Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:36:56.581Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Placental Abnormalities

from Part I - ANTEPARTUM

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2010

John Patrick O'Grady ,
Martin L. Gimovsky ,
Lucy A. Bayer-Zwirello  and
Kevin Giordano
By
Karen W. Green  and
Matthew A. Esposito
John Patrick O'Grady
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Karen W. Green
Affiliation:
Associate Professor Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center Worcester, Massachusetts
Matthew A. Esposito
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Massachusetts Medical Center Worcester, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Obstetric complications secondary to placental dysfunction can occur at any point in gestation. Improvements in perinatal diagnostic techniques such as focused ultrasound studies of fetal growth, placental blood flow, and fetal/placental anatomy now permit the identification of certain complications related to poor implantation or abnormal early development that can be linked to placental function. Confusion caused by the potential overlap in history and physical findings with the various placental abnormalities has led physicians in recent years to rely heavily on ultrasound scanning to help in identifying the cause of ante- and intrapartum hemorrhage. With the known association of placenta previa and prior cesarean delivery with placenta accreta, and an ever-increasing rate of cesarean delivery, there has been a recent focus on identifying ultrasound findings predictive of abnormal placenta adherence. Placental abnormalities can lead to maternal adverse outcomes such as hemorrhage requiring transfusion, more extensive surgery, emotional consequences, and even death.

Keywords

cesarean deliveryhemorrhageobstetric complicationsplacental abnormalitiesultrasound scanningplacental functionplacenta accretaplacenta previa
Type
Chapter
Information
Operative Obstetrics , pp. 145 - 175
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Benirschke, K, Kaufmann, P: Pathology of the Human Placenta, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990; pp. 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton DI: Pathology of placenta. In: Wigglesworth, JS, Singer, DB (eds): Textbook of Fetal and Perinatal Pathology. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991; pp. 161–219.Google Scholar
McFadyen IR: The pathophysiology of intrauterine growth retardation. In: Kurjak, A, Beazley, JM (eds): Fetal Growth Retardation: Diagnosis and Treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989; pp. 29–51.Google Scholar
Kaufmann P, Scheffen I: Placental development. In: Polin, RA, Fox, WW (eds): Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992; pp. 47–56.Google Scholar
Fox H: Normal placentation and development. In: Reece, AE, Hobbins, JC, Mahoney, MJ, Petrie, RH (eds): Medicine of the Fetus and Mother. Philade- lphia: JB Lippincott, 1992; pp. 59–66.Google Scholar
Fox H: Placental pathology, abnormal placentation, and clinical significance. In: Reece, AE, Hobbins, JC, Mahoney, MJ, Petrie, RH (eds): Medicine of the Fetus and Mother. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1992; pp. 67–77.Google Scholar
Baschat, AA: Pathophysiology of fetal growth restriction: Implications for diagnosis and surveillance. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2004: 59: 617–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushton DI: Placental pathology in spontaneous miscarriage. In: Beard, RW, Sharp, F (eds): Early Pregnancy Loss: Mechanisms and Treatment. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1988; pp. 149–57.Google Scholar
Brosens IA: The utero-placental vessels at term – the distribution and extent of physiological changes. In: Kaufmann, P, Miller, K (eds): Placental Vascularization and Blood Flow: Trophoblast Research 3. New York: Plenum Press, 1988; pp. 66–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard BL: The maternal blood supply to the placenta in pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. In: Kaufmann, P, Miller, K (eds): Placental Vascularization and Blood Flow. Trophoblast Research 3. New York: Plenum Press, 1988; pp. 69–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, JS, Singer, DB (eds): Textbook of Fetal and Perinatal Pathology. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.Google Scholar
