Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T12:35:36.199Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Electric Power Grid Resilience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2024

Alexis Kwasinski ,
Andres Kwasinski  and
Vaidyanathan Krishnamurthy
Alexis Kwasinski
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Andres Kwasinski
Affiliation:
Rochester Institute of Technology, New York
Vaidyanathan Krishnamurthy
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Get access

Summary

This chapter is dedicated to examining strategies and technologies for improving power grids’ resilience. The first part of this chapter focuses on traditional power grids by presenting technologies and management approaches for improved resilience at the power generation, transmission, and distribution levels and by discussing strategies for enhanced withstanding capability or reduced restoration speed. The second part of this chapter explores the effect that the evolution of power grids into “smart” grids may likely have in the future. Advanced technologies that have already been implemented at all levels of power grids are discussed. Alternative power distribution approaches implemented at the load level, such as microgrids, able to significantly improve resilience with respect to traditional power grids, are also described in this chapter.

Keywords

Conventional power gridsmicrogridsrenewable energy sourcesenergy storagemodernized electric gridssmart gridsdiesel generatorsrefueling modelpower electronic circuitsactive power distribution nodes
Type
Chapter
Information
Resilience Engineering for Power and Communications Systems
Networked Infrastructure in Extreme Events
 , pp. 276 - 380
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brown, R., “Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Deployment of Utility Infrastructure Upgrades and Storm Hardening Programs,” Final Report for Public Utility Commission of Texas Project No. 36375, Quanta Technology, March 4, 2009.Google Scholar
Howell, W., “Workforce Issues: Hurricanes Gustav and Ike,” presented at National Hurricane Conference, Austin, TX, Apr. 2009.Google Scholar
Edison Electric Institute, “Before and After the Storm – Update: A Compilation of Recent Studies, Programs, and Policies Related to Storm Hardening and Resiliency,” Mar. 2014.Google Scholar
GE Energy Consulting, “NJ Storm Hardening Recommendations and Review/Comment on EDC Major Storm Response Filings,” Final Report, November 26, 2014.Google Scholar
Kwasinski, A., Andrade, F., Castro-Sitiriche, M. J., and O’Neill, E., “Hurricane Maria effects on Puerto Rico electric power infrastructure.” IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 85–94, Mar. 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauldin, P. and Brown, R. E., “Storm hardening the distribution system,” T&D World, October 1, 2014.Google Scholar
Jacksonville Electric Authority, “Overhead Electric Distribution Standards: Poles,” October 1, 2010.Google Scholar
Chilsom, E. I. and Matthews, J. C., “Impact of hurricanes and flooding on buried infrastructure.” Leadership and Management in Engineering, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 151–156, July 2012.Google Scholar
Florida Power & Light Company, “Power Delivery Performance. Hurricane Irma,” Florida Public Service Commission Docket No. 20170215-EU, Request No. 2 Amended, Attachment No. 3, April 19, 2018.Google Scholar
Salamone, C. P., “Appendix to Charles P. Salamone’s direct testimony on behalf of the Division of Rate Counsel,” BPU Docket Nos. EO13020155 and GO13020156, October 28, 2013.Google Scholar
Francis, R. A., Falconi, S. M., Nateghi, R., and Guikema, S. D., “Probabilistic life cycle analysis model for evaluating electric power infrastructure risk mitigation investments.” Climatic Change, vol. 106, pp. 31–55, Dec. 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwasinski, A., Eidinger, J., Tang, A., and Tudo-Bornarel, C., “Performance of electric power systems in the 2010–2011 Christchurch New Zealand earthquake sequence.” Earthquake Spectra, vol. 30, issue 1, pp. 205–230, Feb. 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xcel Energy, “Overhead vs. Underground: Information about Burying High-Voltage Transmission Lines,” Information Sheet 14-05-042, May 2014.Google Scholar
Csanyi, E., “Overhead vs. Underground Residential Distribution Circuits. Which One Is ‘Better’?” November 13, 2017. https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/overhead-vs-underground.Google Scholar
Malmedal, K., “Underground vs. Overhead Transmission and Distribution,” NEI Electric Power Engineering, Arvada, June 2009. www.puc.nh.gov/2008IceStorm/ST&E%20Presentations/NEI%20Underground%20Presentation%2006-09-09.pdf.Google Scholar
Wironen, A., Butler, D. T., and Massicotte, P., “Utility accounts for soil liquefaction.” T&D World, July 11, 2013. www.tdworld.com/substations/article/20963248/utility-accounts-for-soil-liquefaction.Google Scholar
Synolakis, C. and Kânoğlu, U. “The Fukushima accident was preventable.” Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, vol. A 373, pp. 1–23, Aug. 2015.Google ScholarPubMed
Tang, A. K. (editor), “Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, TCLEE Monograph 42,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Stock No. 47983, 2017.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, V. and Kwasinski, A., “Characterization of Power System Outages Caused by Hurricanes through Localized Intensity Indices,” in Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, D., “Responding to changing workforce needs and challenges,” presented at PSERC IAB meeting, Nov. 2013.Google Scholar
Pillinger, J., “Demographic Change in the Electricity Industry in Europe. Toolkit on Promoting Age Diversity and Age Management Strategies,” report from the European Social Dialogue Committee in Electricity EURELECTRIC, EPSU and EMCEF, 2008.Google Scholar
Times Tribune, “Third of utility workforce reaching retirement age soon,” January 29, 2017. https://energycentral.com/news/third-utility-workforce-reaching-retirement-age-soon.Google Scholar
