References

Elizabeth Gordon; Lyle Campbell; Jennifer Hay; Margaret Maclagan; Andrea Sudbury; Peter Trudgill

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511486678.016

Abell, Marcia 1980, A Study of Sociolinguistic Stereotyping by Fourth Form Students in Christchurch, unpublished MA thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch

Adams, Robert N. 1903, How to Pronounce Accurately on Scientific Principles, Dunedin: Otago Daily Times

Akenson, Donald H. 1990, Half the World from Home: Perspectives on the Irish in New Zealand 1860–1950, Wellington: Victoria University Press

Anderson, Peter M. 1987, A Structural Atlas of the English Dialects, London: Croom Helm

Arnold, Rollo 1981, The Farthest Promised Land: English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s, Wellington: Victoria University Press and Price Milburn

Arnold, Rollo 1987, ‘The Australian peoples and their world 1888–1915’, in Sinclair 1996: 52–70

Auer, Peter, Barden, Beate, and Birgit, Grosskopf 1998, ‘Saliency in long-term dialect accommodation’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 2.2: 163–87CrossRef Google Scholar

Baayen, R. Harald, Piepenbrock, Richard, and Gulikers, Leon 1995, The CELEX Lexical Database (CD-ROM), Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium

Bailey, Guy 2001, ‘Real and apparent time’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 312–32

Bailey, Guy, Tom, Wikle, Jan, Tillery, and Lori, Sand 1991, ‘The apparent time construct’, Language Variation and Change 3: 241–64CrossRef Google Scholar

Bailey, Richard 1996, Nineteenth Century English, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Baines, Dudley 1991, Emigration from Europe 1815–1930, Basingstoke: Macmillan

Baker, Sidney J. 1941a, A Popular Dictionary of Australian Slang, Melbourne: Robertson & Mullens

Baker, Sidney J. 1941b, New Zealand Slang: A Dictionary of Colloquialisms, Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs

Baker, Sidney J. 1945, The Australian Language, Sydney: Angus & Robertson

Baker, Sidney J. 1947, Australian Pronunciation: A Guide to Good Speech, Sydney: Angus & Robertson

Baker, Sidney J. 1959, The Drum: Australian Character and Slang, Sydney: Currawong Publishing

Baker, Sidney J. 1986, The Australian Language, 2nd ed., reprinted Melbourne: Macmillan. (First published in 1966, Sydney: Currawong Publishing.)

Balota, David A. and James, Chumbley 1984, ‘Are lexical decisions good measures of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10: 340–57Google Scholar

Bartlett, Christopher 1992, ‘Regional variation in New Zealand English: The case of Southland’, New Zealand English Newsletter 6: 5–15Google Scholar

Bartlett, Christopher 2003, The Southland Variety of New Zealand English: Postvocalic /r/ and the bath vowel, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin

Bassett, Judith, Sinclair, Keith, and Stenson, Marcia 1985, The Story of New Zealand, Auckland: Reed Methuen

Batchelor, T. 1809, An Orthoepical Analysis of the English Language, London: Didier & Tebbett

Batterham, Margaret 1993, ‘Attitudes to New Zealand English’, New Zealand English Newsletter 7: 5–24Google Scholar

Batterham, Margaret 1995, ‘There is Another Type Here’: Some Front Vowel Variables in New Zealand English, unpublished PhD thesis, Latrobe University, Melbourne

Batterham, Margaret 2000, ‘The apparent merger of the front centring diphthongs’, in Bell and Kuiper 2000: 111–45

Bauer, Laurie 1979, ‘The second great vowel shift?’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 9.2: 57–66CrossRef Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie 1982, ‘That vowel shift again’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12.1: 48–9CrossRef Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie 1984, Perspectives on Words, in Views of English 3, Wellington: Victoria University

Bauer, Laurie 1985, ‘Tracing phonetic change in the Received Pronunciation of British English’, Journal of Phonetics 13: 61–81Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie 1986, ‘Notes on New Zealand English phonetics and phonology’, English World-Wide 7: 225–58CrossRef Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie 1992, ‘The second Great Vowel Shift revisited’, English World-Wide 13.2: 253–68CrossRef Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie 1994, ‘English in New Zealand’, in Burchfield 1994b: 382–429

Bauer, Laurie 1997, ‘Attempting to trace Scottish influence on New Zealand English’, in Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.) Englishes around the World, Vol. 2, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 257–72

Bauer, Laurie 1999, ‘On the origins of the New Zealand English accent’, English World-Wide 20: 287–307CrossRef Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie 2000, ‘The dialectal origins of New Zealand English’, in Bell and Kuiper 2000: 40–52

Bauer, Winifred 1995, ‘The use of Maori words in English (Languages in Contact Ⅱ)’, New Zealand Studies 5.2: 19–24Google Scholar