Lau, TK, Yu, SC, Leung, TY, To, KF, Fung, TY, Leung, TN: Prenatal embolisation of a large chorioangioma using enbucrilate. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2005: 112(7):1002–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quarello, E, Bernard, JP, Leroy, B, Ville, Y: Prenatal laser treatment of a placental chorioangioma. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005: 25(3):299–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, H, Sen, DK: Placenta extrachorialis: A clinico-pathological study. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972: 79(1):32–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lademacher, DS, Vermeulen, RC, Hartenn, JJ, Arts, NF: Circumvallate placenta and congenital malformation. Lancet 1981: 1(8222):732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torpin, R: Fetal Malformations Caused by Amnion Rupture. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1968.Google Scholar
Patten, RM, Allen M, , Mack, , Wilson, D, Nyberg, D, Hirsch, K, Vlamont, T: Limb-body wall complex: In utero sonographic diagnosis of a complicated fetal malformation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986: 146(5):1019–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randel, SB, Filly, RA, Callen, PW, Anderson, RL, Golbus, MS: Amniotic sheets. Radiology 1988: 166(3): 633–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seki, M, Strauss, L: Absence of one umbilical artery: Analysis of 60 cases with emphasis on associated developmental aberrations. Arch Pathol 1964: 78: 446–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Chow, JS, Benson, CB, Doubilet, PM: Frequency and nature of structural anomalies in fetuses with single umbilical arteries. J Ultrasound Med 1998: 17(12):765–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodward, PJ, Kennedy, A, Sohaey, R, Byrne, JLB, Oh, KY, Puchalski, M: Diagnostic Imaging: Obstetrics. Salt Lake City, UT: Amirsys 2005.Google Scholar
Prucka, S, Clemens, M, Craven, C, McPherson, E: Single umbilical artery: What does it mean for the fetus? A case-control analysis of pathologically ascertained cases. Genet Med 2004 Jan–Feb: 6(1):54–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gornall, AS, Kurinczuk, JJ, Konje, JC: Antenatal detection of a single umbilical artery: Does it matter?Prenat Diagn 2003 Feb: 23(2):117–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yovich, JL: Embryo quality and pregnancy rates in in-vitro fertilization. Lancet 1985: 1(8423): 3–4.Google Scholar
Glass RH, Golbus MS: Pregnancy wastage: Habitual abortion. In: Creasy, RK, Resnik, R (eds): Maternal Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984; pp. 385–94.Google Scholar
Robertson, WB, Brosens, I, Dixon, HG: Uteroplacental vascular pathology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Rep Biol 1975: 5(1–2):47–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson WB, Brosens IA, Dixon HG: Maternal blood supply in fetal growth retardation. In: Assche, FA, Robertson, WB (eds): Fetal Growth Retardation.Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone, 1981; pp. 126–38.Google Scholar
Anna-Karin Wikström, , Anders Larsson, , Ulf, J. Eriksson, Peppi Nash , Solveig Nordén-Lindeberg, , Matts Olovsson, : Placental growth factor and soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 in early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Jun 2007: 109(6):1368–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, RJ, Maynard, SE, Qian, C, Lim, KH, England, LJ, Yu, KF, Schisterman, EF, Thadhani, R, Sachs, BP, Epstein, FH, Sibai, BM, Sukhatme, VP, Karumanchi, SA: Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2004 Feb 12: 350(7):672–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore-Simas T, , Crawford, SL, Soltiro, MJ, Frost, SC, Meyer, BA, Maynard, SE: Angiogenic factors for the prediction of preeclampsia in high-risk women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007 Sept: 197(3):244.e1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giovino, GA: The tobacco epidemic in the United States. Am J Prev Med 2007 Dec: 33(6 Suppl):S318–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benirschke, K, Kaufmann, P: Pathology of the Human Placenta, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990; pp. 373–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green JR: Placenta previa and abruptio placentae. In: Creasy, RK, Resnik, R (eds): Maternal Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1989; pp. 592–612.Google Scholar
Deering SH, Satin A: Abruptio Placentae, eMedicine 2007 (imedicine.com) topic = 6.