Ray, R., “Who will replace power’s aging workforce?” Power Engineering, December 3, 2014. www.power-eng.com/2014/12/03/who-will-replace-powers-aging-workforce/.Google Scholar
Kajjam, D. and Mekala, K. R., “Phasor Measurement Unit or Synchrophasors,” Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, EE 5253 Winter 2014 Class Notes.Google Scholar
Zavoda, F., “Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) Applications and Power Quality in Smart Grids,” in Proceedings of the 2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Sept. 2010.Google Scholar
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “Microgrid definitions,” https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/microgrid-definitions.Google Scholar
Kwasinski, A., Weaver, W., and Balog, R., Micro-grids in Local Area Power and Energy Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kateraei, F. and Iravani, M., “Transients of a Micro-Grid System with Multiple Distributed Energy Resources,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Systems Transients, pp. 1–6, June 2005.Google Scholar
Liu, X., Shahidehpour, M., Li, Z. et al., “Microgrids for enhancing the power grid resilience in extreme conditions.” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 589–597, Mar. 2017.Google Scholar
Yuan, W., Wang, J., Qiu, F. et al., “Robust optimization-based resilient distribution network planning against natural disasters.” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2817–2826, Jan. 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskandarpour, R., Lotfi, H., and Khodaei, A., “Optimal Microgrid Placement for Enhancing Power System Resilience in Response to Weather Events,” in Proceedings of the 2016 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp. 1–7, Sept. 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, X., Wang, Z., Ding, T. et al., “Microgrid planning considering the resilience against contingencies.” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 13, no. 16, pp. 3534–3548, Aug. 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwasinski, A., “Advanced Power Electronics Enabled Distribution Architectures: Design, Operation, and Control,” in Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics – ECCE Asia, Jeju, South Korea, pp. 1484–1491, May 30, 2011–Jun. 3, 2011.Google Scholar
Reno, M. J., Hansen, C. W., and Stein, J. S., “Global Horizontal Irradiance Clear Sky Models: Implementation and Analysis.” Sandia National Report SAND2012-2389, Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
ASHRAE. ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, 1999.Google Scholar
Wong, L. T. and Chow, W. K., “Solar radiation model.” Applied Energy, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 191–224, July 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, G. M., Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streetman, B. and Banerjee, S., Solid State Electronic Devices (5th Edition), Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999.Google Scholar
Fu, R., Feldman, D., and Margolis, R., “US Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2018,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-72399, Nov. 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwasinski, A., “Effects of Hurricane Maria on Renewable Energy Systems in Puerto Rico,” in Proceedings of the 7th International IEEE Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA 2018), Paris, France, Oct. 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, E. C., Lacknerb, M., Vogela, R. M., and Baisea, L. G., “Probability distributions for offshore wind speeds.” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 15–26, Jan. 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celik, A. N., “A statistical analysis of wind power density based on the Weibull and Rayleigh models at the southern region of Turkey.” Renewable Energy, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 593–604, Apr. 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksson, S., Bernhoff, H., and Leijon, M., “Evaluation of different turbine concepts for wind power.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1419–1434, May 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiser, R. and Bolinger, M., “2018 Wind Technologies Market Report,” US Department of Energy Report DOE/GO-102019-5191, Aug. 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Japan Times, “Typhoon Cimaron leaves behind trail of damage in western Japan as it heads for Hokkaido,” The Japan Times, August 24, 2018. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/08/24/national/typhoon-cimaron-leaves-behind-trail-damage-western-japan-heads-hokkaido/.Google Scholar
Song, J., Krishnamurthy, V., Kwasinski, A., and Sharma, R., “Development of a Markov chain based energy storage model for power supply availability assessment of photovoltaic generation plants.” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, issue 2, pp. 491–500, Apr. 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoogers, G., ed., Fuel Cell Technology Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.Google Scholar
Mayyas, A., Ruth, M., Pivovar, B., Bender, G., and Wipke, K., “Manufacturing Cost Analysis for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report NREL/TP-6A20-72740, Aug. 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, M., “Total Cost of Ownership Modeling for Stationary Fuel Cell Systems,” webinar slides. www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/articles/webinar-december-13-total-cost-ownership-modeling-stationary-fuel-cell.Google Scholar
McLarty, D., Brouwer, J., and Ainscough, C., “Economic analysis of fuel cell installations at commercial buildings including regional pricing and complementary technologies.” Energy and Buildings, vol. 113, pp. 112–122, Dec. 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of Energy, “Combined Heat and Power Technology Fact Sheet Series.” DOE/EE-1329, July 2016.Google Scholar
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. “Technology Characterization: Reciprocating Engines.” Environmental Protection Agency Catalog of CHP Technologies, Dec. 2008. www.epa.gov/chp/.Google Scholar