Baughen, Gregory A. K. 2002, ‘Baeyertz, Charles Nader 1866–1943’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/, accessed 30 September 2002Google Scholar

Bayard, Donn 1985, ‘Class and change in New Zealand English: a pilot study’, Paper presented at the 6th New Zealand Linguistics Conference, Wellington

Bayard, Donn 1987, ‘Class and change in New Zealand English: a summary report’, Te Reo 30: 3–36Google Scholar

Bayard, Donn 1990a, ‘“God help us if we all sound like this”: attitudes to New Zealand and other English accents’, in Bell and Holmes 1990: 67–96

Bayard, Donn 1990b, ‘Minder, Mork and Mindy? (—t) glottalisation and post-vocalic (—r) in younger New Zealand English speakers’, in Bell and Holmes 1990: 149–64

Bayard, Donn 1991a, ‘A taste of Kiwi: attitudes to accent, speaker gender, and perceived ethnicity across the Tasman’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 11: 1–39CrossRef Google Scholar

Bayard, Donn 1991b, ‘Antipodean accents and the “cultural cringe”: New Zealand and American attitudes towards NZE and other English accents’, Te Reo 34: 15–52Google Scholar

Bayard, Donn 1991c, ‘Social constraints on the phonology of New Zealand English’, in Cheshire 1991: 169–86

Bayard, Donn 1995a, Kiwitalk: Sociolinguistics and New Zealand Society, Palmerston North: Dunmore Press

Bayard, Donn 1995b, ‘Peers versus parents: a longitudinal study of rhotic-non-rhotic accommodation in an NZE-speaking child’, New Zealand English Newsletter 9: 15–22Google Scholar

Bayard, Donn 2000, ‘New Zealand English: origins, relationships, and prospects’, Moderna Språk 94.1: 8–14Google Scholar

Bayard, Donn and Christopher, Bartlett 1996, ‘“You must be from Gorrre”: attitudinal effects of Southland rhotic accents and speaker gender in New Zealand English listeners and the question of New Zealand English regional variation’, Te Reo 39: 25–45Google Scholar

Bayard, Donn, Ann, Weatherall, Cynthia, Gallois, and Jeffery, Pittam 2001, ‘Pax Americana? Accent attitudinal evaluations in New Zealand, Australia and America’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 5: 22–49CrossRef Google Scholar

Bayley, Robert 2001, ‘The quantitative paradigm’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 117–42

Beal, Joan 1993, ‘Lengthening of /a/ in eighteenth-century English’, in Newcastle and Durham Working Papers in English Linguistics 1, Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle, pp. 2–17

Belich, James 1996, Making Peoples, Harmondsworth: Allen Lane

Bell, Allan 1997a, ‘The phonetics of fish and chips in New Zealand: marking national and ethnic identities’, English World-Wide 18: 243–70CrossRef Google Scholar

Bell, Allan 1997b, ‘Those short front vowels’, New Zealand English Journal 11: 3–13Google Scholar

Bell, Allan 2000, ‘Māori and Pākeha English: a case study’, in Bell and Kuiper 2000: 221–48

Bell, Allan and Holmes, Janet (eds.) 1990, New Zealand Ways of Speaking English, Wellington: Victoria University Press

Bell, Allan and Holmes, Janet (eds.) 1991, ‘New Zealand’, in Cheshire 1991: 153–68

Bell, Allan and Holmes, Janet (eds.) 1992, ‘/H/-droppin’: two sociolinguistic variables in New Zealand English’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 12: 223–48

Bell, Allan and Kuiper, Koenraad (eds.) 2000, New Zealand English, Wellington: Victoria University Press; Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Bennett, J. A. W. 1943, ‘English as it is spoken in New Zealand’, American Speech 18: 81–95, reprinted in Ramson 1970: 69–83CrossRef Google Scholar

Benton, Richard A. 1985, ‘Maori, English, and Maori English’, in Pride, John B. (ed.) Cross-Cultural Encounters: Communication and Mis-Communication, Melbourne: River Seine Publications, pp. 110–20

Benton, Richard A. 1991, ‘Māori English: a New Zealand myth?’, in Cheshire 1991: 187–99

Bernard, John R. L. 1969, ‘On the uniformity of spoken Australian English’, Orbis 18.1: 62–73Google Scholar

Bernard, John R. L. 1970, ‘Toward the acoustic specification of Australian English’, Zeitschrift für Phonetik 23: 113–28Google Scholar

Berthele, Raphael 2000, ‘Divergence and convergence in a multilectal classroom: patterns of group structure and linguistic conformity’, in Mattheier, K. (ed.), Migration and its Consequences for Linguistic Convergence and Divergence, New York: Lang, pp. 155–71

Bloomfield, Leonard 1933, Language, London: Allen & Unwin

Bod, Rens, Hay, Jennifer, and Jannedy, Stefanie (eds.) in press, Probabilistic Linguistics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Borrie, Wilfred D. 1987, ‘The peopling of Australasia 1788–1988: the common heritage’, in Sinclair 1996: 202–23

