Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-chc8l Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-01T12:16:35.834Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Hydrodynamics of spout-fluid beds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2011

By
Wenqi Zhong ,
Baosheng Jin ,
Mingyao Zhang  and
Rui Xiao
Edited by
Norman Epstein  and
John R. Grace
Norman Epstein
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
John R. Grace
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Get access

Summary

The spout-fluid bed is a very successful modification to the conventional spouted bed. It reduces some limitations of spouting and fluidization by combining features of spouted and fluidized beds. In spout-fluid beds, in addition to supplying spouting fluid through the central nozzle, auxiliary fluid is introduced through a porous or perforated distributor surrounding the central orifice. Compared with spouted beds, spout-fluid beds obtain better gas–solid contact and mixing in the annular dense region and reduce the likelihood of particle agglomeration, dead zones, and sticking to the wall or base of the column. However, the hydrodynamics of spout-fluid beds are more complex than those of conventional spouted beds. This chapter briefly presents up-to-date information on the fundamentals and applications of spout-fluid beds without draft tubes, based on the limited reported work.

Hydrodynamic characteristics

Flow regimes and flow regime map

Different flow regimes occur in a spout-fluid bed when the central spouting gas flowrate and the auxiliary gas flowrate are adjusted. A schematic representation of familiar flow regimes is presented in Figure 6.1. These are the fixed bed (FB), internal jet (IJ), spouting with aeration (SA), jet in fluidized bed with bubbling (JFB), jet in fluidized bed with slugging (JFS), and spout-fluidizing (SF) regimes.

