Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T12:50:51.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Progress and Prospects in Primate Tool Use and Cognition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2022

By
Kathelijne Koops  and
Crickette Sanz
Edited by
Bennett L. Schwartz  and
Michael J. Beran
Bennett L. Schwartz
Affiliation:
Florida International University
Michael J. Beran
Affiliation:
Georgia State University
Get access

Summary

We review the main ecological and socio-cognitive hypotheses explaining the origin and evolution of tool use in primates. Whereas it is clear that recent studies have deepened our understanding of tool use in several domains, a more integrated approach will be necessary to further advance the field and place this information into a broader evolutionary context. We suggest a combined Comparative Socio-ecological and Developmental Approach (CSDA), which incorporates phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives with the ecological and socio-cognitive drivers of tool use as a means to clarify the integrated mechanisms that promote the emergence and maintenance of tool-using skills in primates, including humans.

Keywords

developmentalevolutionprimatesskillstool use
Type
Chapter
Information
Primate Cognitive Studies , pp. 238 - 259
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams-Curtis, L. E., & Fragaszym, D. M. (1994). Development of manipulation in capuchin monkeys during the first 6 months. Developmental Psychology, 27, 123–136.Google Scholar
Amodio, P., Jelbert, S. A., & Clayton, N. S. (2018). The interplay between psychological predispositions and skill learning in the evolution of tool use. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 20, 130–137.Google Scholar
Biro, D., Sousa, C., & Matsuzawa, T. (2006). Ontogeny and cultural propagation of tool use by wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Case studies in nut-cracking and leaf-folding. In Matsuzawa, T., Tomonaga, M., & Tanaka, M. (Eds.), Cognitive development in chimpanzees (pp. 476–508). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boesch, C. (1991). Teaching among wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 41, 530–532.Google Scholar
Boesch, C., & Boesch-Achermann, H. (2000). The chimpanzees of the Tai Forest: Behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boesch, C., Bombjakova, D., Meier, A., & Mundry, R. (2019). Learning curves and teaching when acquiring nut-cracking in humans and chimpanzees. Scientific Reports, 9, 1515.Google Scholar
Boesch, C., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Chimpanzee and human cultures. Current Anthropology, 39, 591–614.Google Scholar
Boose, K. L., White, F. J., & Meinelt, A. (2013). Sex differences in tool use aquisition in bonobos (Pan paniscus). American Journal of Primatology, 75, 917–926.Google Scholar
Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (1985). Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, R., Richerson, P. J., & Henrich, J. (Eds.) (2013). The cultural evolution of technology: Facts and theories. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Breuer, T., Ndoundou-Hockemba, M., & Fishlock, V. (2005). First observation of tool use in wild gorillas. PloS Biology, 3, 2041–2043.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caro, T. M., & Hauser, M. D. (1992). Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? The Quarterly Review of Biology, 67, 151–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Celli, M. L., Tomonaga, M., Udono, T., Teramoto, M., & Nagano, K. (2001). Learning processes in the acquisition of a tool using task by captive chimpanzees. Psychologia, 44, 70–81.Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1989). Spontaneous tool use and sensorimotor intelligence in Cebus compared with other monkeys and apes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 561–627.Google Scholar
Coelho, C. G., Falotico, T., Izar, P., Mannu, M., Resende, B. D., Siqueira, J. O., & Ottoni, E. B. (2015). Social learning strategies for nut-cracking by tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Animal Cognition, 18, 911–919.Google Scholar
Dean, L. G., Vale, G. L., Laland, K. N., Flynn, E., & Kendal, R. L. (2014). Human cumulative culture: A comparative perspective. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 89, 284–301.Google Scholar
Emery Thompson, M., & Knott, C. D. (2008). Urinary C-peptide of insulin as a non-invasive marker of energy balance in wild orangutans. Hormones and Behavior, 53, 526–535.Google Scholar