Rizos, N, Doran, TA, Miskin, M, Benzie, RJ, Ford, JA: Natural history of placenta previa ascertained by diagnostic ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979: 133(3):287–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El Kady D, : Perinatal outcomes of traumatic injuries during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2007 Sep: 50(3):582–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Kady D, , Gilbert, WM, Anderson, J, Danielsen, B, Towner, D, Smith, LH: Trauma during pregnancy: An analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in a large population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Jun: 190(6): 1661–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyde, LK, Cook, LJ, Olson, LM, Weiss, HB, Dean, JM. Effect of motor vehicle crashes on adverse fetal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2003 Aug: 102(2):279–86.Google Scholar
Ali, J, Yeo, A, Gana, TJ, McLellan, BA. Predictors of fetal mortality in pregnant trauma patients. J Trauma 1997 May: 42(5):782–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, FB, Rozycki, GS, Osler, TM, Shackford, SR, Jalbert, J, Kirton, O, Scalea, T, Morris, J, Ross, S, Cipolle, M, Fildes, J, Cogbill, T, Bergstein, J, Clark, D, Frankel, H, Bell, R, Gens, D, Cullinane, D, Kauder, D, Bynoe, RP: A multi-institutional study of factors associated with fetal death in injured pregnant patients. Arch Surg 1999 Nov: 134(11):1274–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauria, MR, Smith, RS, Treadwell, MC, Comstock, CH, Kirk, JS, Lee, W, Bottoms, SF: The use of second-trimester transvaginal sonography to predict placenta previa. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996: 8(5):337–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dashe, JS, McIntire, DD, Ramus, RM, Santos-Ramos R, , Twickler, DM: Persistence of placenta previa according to gestational age at ultrasound detection. Obstet Gynecol 2002: 99(5 Pt 1):692–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Becker, RH, Vonk, R, Mende, BC, Ragosch, V, Entezami, M: The relevance of placental location at 20–23 gestational weeks for prediction of placenta previa at delivery: Evaluation of 8,650 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001: 17(6):496– 501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laughon, SK, Wolfe, HM, Visco, AG: Prior cesarean and the risk for placenta previa on second-trimester ultrasonography. Obstet Gynecol 2005: 105(5 Pt 1): 962–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosemond, RL, Kepple, DM: Transvaginal color Doppler sonography in the prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol 1992 Sep: 80(3 Pt 2):508–10.Google Scholar
Miller, DA, Chollet, JA, Goodwin, TM: Clinical risk factors for placenta previa-placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 Jul: 177(1):210–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faiz, AS, Ananth, CV: Etiology and risk factors for placenta previa: A review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003 Mar: 13(3):175–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, SL, Koonings, PP, Phelan, JP: Placenta previa/ accreta and prior cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1985: 66:89–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Silver, RM, Landon, MB, Rouse, DJ, Leveno, KJ, Spong, CY, Thom, EA, Moawad, AH, Caritis, SN, Harper, M, Wapner, RJ, Sorokin, Y, Miodovnik, M, Carpenter, M, Peaceman, AM, O'Sullivan, MJ, Sibai, B, Langer, O, Thorp, JM, Ramin, SM, Mercer, BM, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network: Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006 Jun: 107(6):1226–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Usta, IM, Hobeika, EM, Abu Musa, AA, Gabriel, GE, Nassar, AH: Placenta previa-accreta: Risk factors and complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005 Sep: 193(3 Pt 2):1045–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupferminc, MJ, Tamura, RK, Wigton, TR, Glassenberg, R, Socol, ML: Placenta accreta is associated with elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Obstet Gynecol 1993 Aug: 82:266–9.Google Scholar
Ananth, CV, Getahun, D, Peltier, MR et al: Placental abruption in term and preterm gestations: Evidence for heterogeneity in clinical pathways. Obstet Gynecol 2006: 107:785–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, SD, Vermeulen, MJ, Ray, JG: Folic acid and placental pathology. Epidemiology 2005 May: 16(3):419–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chasnoff, IJ, Landress, HJ, Barrett, ME: The prevalence of illicit-drug or alcohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida. N Engl J Med 1990 Apr: 26:322:1202–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabor, A, Philip, J, Madsen, M, Bang, J, Obel, EB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, : Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4,606 low-risk women. Lancet 1986 Jun 7: 1(8493):1287–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ananth, CV, Oyelese, Y, Yeo, L, Pradhan, A, Vintzileos, AM: Placental abruption in the United States, 1979 through 2001: Temporal trends and potential determinants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005 Jan: 192(1):191–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balderston, KD, Towers, CV, Rumney, PJ, Montgomery, D: Is the incidence of fetal to maternal hemorrhage increased in patients with third-trimester bleeding?Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003 Jun: 188(6):1615–8; discussion 1618–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nimrod CA, Petrie RH: Third-trimester bleeding. In: Reece, EA, Hobbins, JC, Mahoney, MJ, Petrie, RH (eds): Medicine of the Fetus and Mother. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1992; pp. 1363–9.Google Scholar
