626.html.Google Scholar
OGP (2014a). What’s in the new OGP action plans? OGP Blog. 29 September. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/whats-in-the-new-ogp-national-action-plans/.Google Scholar
OGP (2014b). An overview of the OGP European and Asia-Pacific regional summits. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/an-overview-of-the-ogp-european-and-asia-pacific-regional-summits/.Google Scholar
OGP (2015a). Open Government Partnership (OGP) by the Numbers: What the IRM Data Tells Us about OGP Results. Technical Paper 1. Open Government Partnership. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Technical-paper-1_Executive-summary_final.pdf.Google Scholar
OGP (2015b). France to serve as next Open Government co-chair. OGP Blog. 29 April. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/stories/france-to-serve-as-next-open-government-partnership-co-chair/.Google Scholar
OGP (2015c). Open Government Support Unit. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/about/ogp-support-unit.Google Scholar
OGP (2016). Four-Year Strategy 2015–18. Open Government Partnership. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/OGP-4-year-Strategy-FINAL-ONLINE.pdf.Google Scholar
OGP (2018). Brazil’s 4th National Action Plan. Open Government Partnership. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Brazil_Action-Plan_2018-2020_EN.docx.Google Scholar
OGP (2020). Americas Regional Meeting. OGP. Available at: www.opengovpartnership.org/americas-regional-meeting/.Google Scholar
Oil Change International (2019). Fossil fuel industry influence in the US. Oil Change International. Available at: http://priceofoil.org/fossil-fuel-industry-influence-in-the-u-s/.Google Scholar
OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) (2012). Background Study: Professional and Ethical Standards for Parliamentarians. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Available at: www.osce.org/odihr/98924.Google Scholar
Our Children’s Trust (n.d.). Juliana v. United States youth climate lawsuit. Our Children’s Trust. Available at: www.ourchildrenstrust.org/juliana-v-us.Google Scholar
Parliament of Australia Joint Committee on the Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity (n.d.). Completed Inquiries 2010–13 CHAPTER 4 – International obligations and regional engagement. Footnote 3 UNODC, UNCAC Signature and Ratification Status as of 24 December 2012. Available at: www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Australian_Commission_for_Law_Enforcement_Integrity/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/integrity_inter_op/report/footnotes#c04f3.Google Scholar
Pelizzo, R. and Ang, B. (2008). A code of conduct for Indonesia: Problems and perspectives. Parliamentary Affairs, 61, 315333.Google Scholar
Pelizzo, R. and Stapenhurst, R. (2004). Tools for Legislative Oversight: An Empirical Investigation. Research Collection School of Social Sciences Paper 44. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Punder, P. (2019). Brazil’s falling ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index. Corporate Compliance Insights. 4 February. Available at: www.corporatecomplianceinsights.com/brazils-falling-ranking-in-the-corruption-perceptions-index.Google Scholar
Queensland Integrity Commissioner (2020). About us. Queensland Integrity Commissioner. Available at: www.integrity.qld.gov.au/about-us.aspx.Google Scholar
REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) (2015). Our work. The UN-REDD Programme. Available at: www.un-redd.org/how-we-work-1.Google Scholar
Reilly, B. (2008). Ethnic conflict in Papua New Guinea. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 49, 1222.Google Scholar
Republic of Estonia, Israel, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and United Kingdom (2014). D5 Charter. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/386290/D5Charter_signed.pdf.Google Scholar
Rio+20 (2012). The Future We Want: Outcome Document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. United Nations. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf.Google Scholar
Rose-Akerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rush, M. and Giddings, P. (2015). Written evidence. The Operation of the Parliamentary Standards Act 2009 – Committee on Members’ Expenses. Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmmemex/writev/1484/m15.htm.Google Scholar
Saito, N. (2013). Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in least developed countries in South and Southeast Asia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 18, 825849.Google Scholar
Sampford, C., Coghill, S. and Smith, T. (2016) Fiduciary Duty and the Atmospheric Trust. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schott, K., Tink, A. and Watkins, J. (2014). Political Donations: Final Report of Panel of Experts. The Department of Premier and Cabinet. Available at: www.dpc.nsw.gov.au/updates/2014/05/27/panel-of-experts-political-donations.Google Scholar
Slezak, M (2019). Controversial Great Barrier Reef grant did not comply with transparency rules, National Audit Office says. ABC News. 17 January. Available at: www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-16/great-barrier-reef-funding-grant-scrutinised-auditor-general/10720928.Google Scholar
Smith, T. (2014a). Government Secrecy and Urban Planning: The Forgotten Trust and Reform. Paper presented to the Melbourne University Urban Heritage Conference, Melbourne, 9 October. Available at: www.accountabilityrt.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Smith-T-2014-Lyceum-U3A-Speech-final-_3_.pdf.Google Scholar