Emery Thompson, M., Muller, M. N., Wrangham, R. W., Lwanga, J. S., & Potts, K. B. (2009). Urinary C-peptide tracks seasonal and individual variation in energy balance in wild chimpanzees. Hormones and Behavior, 55, 299–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emidio, R. A., & Ferreira, R. G. (2012). Energetic payoff of tool use for capuchin monkeys in the Caatinga: Variation by season and habitat type. American Journal of Primatology, 74, 332–343.Google Scholar
Eshchar, Y., Izar, P., Visalberghi, E., Resende, B., & Fragaszy, D. (2016). When and where to practice: Social influences on the development of nut-cracking in bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus). Animal Cognition, 19, 605–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estienne, V., Robira, B., Mundry, R., Deschner, T., & Boesch, C. (2019). Acquisition of a complex extractive technique by the immature chimpanzees of Loango National Park, Gabon. Animal Behaviour, 147, 61–76.Google Scholar
Falotico, T., & Ottoni, E. B. (2014). Sexual bias in probe tool manufacture and use by wild bearded capuchin monkeys. Behavioural Processes, 108, 117–122.Google Scholar
Forss, S. I. F., Willems, E., Call, J., & van Schaik, C. P. (2016). Cognitive differences between orang-utan species: A test of the cultural intelligence hypothesis. Scientific Reports, 6, 30516.Google Scholar
Fox, E. A., Sitompul, A. F., & van Schaik, C. P. (1999). Intelligent tool use in Sumatran orangutans. In Parker, S. T., Mitchell, R. W., & Miles, H. L. (Eds.), The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans (pp. 99–116). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, E. A., van Schaik, C. P., Sitompul, A. F., & Wright, D. N. (2004). Intra- and interpopulational differences in orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) activity and diet: Implications for the invention of tool use. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 125, 162–174.Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D., Izar, P., Visalberghi, E., Ottoni, E. B,. & de Oliveira, M. G. (2004). Wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) use anvils and stone pounding tools. American Journal of Primatology, 64, 359–366.Google Scholar
Furuichi, T., Sanz, C., Koops, K., Sakamaki, T., Ryu, H., Tokuyama, N., & Morgan, D. (2015). Why do wild bonobos not use tools like chimpanzees do? Behaviour, 152, 425–460.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. Basic Books, Inc.Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1999). Social transmission of facts and skills in the human species: Neural mechanisms. In Box, H. O. & Gibson, K. R. (Eds.), Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives (pp. 351–366). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gruber, T., Clay, Z., & Zuberbühler, K. (2010). A comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: Evidence for a female bias in the Pan lineage. Animal Behaviour, 80, 1023–1033.Google Scholar
Gruber, T., Zuberbühler, K., & Neumann, N. (2016). Travel fosters tool use in wild chimpanzees. eLife, 5, e16371.Google Scholar
Grueter, C. C., Deschner, T., Behringer, V., Fawcett, K., & Robbins, M. M. (2014). Socioecological correlates of energy balance using urinary C-peptide measurements in wild female mountain gorillas. Physiology and Behavior, 127, 13–19.Google Scholar
Grund, C., Neumann, C., Zuberbühler, K., & Gruber, T. (2019). Necessity creates opportunities for chimpanzee tool use. Behavioral Ecology, 30, 1136–1144.Google Scholar
Gumert, M. D., Kluck, M., & Malaivijitnond, S. (2009). The physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long-tailed macaques in the Andaman Sea region of Thailand. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 594–608.Google Scholar
Gunther, M., & Boesch, C. (1993). Energetic costs of nut-cracking behavior in wild chimpanzees. In Chivers, D. D. & Preuschoft, H. (Eds.), Evolution of hands (pp. 109–129). Gustav Fisher.Google Scholar
Harmand, S., Lewis, J. E., Feibel, C. S., Lepre, C. J., Prat, S., Lenoble, A., Boes, X., Quinn, R. L., Brenet, M., Arroyo, A., Taylor, N., Clement, S., Daver, G., Brugal, J. P., Leakey, L., Mortlock, R. A., Wright, J. D., Lokorodi, S., Kirwa, C., Kent, D. V., & Roche, H. (2015). 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 521, 310–315.Google Scholar
Haslam, M. (2013). “Captivity bias” in animal tool use and its implications for the evolution of hominin technology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 368, 20120421.Google Scholar