Timor-Tritsch, IE, Yunis, RA: Confirming the safety of transvaginal sonography in patients suspected of placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 1993 May: 81(5 Pt 1): 742–4.Google Scholar
Farine D, Fox HE, Timor-Tritsch IE: Vaginal approach to the ultrasound diagnosis of placenta previa. In: Chervenak, FA, Isaacsonn, GC, Campbell, S (eds): Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993; pp. 1503–7.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, L, Holmes, P, Simpson, N, Dabrowski, A: Diagnosis of low-lying placenta: Can migration in the third trimester predict outcome?Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001 Aug: 18(2):100–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyelese, Y: Placenta previa and vasa previa: Time to leave the Dark Ages. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001 Aug: 18(2):96–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertzberg, BS, Bowie, JD, Carroll, BA, Kliewer, MA, Weber, TM: Diagnosis of placenta previa during the third trimester: Role of transperineal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992 Jul: 159(1):83–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zilianti, M, Azuaga, A, Calderon, F, Redondo, C: Transperineal sonography in second trimester to term pregnancy and early labor. J Ultrasound Med 1991 Sept: 10(9):481–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman-Tretin, JC, Koenigsberg, M, Rabin, A, Anyaegbunam, A: Placenta accreta: Additional sonographic observations. J Ultrasound Med 1992 Jan: 11(1):29–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finberg, HJ, Williams, JW: Placenta accreta: Prospective sonographic diagnosis in patients with placenta previa and prior cesarean section. J Ultrasound Med 1992 Jul: 11(7):333–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comstock, CH, Love, JJ Jr, Bronsteen, RA, Lee, W, Vettraino, IM, Huang, RR, Lorenz, RP: Sonographic detection of placenta accreta in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Apr: 190(4):1135–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, HH, Spritzer, CE: Preliminary experience with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with third-trimester bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 1991 Sep: 78(3 Pt 1):424–9..Google Scholar
Maldjian, C, Adam, R, Pelosi, M, Pelosi M 3rd, , Rudelli, RD, Maldjian, J: MRI appearance of placenta percreta and placenta accreta. Magn Reson Imaging 1999 Sep: 17(7):965–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ha, TP, Li, KC: Placenta accreta: MRI antenatal diagnosis and surgical correlation. J Magn Reson Imaging 1998 May–Jun: 8(3):748–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lia, JE, Cruikshank, DP, Keye, WR Jr: Fetoscopic neodymium: YAG laser occlusion of placental vessels in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1990 Jun: 75(6):1046–53.Google Scholar
Hecher, K, Plath, H, Bregenzer, T, Hansmann, M, Hackeloer, BJ: Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amniocentesis in the treatment of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999 Mar: 180(3 Pt 1):717–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senat, MV, Deprest, J, Boulvain, M, Paupe, A, Winer, N, Ville, Y: Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amnioreduction for severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004 Jul: 8:351(2):136–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yetter, JF: Examination of the placenta. Am Fam Physician. 1998: 57.Google ScholarPubMed
Naeye, RL, Tafari, N: Risk Factors in Pregnancy and Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1983.Google Scholar
Naeye, RL: Pregnancy hypertension, placental evidences of low uteroplacental blood flow, and spontaneous preterm delivery. Hum Pathol 1989 May: 20(5):441–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clewell, WH, Manchester, DK: Recurrent maternal floor infarction: A preventable cause of fetal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983 Oct 1: 147(3):346–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, VL, Bowes, WA, Sierkh, AE: Maternal floor infarction of the placenta associated with elevated second tri-mester serum alpha-fetoprotein. Am J Perinatol 1987 Jul: 4(3):225–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berghella, V.Prevention of recurrent fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct: 110(4):904–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Angelo, LJ, Irwin, LF: Conservative management of placenta previa: A cost-benefit analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 Jun 1: 149(3):320–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, DA, Paul, RH, Millar, LK: Management of the symptomatic placenta previa: A randomized, controlled trial of inpatient versus outpatient expectant management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996 Oct: 175(4 Pt 1):806–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Services: Indications for the use of red blood cells, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma. Washington, DC: NIH Publication no. 89–2974A, May 1989.