Smith, T. (2014b). Integrity in politics? Public office as a public trust? Is there hope? Paper presented to University of the Third Age, Hawthorn, 23 July. Available at: www.accountabilityrt.org/integrity-in-politics-public-office-as-a-public-trust-is-there-hope/.Google Scholar
Solomon, A. M., Webbe, S. and McGann, D. (2008). The Right to Information: Reviewing Queensland’s Freedom of Information Act. Report by the FOI Independent Review Panel [The Solomon Report]. The State of Queensland Department of Justice and Attorney-General. Available at: https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2008-06/apo-nid16021.pdf.Google Scholar
The Hague District Court (2015). Zaaknummer C/09/456689 / HA ZA 13-1396 (English translation). Available at: http://elaw.org/system/files/urgenda_0.pdf.Google Scholar
The White House (2016). North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership Action Plan. Obama White House Archives. 29 June. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/29/north-american-climate-clean-energy-and-environment-partnership-action.Google Scholar
Thornton, J. M. S. (2014). Government secrecy and urban planning: The forgotten trust and reform. Address presented to the Melbourne University Urban Heritage Conference. Available at: www.accountabilityrt.org/government-secrecy-and-urban-planning-the-forgotten-trust-and-reform.Google Scholar
TI (Transparency International) (2010). National Integrity System Assessment Toolkit. Berlin: Transparency International.Google Scholar
TI (2011). Global Corruption Report: Climate Change. London: Earthscan. Available at: www.transparency.org/en/publications/global-corruption-report-climate-change.Google Scholar
TI (2014a). Protecting Climate Finance: An Anti-Corruption Assessment of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. Transparency International. Available at: www.transparency.org/en/publications/protecting-climate-finance-an-anti-corruption-assessment-of-the-fcpf.Google Scholar
TI (2014b). Protecting Climate Finance: An Anti-corruption Assessment of the Global Environment Facility’s Least Developed Countries Fund and Special Climate Change Fund. Transparency International. Available at: www.transparency.org/whatwedo/publication/protecting_climate_finance_assessment_gef_ldcf_sccf.Google Scholar
TI (2015a). Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. Transparency International. Available at: www.transparency.org/cpi2015.Google Scholar
TI (2015b). 3 Conditions for successful COP21 Paris Climate Agreement. Transparency International. 3 December. Available at: www.transparency.org/news/feature/3_conditions_for_successful_cop21_paris_climate_agreement.Google Scholar
TI (2017). Corruption Perceptions Index 2016. Transparency International. 25 January. Available at: www.transparency.org/en/news/corruption-perceptions-index-2016.Google Scholar
TI (2019a). Brazil. Transparency International. Available at: www.transparency.org/country/BRA.Google Scholar
TI (2019b). Central African Republic. Transparency International. Available at: www.transparency.org/en/countries/central-african-republic.Google Scholar
TI Ireland (2009). National Integrity Systems Study. Transparency International. Available at: http://transparency.ie/resources/NIS.Google Scholar
TI Secretariat (2001). ‘Strongest correlation’ between corruption and poor environmental performance, study shows. Transparency International. 25 January. Available at: www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/strongest_correlation_between_corruption_and_poor_environmental_performance.Google Scholar
Trease, H. V. (2010). Vanuatu. The Contemporary Pacific, 22, 467476.Google Scholar
Ugaz, J. (2015). More corruption now globally than 20 years ago, says Transparency International chair. Available at: https://niajamaica.org/press_release/more-corruption-now-globally-than-20-years-ago-says-transparency-international-chair/.Google Scholar
UN (2020). United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signature and ratification status. UN Office on Drugs and Crime. Available at: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/ratification-status.html.Google Scholar
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. Highlights. ST/ESA/SER.A/352. New York: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Available at: https://population.un.org/wup/publications/files/wup2014-highlights.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) (1992). Article 4 Commitments, 1(b). In United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/cooperation_and_support/ldc/application/pdf/article4.pdf.Google Scholar
Watson, C., Church, J. and King, M. (2015). Sea level is rising fast – and it seems to be speeding up. The Conversation. 12 May. Available at: https://theconversation.com/sea-level-is-rising-fast-and-it-seems-to-be-speeding-up-39253.Google Scholar
Webb, R. and Beh, J. (2013). Leading Adaptation Practices and Support Strategies for Australia: An International and Australian Review of Products and Tools. Gold Coast, Australia: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Griffith University. Available at: https://nccarf.edu.au/leading-adaptation-practices-and-support-strategies-australia-international-and-australian/.Google Scholar
Whetton, P. (2011). Future Australian climate scenarios. In Cleugh, H., Smith, M. S. and Battaglia, M., eds., Climate Change: Science and Solutions for Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 3544.Google Scholar
World Bank (2011). World Bank flash: A more open, transparent and accountable World Bank. 7 July. World Bank. Available at: www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2011/07/07/world-bank-flash-more-open-transparent-accountable-world-bank.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×