Haslam, M., Hernandez-Aguilar, A., Ling, V., Carvalho, S., de la Torre, I., DeStefano, A., Du, A., Hardy, B., Harris, J., Marchant, L., Matsuzawa, T., McGrew, W., Mercader, J., Mora, R., Petraglia, M., Roche, H., Visalberghi, E., & Warren, R. (2009). Primate archaeology. Nature, 460, 339–344.Google Scholar
Haslam, M., Hernandez-Aguilar, R. A., Proffitt, T., Arroyo, A., Falotico, T., Fragaszy, D., Gumert, M., Harris, J. W. K., Huffman, M. A., Kalan, A. K., Malaivijitnond, S., Matsuzawa, T., McGrew, W., Ottoni, E. B., Pascual-Garrido, A., Piel, A., Pruetz, J., Schuppli, C., Stewart, F., Tan, A., Visalberghi, E., & Luncz, L. V. (2017). Primate archaeology evolves. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 1431–1437.Google Scholar
Hayashi, M., & Matsuzawa, T. (2003). Cognitive development in object manipulation by infant chimpanzees. Animal Cognition, 6, 225–233.Google Scholar
Hayashi, M., Mizuno, Y., & Matsuzawa, T. (2005). How does stone-tool use emerge? Introduction of stones and nuts to naive chimpanzees in captivity. Primates, 46, 91–102.Google Scholar
Heldstab, S. A., Isler, K., Schuppli, C., & van Schaik, C. P. (2020). When ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny: Fixed neurodevelopmental sequence of manipulative skills among primates. Science Advances, 6, eabb4685.Google Scholar
Henrich, J. (2016). The secret of our success: How culture is driving human evolution, domesticating our species, and making us smarter. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hewlett, B. S., Fouts, H. N., Boyette, A. H., & Hewlett, B. L. (2011). Social learning among Congo Basin hunter-gatherers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 1168–1178.Google Scholar
Hicks, T. C., Kühl, H. S., Boesch, C., Menken, S. B. J., Hart, J., Roessingh, P., Ewango, E., & Mundry, R. (2020). The relationship between tool use and prey availability in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of northern Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology, 41, 936–959.Google Scholar
Hobaiter, C., Poisot, T., Zuberbühler, K., Hoppitt, W., & Gruber, T. (2014). Social network analysis shows direct evidence for social transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. PLOS Biology, 12, e1001960.Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W., & Laland, K. N. (Eds.). (2013). Social learning: An introduction to mechanisms, methods, and models. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Humle, T., Snowdon, C. T., & Matsuzawa, T. (2009). Social influences on ant-dipping acquisition in the wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. Animal Cognition, 12, 37–48.Google Scholar
Inoue-Nakamura, N., & Matsuzawa, T. (1997). Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111, 159–173.Google Scholar
Jaeggi, A. V., Dunkel, L. P., Van Noordwijk, M. A., Wich, S. A., Sura, A. A. L., & Van Schaik, C P. (2010). Social learning of diet and foraging skills by wild immature Bornean orangutans: Implications for culture. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 62–71.Google Scholar
Kahrs, B. .A, & Lockman, J. J. (2014a). Tool using. Child Development Perspectives, 8, 231–236.Google Scholar
Kahrs, B. A., & Lockman, J. J. (2014b). Building tool use from object manipulation: A perception-action perspective. Ecological Psychology, 26, 88–97.Google Scholar
Kano, F., Hirata, S., & Call, J. (2015). Bonobos make more eye contact than chimpanzees. Plos ONE, 10, e012968.Google Scholar
Kenward, B., Rutz, C., Weir, A. A. S., & Kacelnik, A. (2006). Development of tool use in New Caledonian crows: Inherited action patterns and social influences. Animal Behaviour, 72, 1329–1343.Google Scholar
Kinani, J., & Zimmerman, D. (2015). Tool use for food acquisition in a wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatology, 77, 353–357.Google Scholar
Koops, K., Furuichi, T., & Hashimoto, C. (2015a). Chimpanzees and bonobos differ in intrinsic motivation for tool use. Scientific Reports, 5, 11356.Google Scholar
Koops, K., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C., & van Schaik, C. P. (2015b). Sex differences in object manipulation in wild immature chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and bonobos (Pan paniscus): Preparation for tool use? PloS ONE, 10, e0139909.Google Scholar
Koops, K., Schöning, C., McGrew, W. C., & Matsuzawa, T. (2015c). Chimpanzees prey on army ants at Seringbara, Nimba Mountains, Guinea: Predation patterns and tool use characteristics. American Journal of Primatology, 77, 319–329.Google Scholar