Type
Chapter
Information
Spouted and Spout-Fluid Beds
Fundamentals and Applications
 , pp. 105 - 127
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Vuković, D. V., Hadžismajlović, Dž. E., Grbavčić, Ž. B., Garić, R. V., and Littman, H.. Flow regimes for spout-fluid beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 62 (1984), 825–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutanto, W., Epstein, N., and Grace, J. R.. Hydrodynamics of spout-fluid beds. Powder Technol., 44 (1985), 205–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Y. L., Lim, C. J., and Grace, J. R., Spouted bed and spout-fluid bed behaviors in a column of diameter 0.91 m. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 70 (1992), 848–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishikura, T.. Regime map of binary particle mixture in a spout-fluid bed. Kagaku Kōgaku Ronbunshū, 19 (1993), 1189–1192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., and Chen, X. P.. Flow pattern and transition of rectangular spout-fluid bed. Chem. Eng. Proc. 45 (2006), 734–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J. Y. and Tang, F. X.. Prediction of flow regimes in spout-fluidized beds. China Particuology, 4 (2006), 189–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q. and Zhang, M. Y.. Pressure fluctuation frequency characteristics in a spout-fluid bed by modern ARM power spectrum analysis. Powder Technol., 152 (2005), 52–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q. and Zhang, M. Y.. Characterization of dynamic behavior of a spout-fluid bed with Shannon entropy analysis. Powder Technol., 159 (2005), 121–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagarkatti, A. and Chatterjee, A.. Pressure and flow characteristics of a gas phase spout-fluid condition. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 52 (1974), 185–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littman, H., Vukovic, D. V., Zdanski, F. K., and Grbavcic, Z. B.. Pressure drop and flowrate characteristics of a liquid phase spout-fluid bed at the minimum spout-fluid flow rate. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 52 (1974), 174–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heil, C. and Tels, M.. Pressure distribution in spout-fluid bed reactors. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 61 (1983), 331–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Chen, X. P., and Zhang, M. Y.. Hydrodynamic characteristics of spout-fluid bed: pressure drop and minimum spouting/spout-fluidizing velocity. Chem. Eng. J., 118 (2006), 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, N. and Levine, S.. Non-Darcy flow and pressure distribution in a spouted bed. In Fluidization, ed. Davidson, J. F. and Keairns, D. L. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 98–103.Google Scholar
Lefroy, G. A. and Davidson, J. F.. The mechanics of spouted beds. Trans. Instn Chem. Engrs., 47 (1969), 120–128.Google Scholar
Ergun, S.. Fluid flow through packed columns. Chem. Eng. Progr, 48:2 (1952), 89–94.Google Scholar
Mohammed, Z. and Anabtawi, Z.. Minumum spouting velocity, minimum spout-fluidized velocity and maximum spoutable bed height in a gas-solid bidimensional spout-fluid bed. J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 26 (1993), 728–732.Google Scholar
Tang, F. X. and J. Zhang, Y.. Multi-factor effects on and correlation of minimum spout-fluidizing velocity in spout-fluid beds. Chem. Industry & Engng. (China), 55 (2004), 1083–1091.Google Scholar
Fane, A. G. and Mitchell, R. A.. Minimum spouting velocity of scaled-up beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 62 (1984), 437–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, M. and Meisen, A.. Hydrodynamics of shallow, conical spouted beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 70 (1992), 916–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pianarosa, D. L., Freitas, L. P., Lim, C. J., Grace, J. R., and Dogan, O. M.. Voidage and particle velocity profiles in a spout-fluid bed. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 78 (2000), 132–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Y. L., Lim, C. J., Grace, J. R., Zhu, J. X., and Qin, S. Z.. Measurement of voidage profiles in spouted beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 72 (1994), 229–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutanto, W.. Hydrodynamics of spout-fluid beds. MASc. thesis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (1983).
He, Y. L., Qin, S. Z., Lim, C. J., and Grace, J. R.. Particle velocity profiles and solids flow patterns in spouted beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 72 (1994), 561–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, K. B., Husain, A., and Rao, C. D.. Prediction of the maximum spoutable height in spout-fluid beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 63 (1985), 690–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grbavčić, Ž. B., Vuković, D. V., Hadžismajlović, Dž. E., Garić, R. V., and Littman, H.. Prediction of the maximum spoutable bed height in spout-fluid beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 69 (1991), 386–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Zhang, M. Y., and Jin, B. S.. Maximum spoutable bed height of spout-fluid bed. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 124 (2006), 55–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littman, H. and Morgan, M. H.. New spouting regime in beds of coarse particles deeper than the maximum spoutable height. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 64 (1986), 505–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, W. C. and Keairns, D. L.. Design and operating parameters for a fluidized bed agglomerating combustor/gasifier. In Fluidization, ed. Davidson, J. F. and Keairns, D. L.. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 208–213.Google Scholar