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. “Technology Characterization: Gas Turbines.” Environmental Protection Agency Catalog of CHP Technologies, Dec. 2008. www.epa.gov/chp/.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, V. and Kwasinski, A., “Modeling of distributed generators resilience considering lifeline dependencies during extreme events.” Risk Analysis, vol. 39, no. 9, Special Issue: Resilient Cyber‐Physical‐Social Systems, pp. 1997–2011, Sept. 2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krishnamurthy, V. and Kwasinski, A., “Cell Sites Refueling and Restoration Delays Modeling during Extreme Events,” in Proceedings of IEEE INTELEC 2018, Turin, Italy, October 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, S. R., Polinder, H., Ferreira, J. A., van Gelder, P., and Dill, R., “A Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies as Energy Buffer in Renewable Energy Sources with respect to Power Capability,” in Proceedings of IEEE Young Researchers Symposium in Electrical Power Engineering (CD-ROM), 6 pages, 2002.Google Scholar
Chan, H.L. and Sutanto, D., “A New Battery Model for Use with Battery Energy Storage Systems and Electric Vehicles Power Systems,” in Proceedings of 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 1, pp. 470–475.Google Scholar
Jantharamin, N. and Zhang, L., “A New Dynamic Model for Lead-Acid Batteries,” in Proceedings of 4th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, pp. 86–90, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lineage Power, “IR Series II Batteries 12IR125/12IR125LP, KS-23997,” Product Manual, Select Code 157-622-025, Comcode 107251688, Issue 11, January 2008.Google Scholar
Bose, C. S. C. and Laman, F. C., “Battery State of Health Estimation through Coup de Fouet,” in Proceedings of 2000 International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 597–601.Google Scholar
Singh, P. and Reisner, D., “Fuzzy Logic-Based State-of-Health Determination of Lead Acid Batteries,” in Proceedings of 2002 International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 583–590.Google Scholar
Gould, C. R., Bingham, C. M., Stone, D. A., and Bentley, P., “New battery model and state-of-health determination through subspace parameter estimation and state-observer techniques.” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 3905–3916, Oct. 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polar Power, “Different types of photovoltaic systems,” https://polarpower.com.Google Scholar
Zehendner, M. and Ulmann, M., Power Topologies Handbook. Texas Instruments Reference Guide SLYU036. Printed by Harte Hanks in Belgium, 2016.Google Scholar
Krein, P. T., Elements of Power Electronics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.Google Scholar
Kwasinski, A., “Identification of feasible topologies for multiple-input DC-DC converters.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 856–861, Mar. 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tao, H., Duarte, J. L., and Hendrix, M. A. M, “Three-port triple half-bridge bidirectional converter with zero voltage switching.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 782–792, Mar. 2008.Google Scholar
Dobbs, B. and Chapman, P., “A multiple-input dc–dc converter topology.” IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 6–9, Mar. 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandoorn, T. L., Meersman, B., De Kooning, J. D. M., and Vandevelde, L., “Analogy between conventional grid control and islanded microgrid control based on a global DC-link voltage droop.” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1405–1414, July 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, M. and Kwasinski, A., “Decentralized hierarchical control of active power distribution nodes.” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 934–943, Dec. 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardoza, A. and Kwasinski, A., “Averaged MIMO Converter Modeling for Active Power Distribution Node Enhanced Reconfigurable Grids,” in Proceedings of the 7th International IEEE Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA 2018), Paris, France, Oct. 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
She, X., Huang, A. Q., and Burgos, R., “Review of solid-state transformer technologies and their application in power distribution systems.” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 186–198, Sept. 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, M., Kwasinski, A., and Krishnamurthy, V., “A storage integrated modular power electronic interface for higher power distribution availability.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2645–2659, May 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwasinski, A. and Krein, P. T., “Optimal Configuration Analysis of a Microgrid-Based Telecom Power System,” in Proceedings of the 2006 International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), pp. 602–609, Sept. 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takeda, T., Fukui, A., Matsumoto, A., Hirose, K., and Muroyama, S., “Power Quality Assurance by Using Integrated Power System,” in Proceedings of the INTELEC, pp. 261–269, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balog, R. S., “Autonomous Local Control in Distributed dc Power Systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.Google Scholar
Martins, N., Luiz Diniz, A., and Barros, J. G. C., “A grid of microgrids: Is it the right answer?” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 231–237, Feb. 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaabjerg, F., Yang, Y., Yang, D., and Wang, X., “Distributed power-generation systems and protection.” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 1311–1331, July 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellings, C. W., “A globe spanning super grid.” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 48–54, Aug. 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac Ilwain, C., “Supergrid.” Nature, vol. 468, pp. 624–625, Dec. 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overbye, T. J., Starr, C., Grant, P. M., and Schneider, T. R., “National Energy Supergrid Workshop 2. Final Report,” Mar. 2005. www.supergrid.uiuc.edu.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×