Koops, K., McGrew, W. C., & Matsuzawa, T. (2013). Ecology of culture: Do environmental factors influence foraging tool use in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)? Animal Behaviour, 85, 175–185.Google Scholar
Koops, K., Visalberghi, E., & van Schaik, C. P. (2014). The ecology of primate material culture. Biology Letters, 10, 20140508.Google Scholar
Kruger, A., & Tomasello, M. (1996). Cultural learning and learning cultures. In Olson, D. (Ed.), Handbook of education and human development: New models of teaching, learning and schooling (pp. 169–187). Blackwell.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N., & Hoppitt, W. (2003). Do animals have culture? Evolutionary Anthropology, 12, 150–159.Google Scholar
Lamon, N., Neumann, C., & Zuberbuhler, K. (2018). Development of object manipulation in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 135, 121–130.Google Scholar
Lonsdorf, E. V. (2006). What is the role of mothers in the acquisition of termite-fishing behaviors in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)? Animal Cognition, 9, 36–46.Google Scholar
Lonsdorf, E. V., Ross, S. R., Linick, S. A., Mistein, M. S., & Melber, T. N. (2009). An experimental, comparative investigation of tool use in chimpanzees and gorillas. Animal Behaviour, 77, 1119–1126.Google Scholar
Lucas, A. J., Kings, M., Whittle, D., Davey, E., Happé, F., Caldwell, C. A., & Thornton, A. (2020). The value of teaching increases with tool complexity in cumulative cultural evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287, 20201885.Google Scholar
Malaivijitnond, S., Lekprayoon, C., Tandavanittj, N., Panha, S., Cheewatham, C., & Hamada, Y. (2007). Stone-tool usage by Thai long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). American Journal of Primatology, 69, 227–233.Google Scholar
Mannu, M., & Ottoni, E. B. (2009). The enhanced tool-kit of two groups of wild bearded capuchin monkeys in the Caatinga: Tool making, associative use, and secondary tools. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 242–251.Google Scholar
Matsuzawa, T. (1996). Chimpanzee intelligence in nature and in captivity: Isomorphism of symbol use and tool use. In McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., & Nishida, T. (Eds.), Great ape societies (pp. 196–209). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McGrew, W. C. (2004). The cultured chimpanzee: Reflections on cultural primatology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W., Davenport, R. K., & Rogers, C. M. (1970). Development of tool using in wild-born and restriction-reared chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 12, 273–283.Google Scholar
Meulman, E. J. M., Seed, A. M., & Mann, J. (2013). If at first you don’t succeed … Studies of ontogeny shed light on the cognitive demands of habitual tool use. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 368, 2013.0050.Google ScholarPubMed
Moura, A. C., & Lee, P. C. (2004). Capuchin stone tool use in Caatinga dry forest. Science, 306, 1909.Google Scholar
Musgrave, S., Lonsdorf, E., Morgan, D., Prestipino, M., Bernstein-Kurtycz, L., Mundry, R., Sanz, C. (2020). Teaching varies with task complexity in wild chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 969–976.Google Scholar
Musgrave, S., Morgan, D., Lonsdorf, E., Mundry, R., & Sanz, C. (2016). Tool transfers are a form of teaching among chimpanzees. Scientific Reports, 6, 34783.Google Scholar
Nowell, A. (2005). Behavioural development in wild Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool.Google Scholar
Ottoni, E. B., & Izar, P. (2008). Capuchin monkey tool use: Overview and implications. Evolutionary Anthropology, 17, 171–178.Google Scholar
Oudgenoeg-Paz, O., Boom, J., Volman, M. J. M., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2016). Development of exploration of spatial-relational object properties in the second and third years of life. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 146, 137–155.Google Scholar
Panger, M. A., Brooks, A. S., Richmond, B. G., & Wood, B. (2002). Older than the Olduwan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology, 11, 235–245.Google Scholar
Parker, S. T., & Gibson, K. R. (1977). Object manipulation, tool use, and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in Cebus monkeys and great apes. Journal of Human Evolution, 6, 623–641.Google Scholar