Yang, W. C.. Comparison of the jet phenomena in 30-cm and 3-m diameter semicircular fluidized beds. Powder Technol., 100 (1998), 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowlton, T. M. and Hirsan, I.. The effect of pressure on jet penetration in semi-cylindrical gas-fluidized bed. In Fluidization, ed. Grace, J. R. and Matsen, J. M. (New York: Plenum, 1980), pp. 315–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, T. R., Webb, H., and Sunderland, P. B.. The nondimensionalization of equations describing fluidization with application to the correlation of jet penetration depth. Chem. Eng. Sci., 45 (1990), 365–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, T., Horiuchi, K., Watanabe, T., Matsukata, M., and Kojima, T.. Experimental study of gas and particle behavior in the grid zone of a jetting fluidized bed cold model. Powder Technol., 82 (1995), 135–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, R. Y., Li, H. Z., Cheng, M. Y., and Zhang, J. Y.. Numerical simulation and verification of a gas–solid jet fluidized bed. Powder Technol., 87 (1996), 73–81.Google Scholar
Guo, Q. J., Yue, G. X., and Zhang, J. Y.. Hydrodynamic behavior of a two-dimension jetting fluidized bed with binary mixtures. Chem. Eng. Sci., 56 (2001), 4685–4694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q. and Zhang, M. Y.. Jet penetration depth in a two-dimensional spout-fluid bed. Chem. Eng. Sci, 60 (2005), 315–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filla, M., Massimilla, L., and Vaccaro, S.. Gas jets in fluidized beds and spouts: a comparison for experimental behavior and models. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 61 (1982), 370–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, W. C., Keairns, D. L., and McLain, D. K.. Gas mixing in a jetting fluidized bed. AIChE Symp. Ser., 80 (1984), 32–41.Google Scholar
Gbordzoe, E. A. M., Freychet, N., and Bergougnou, M. A.. Gas transfer between a central jet and a large two-dimensional gas-fluidized bed. Powder Technol., 55 (1988), 207–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freychet, N., Briens, C. L., Bergougnou, M. A., and Large, J. F.. A new approach to jet phenomena gas entrainment and recirculation in a bidimensional spouted fluidized bed. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 67 (1989), 191–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Xiao, R., and Zhang, M. Y.. Experimental study of gas mixing in a spout-fluid bed. AIChE J., 52 (2006), 924–930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., and Xiao, R.. Experimental and model investigations on gas mixing behaviors of spout-fluid beds. Int. Chem. Reactor Eng., 5 (2007), A32.Google Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., Zhang, Y., Xiao, R., and Huang, Y. J.. Experimental investigation of particle mixing behavior in a large spout-fluid bed. Chem. Eng. Process: Process Intensification, 46 (2007), 990–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., Jin, B. S., and Zhong, W. Q.. Experimental investigations on the effect of the tracer location on mixing in a spout-fluid bed. Int. Chem. Reactor Engng., 6 (2008), 44.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Jin, B. S., and Zhong, W. Q.. Experiment on particle mixing in flat-bottom spout–fluid bed. Chem. Eng. Process: Process Intensification, 48 (2009), 745–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Li, Q. J., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., Xiao, R., Huang, Y. J., and Shi, A. Y.. Spout characteristics of a cylindrical spout-fluid bed with elevated pressure. Chem. Eng. J. 139 (2008), 42–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Y. L., Lim, C. J., and Grace, J. R.. Hydrodynamics of pressurized spouted beds. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 76 (1998), 696–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Wang, X. F., Li, Q. J., Jin, B. S., Zhang, M. Y., Xiao, R., and Huang, Y. J.. Analysis on chaotic nature of a pressurized spout-fluid bed by information theory based Shannon entropy. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 87 (2009), 220–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ye, B., Lim, C. J., and Grace, J. R.. Hydrodynamics of spouted and spout-fluidized beds at high temperature. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 70 (1992), 840–847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, J., Lim, C. J., and Grace, J. R.. Flow regimes and combustion behaviour in coal-burning spouted and spout-fluid beds. Chem. Eng. Sci., 42 (1987), 2865–2875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, J., Zeilstra, C., Deen, N., and Kuipers, J. A. M.. Validation of a discrete particle model in a 2D spout-fluid bed using non-intrusive optical measuring techniques. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 82 (2004), 30–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, J. M., Cuypers, L. A., Deen, N. G., and Kuipers, J. A. M.. Flow regimes in a spout-fluid bed: A combined experimental and simulation study. Chem. Eng. Sci., 60 (2005), 3425–3442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, J. M., Godlieb, W., Deen, N. G., and Kuipers, J. A. M.. Discrete element study of granulation in a spout-fluidized bed. Chem. Eng. Sci., 62 (2007), 195–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q.. Investigations on flow characteristics and scaling relationships of spout-fluid beds. Ph.D. thesis, Southeast University (China), 2007.