Morrison, JC, Sumrall, DD, Chevalier, SP, Robinson, SV, Morrison, FS, Wiser, WL: The effect of provider education on blood utilization practices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993 Nov: 169(5):1240–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, JF, Flenady, V, Papatsonis, D, Dekker, G, Carbonne, B: Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour: A systematic review of the evidence and a protocol for administration of nifedipine. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2003 Jun: 43(3): 192–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, A, Suri, V, Gupta, I: Tocolytic therapy in conservative management of symptomatic placenta previa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004 Feb: 84(2):109–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, WJ, Cefalo, RC: Magnesium sulfate tocolysis in selected patients with symptomatic placenta previa. Am J Perinatol 1990 Jul: 7(3):251–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saller, DN Jr, Nagey, DA, Pupkin, MJ, Crenshaw, MC Jr: Tocolysis in the management of third-trimester bleeding. J Perinatol 1990 Jun: 10(2):125–8.Google Scholar
Arias, F: Cervical cerclage for the temporary treatment of patients with placenta previa. Obstet Gynecol 1988 Apr: 71(4):545–8.Google Scholar
Cobo, E, Conde-Agudelo A, , Delgado, J, Canaval, H, Congote, A: Cervical cerclage: An alternative for the management of placenta previa?Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998 Jul: 179(1):122–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowley, PA: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: A meta-analysis of the randomized trials, 1972 to 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995 Jul: 173(1):322–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, J, Garel, L, Grignon, A, Lemay, M, Leduc, L: Placenta percreta: Balloon occlusion and embolization of the internal iliac arteries to reduce intraoperative blood losses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 Mar: 176(3):723–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrich, W, Fuchs, I, Ehrenstein, T, Kjos, S, Schmider, A, Dudenhausen, JW: Antenatal diagnosis of placenta percreta with planned in situ retention and methotrexate therapy in a woman infected with HIV. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002 Jul: 20(1): 90–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnorr, JA, Singer, JS, Udoff, EJ, Taylor, PT: Late uter- ine wedge resection of placenta increta. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Nov: 94(5 Pt 2):823–5.Google Scholar
Palacios Jaraquemada, JM, Pesaresi, M, Nassif, JC, Hermosid, S: Anterior placenta percreta: Surgical approach, hemostasis and uterine repair. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004 Aug: 83(8):738–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combs, CA, Nyberg, DA, Mack, , Smith, JR, Benedetti, TJ: Expectant management after sonographic diagnosis of placental abruption. Am J Perinatal. 1992 May: 9(3):170–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti TJ: Obstetric hemorrhage. In: Gabbe, SG, Niebyl, JR, Simpson, JI (eds): Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991; pp. 573–606.Google Scholar
Hurd, WW, Miodovnik, M, Hertzberg, V, Lavin, JP: Selective management of abruptio placentae: A prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 1983 Apr: 61(4): 467–73.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×