Rendell, L., & Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 309–382.Google Scholar
Resende, B. D. D., Ottoni, E. B., & Fragaszy, D. M. (2008). Ontogeny of manipulative behavior and nut-cracking in young tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): A perception-action perspective. Developmental Science, 11, 828–840.Google Scholar
Roffman, I., Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Rubert-Pugh, E., Ronen, A., & Nevo, E. (2012). Stone tool production and utilization by bonobo-chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 14500–14503.Google Scholar
Rutz, C., Bluff, L. A., Reed, N., Troscianko, J., Newton, J., Inger, R., Kacelnik, A., & Bearhop, S. (2010). The ecological significance of tool use in New Caledonian crows. Science, 329, 523–1526.Google Scholar
Rutz, C., & St Clair, J. J. H. (2012). The evolutionary origins and ecological context of tool use in New Caledonian crows. Behavioural Processes, 89, 153–165.Google Scholar
Sanz, C., & Morgan, D. B. (2007). Chimpanzee tool technology in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 420–433.Google Scholar
Sanz, C., & Morgan, D. (2009). Flexible and persistent tool-using strategies in honey-gathering by wild chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 30, 411–427.Google Scholar
Sanz, C., & Morgan, D. B. (2013). Ecological and social correlates of chimpanzee tool use. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 368, 20120416.Google Scholar
Sanz, C., Morgan, D., & Gulick, S. (2004). New insights into chimpanzees, tools, and termites from the Congo basin. The American Naturalist, 164, 567–581.Google Scholar
Schuppli, C., Meulman, E. J. M., Forss, S. I. F., Aprilinayati, F., van Noordwij, M. A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2016). Observational social learning and socially induced practice of routine skills in immature wild orang-utans. Animal Behaviour, 119, 87–98.Google Scholar
Schuppli, C., Meulman, E., Utami Atmoko, S., van Noordwijk, M., & van Schaik, C. (2017). The effects of sociability on exploratory tendency and innovation repertoires in wild Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. Scientific Reports, 7, 15464.Google Scholar
Shumaker, R. W., Walkup, K. R., & Beck, B. B. (2011). Animal tool behavior: The use and manufacture of tools by animals. Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Spagnoletti, N., Visalberghi, E., Verderane, M. P., Ottoni, E., Izar, P., & Fragaszy, D. (2012). Stone tool use in wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Cebus libidinosus: Is it a strategy to overcome food scarcity? Animal Behaviour, 83, 1285–1294Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., & Whiten, A. (2003). Social learning by orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) in a simulated food-processing task. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117, 272–282.Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., Wrate, J. L., Ure, N., & Whiten, A. (2001). Imitative learning by captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a simulated food-processing task. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 115, 272–281.Google Scholar
Stout, D. (2011). Stone toolmaking and the evolution of human culture and cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 1050–1059.Google Scholar
Sumita, K., Kitahara-Frisch, J., & Norikoshi, K. (1985). The acquisition of stone-tool use in captive chimpanzees. Primates, 26, 168–181.Google Scholar
Takeshita, H., Fragaszy, D., Mizuno, Y., Matsuzawa, T., Tomonaga, M., & Tanaka, M. (2005). Exploring by doing: How young chimpanzees discover surfaces through actions with objects. Infant Behavior and Development, 28, 316–328.Google Scholar
Takeshita, H., & van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (2001). Tool use by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Arnhem Zoo community. In Matsuzawa, T. (Ed.), Primate origins of human cognition and behavior (pp. 519–536). Springer.Google Scholar
Tan, A. W. Y. (2017). From play to proficiency: The ontogeny of stone-tool use in coastal-foraging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from a comparative perception-action perspective. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 131, 89–114.Google Scholar
Tan, A. W. Y., Hemelrijk, C. K., Malaivijitnond, S., & Gumert, M. D. (2018). Young macaques (Macaca fascicularis) preferentially bias attention towards closer, older, and better tool users. Animal Cognition, 21, 551–563.Google Scholar
