Book contents
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Time Before the 20th Century
- 2 Time from the Earth’s Rotation
- 3 Ephemerides
- 4 Variable Earth Rotation
- 5 Earth Orientation
- 6 Ephemeris Time
- 7 Relativity and Time
- 8 Time and Cosmology
- 9 Dynamical and Coordinate Timescales
- 10 Clock Developments
- 11 Microwave Atomic Clocks
- 12 Optical Atomic Standards
- 13 Definition and Role of a Second
- 14 International Atomic Time (TAI)
- 15 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- 16 Time in the Solar System
- 17 Time and Frequency Transfer
- 18 Modern Earth Orientation
- 19 International Activities
- 20 Time Applications
- 21 Future of Timekeeping
- Acronyms
- Glossary
- Index
- References
17 - Time and Frequency Transfer
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 October 2018
Book contents
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Time Before the 20th Century
- 2 Time from the Earth’s Rotation
- 3 Ephemerides
- 4 Variable Earth Rotation
- 5 Earth Orientation
- 6 Ephemeris Time
- 7 Relativity and Time
- 8 Time and Cosmology
- 9 Dynamical and Coordinate Timescales
- 10 Clock Developments
- 11 Microwave Atomic Clocks
- 12 Optical Atomic Standards
- 13 Definition and Role of a Second
- 14 International Atomic Time (TAI)
- 15 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- 16 Time in the Solar System
- 17 Time and Frequency Transfer
- 18 Modern Earth Orientation
- 19 International Activities
- 20 Time Applications
- 21 Future of Timekeeping
- Acronyms
- Glossary
- Index
- References
Summary
In the 19th century, time balls were used to distribute accurate time in harbors and cities, and the telegraph was used for distribution over distances. In the 20th century, radio signals became the primary means of time and frequency distribution. One-way and/or two-way methods are used in time and frequency transfer of many types, but in each case, propagation and relativistic effects must be determined and calibrations made. The effects of making measurements in either a rotating or nonrotating reference frame must be determined. Modern methods of time and frequency dissemination include coaxial cable, telephone, optical fibers, microwave links, television broadcasts, internet, high- and low-frequency radio signals, navigation signals, navigation satellite system broadcast signals, navigation satellite carrier phase, two-way satellite radio signals, optical two-way transfer, and Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics , pp. 278 - 293Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2018
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