Zhong, W. Q., Xiong, Y. Q., Yuan, Z. L., and Zhang, M. Y.. DEM simulation of gas-solid flow behaviors in spout-fluid bed. Chem. Eng. Sci., 61 (2006), 1571–1584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., and Yuan, Z. L.. Three-dimensional simulation of gas/solid flow in spout-fluid beds with kinetic theory of granular flow. Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 14 (2006), 611–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, W. Q., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., and Yuan, Z. L.. Flow behaviors of a large spout-fluid bed at high pressure and temperature by 3D simulation with kinetic theory of granular flow. Powder Technol., 175 (2007), 90–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Z. Y., Xiao, R., Jin, B. S., Huang, H., Shen, L. H., Song, Q. E., and Li, Q. J.. Computational fluid dynamics modeling of coal gasification in a pressurized spout-fluid bed. Energy Fuels, 22 (2007), 1560–1569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Q. J., Zhang, M. Y., Zhong, W. Q., Wang, X. F., Xiao, R., and Jin, B. S.. Simulation of coal gasification in a pressurized spout-fluid bed gasifier. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 87 (2009), 169–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, J., Lim, C. J., and Grace, J. R.. Coal burnout times in spouted and spout-fluid beds. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 65 (1987), 426–430.Google Scholar
Lim, C. J., Watkinson, A. P., Khoe, G. K., Low, S., Epstein, N., and Grace, J. R.. Spouted, fluidized and spout-fluid bed combustion of bituminous coals. Fuel, 67 (1988), 1211–1217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tia, S., Bhattacharya, S. C., and Wibulswas, P.. Combustion behaviour of coal and carbon in spouted and spout-fluid beds. Int. J. Eng. Res., 15 (1991), 249–255.Google Scholar
Albina, D. O.. Emissions from multiple-spouted and spout-fluid fluidized beds using rice husks as fuel. Renewable Energy, 31 (2006), 2152–2163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, M. S. J., Gale, J. J., and Laughlin, M. K.. The British Coal spouted fluidised bed gasification process. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 70 (1992), 991–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, R., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., Huang, Y. J., and Zhou, H. C.. High-temperature air/steam-blown gasification of coal in a pressurized spout-fluid bed. Energy and Fuels, 20 (2006), 715–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, R., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., Xiong, Y. Q., Zhou, H. C., Duan, Y. F., Zhong, Z. P., Chen, X. P., Shen, L. H., and Huang, Y. J.. Air blown partial gasification of coal in a pilot plant pressurized spout-fluid bed reactor. Fuel, 86 (2007), 1631–1640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, R., Shen, L. H., Zhang, M. Y., Jin, B. S., Xiong, Y. Q., Duan, Y. F., Zhong, Z. P., Zhou, H. C., Chen, X. P., and Huang, Y. J.. Partial gasification of coal in a fluidized bed reactor: Comparison of a laboratory and pilot scale reactors. Korean Chem. Eng., 24 (2007), 175–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maitri, T. and Animesh, D.. An investigation of MSW gasification in a spout-fluid bed reactor. Fuel Proc. 89 (2008), 949–957.Google Scholar
Suwannakuta, P.. A study on biomass gasification in spout-fluid bed. Master's thesis, AIT (Thailand), 2002.
Białobrzewski, I., Zielińska, M., Mujumdar, A. S., and Markowski, M.. Heat and mass transfer during drying of a bed of shrinking particles – simulation for carrot cubes dried in a spout-fluidized-bed drier. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 51 (2008), 4704–4716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Link, J. M., Godlieb, W., Tripp, P., Deen, N. G., Heinrich, S., Kuipers, J. A. M., Schönherr, M., and Peglow, M.. Comparison of fibre optical measurements and discrete element simulations for the study of granulation in a spout fluidized bed. Powder Technol., 189 (2009), 202–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plawsky, J. L., Jovanovic, S., Littman, H., Hover, K. C., Gerolimatos, S., and Douglas, K.. Exploring the effect of dry premixing of sand and cement on the mechanical properties of mortar. Cem. Conc. Res. 33 (2003), 255–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, K. B., Plawsky, J. L., Littman, H., and Paccione, J. D.. Mortar properties obtained by dry premixing of cementitious materials and sand in a spout-fluid bed mixer. Cem. Concr. Res., 36 (2006), 728–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rakic, S., Povrenovic, D., Tesevic, V., Simic, M., and Maletic, R.. Oak acorn, polyphenols and antioxidant activity in functional food. J. Food Eng., 74 (2006), 416–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×