Tan, A., Tan, S. H., Vyas, D., Malaivijitnond, S., & Gumert, M. D. (2015). There is more than one way to crack an oyster: Identifying variation in Burmese long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis aurea) stone-tool use. PLOS ONE, 10, e0124733.Google Scholar
Tennie, C., Braun, D. R., Premo, L. S., & McPherron, S. P. (2016). The island test for cumulative culture in the Paleolithic. In Haidle, M. N., Conard, N. J., & Bolus, M. (Eds.), The nature of culture: Based on an interdisciplinary symposium “The Nature of Culture” (pp. 121–133). Springer.Google Scholar
Tennie, C., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Ratcheting up the ratchet: On the evolution of cumulative culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 2405–2415.Google Scholar
Tennie, C., Premo, L. S., Braun, D. R., & McPherron, S. P. (2017). Early stone tools and cultural transmission: Resetting the null hypothesis. Current Anthropology, 58, 652–654.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1999). The cultural origins of human cognition. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tonooka, R., Tomonaga, M., & Matsuzawa, T. (1997). Acquisition and transmission of tool making and use for drinking juice in a group of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Japanese Psychological Research, 39, 253–265.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P. (2003). Local traditions in orangutans and chimpanzees: Social learning and social tolerance. In Fragazy, D. M. & Perry, S. (Eds.), The biology of traditions: Models and evidence (pp. 297–328). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P. (2004). Among orangutans: Red apes and the rise of human culture. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., Ancrenaz, M., Borgen, G., Galdikas, B., Knott, C. D., Singleton, I., Suzuki, A., Utami, S. S., & Merrill, M. (2003). Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science, 299, 102–105.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., & Burkart, J. M. (2011). Social learning and evolution: The cultural intelligence hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 1008–1016.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., Deaner, R. O., & Merrill, M. (1999). The conditions for tool use in primates: Implications for the evolution of material culture. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 719–741.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., Fox, E. A., & Sitompul, A. F. (1996). Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans. Naturwissenschaften, 83, 186–188.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., & Knott, C. D. (2001). Geographic variation in tool use on Neesia fruits in orangutans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114, 331–342.Google Scholar
van Schaik, C. P., van Noordwijk, M. A., & Wich, S. A. (2006). Innovation in wild Borneon orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). Behaviour, 143, 839–876.Google Scholar
Washburn, S. (1960). Tools and human evolution. Scientific American, 203, 62–75.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (2011). The scope of culture in chimpanzees, humans and ancestral apes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 997–1007.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (2016). The evolution of hominin culture and its ancient pre-hominin foundations. In Haidle, M., Conard, N., & Bolus, M. (Eds.), The nature of culture (pp. 27–40). Springer.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (2017). Social learning and culture in child and chimpanzee. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 129–154.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Custance, D. M., Gomez, J. C., Teixidor, P., & Bard, K. A. (1996). Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 110, 3–14.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C. E. G., Wrangham, R. W., & Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682–685.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C. E. G., Wrangham, R. W., & Boesch, C. (2001). Charting cultural variation in chimpanzees. Behaviour, 138, 1481–1516.Google Scholar
Winick, C. (1960). Dictionary of anthropology. Peter Owen.Google Scholar
Yamakoshi, G. (1998). Dietary responses to fruit scarcity of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Possible implications for ecological importance of tool-use. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 106, 283–295.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×