Bradley, David 1991, ‘/æ/ and /æ/ in Australian English’, in Cheshire 1991: 227–34

Branford, William 1994, ‘English in South Africa’, in Burchfield 1994b: 430–96

Breiman, Leo, Friedman, Jerome H., Olshen, Richard A., and Stone, Charles J. 1984, Classification and Regression Trees, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

Britain, David 1991, Dialect and Space: A Geolinguistic Study of Speech Variables in the Fens, PhD dissertation, University of Essex

Britain, David 1992, ‘Linguistic change in intonation: the use of high rising terminals in New Zealand English’, Language Variation and Change 4: 77–104CrossRef Google Scholar

Britain, David 1997a, ‘Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: “Canadian raising” in the English fens’, Language in Society 26: 15–46CrossRef Google Scholar

Britain, David 1997b, ‘Dialect contact, focusing and phonological rule complexity: the koinéisation of Fenland English’, in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 4, A selection of papers from NWAVE [New Ways of Analysing Variation] 25, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 141–70

Britain, David 2002, ‘Diffusion, levelling, simplification and reallocation in the past tense BE in the English Fens’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 16–43CrossRef Google Scholar

Britain, David and John, Newman 1992, ‘High rising terminals in New Zealand English’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22.1/2: 1–11CrossRef Google Scholar

Britain, David and Sudbury, Andrea 2002, ‘There's sheep and there's penguins: convergence “drift” and “slant” in New Zealand and Falkland Island English’, in Jones and Esch 2002: 209–40

Britain, David and Peter, Trudgill 1999, ‘Migration, new-dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact’, Transactions of the Philological Society 97.2: 245–56CrossRef Google Scholar

Brook, George L. 1958, A History of the English Language, London: Andre Deutsch

Brook, George L. 1963, English Dialects, London: Andre Deutsch

Brosnahan, Leonard F. 1966, ‘Notes on /l/ in New Zealand English’, in Proceedings and Papers ofthe 10th Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association Congress, Auckland: AULLA, pp. 230–4

Burchfield, Robert 1994a, ‘Introduction’, in Burchfield 1994b: 1–19

Burchfield, Robert 1994b, The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Buzo, Alex 1994, Kiwese: A Guide, a Ductionary, a Shearing of Unsights, Port Melbourne, Victoria: Reed Books

Bybee, Joan 2000, ‘The phonology of the lexicon: evidence from lexical diffusion’, in Barlow, Michael and Kemmer, Suzanne (eds.), Usage-based Models of Language, Stanford: CSLI [Center for the Study of Language and Information], pp. 65–85

Bybee, Joan 2001, Phonology and Language Use, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Byrd, Dani M. 1994, Articulatory Timing in English Consonant Sequences, PhD dissertation, University of California

Camm, Jack C. R. and McQuilton, John (eds.) 1987, Australians: A Historical Atlas, Sydney: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon

Campbell, Arnold E. 1941, Educating New Zealand, Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs

Campbell, Elizabeth and Elizabeth, Gordon 1996, ‘What do you fink? Is New Zealand English losing its “TH”?’, New Zealand English Journal 10: 40–6Google Scholar

Campbell, Lyle and Ringen, Jon 1981, ‘Teleology and the explanation of sound change’, in Dressler, Wolfgang U, Pfeiffer, Oskar E, and Rennison, John R (eds.), Phonologica, Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, pp. 57–68

Carmichael, Gordon A. (ed.) 1993, Trans-Tasman Migration: Trends, Causes and Consequences, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service

Carter, Ian 1993, Gadfly: The Life and Times of James Shelley, Auckland: Auckland University Press

Cedergren, Henrietta 1973, The Interplay of Social and Linguistic Factors in Panama, PhD dissertation, Cornell University

Cedergren, Henrietta 1984, ‘Panama revisited: sound change in real time’, Paper presented at NWAVE [New Ways of Analysing Variation], Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania

Chambers, Jack K. 2001, ‘Patterns of variation including change’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 349–72

Chambers, Jack K. 2002, ‘Dynamics of dialect convergence’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 117–30CrossRef Google Scholar

Chambers, Jack K. 2003, Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance, 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell

Chambers, Jack K. and Trudgill, Peter 1998, Dialectology, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Chambers, Jack K., Trudgill, Peter, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie (eds.) 2001, The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, Malden, MA: Blackwell

Cheshire, Jenny (ed.) 1991, English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press

Cheshire, Jenny 2001, ‘Sex and gender in variationist research’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 423–43

Clark, John E. (ed.) 1985, The Cultivated Australian: Festschrift in Honour of Arthur Delbridge, Hamburg: Helmut Buske

Clark, Ross 1990, ‘Pidgin English and Pidgin Maori in New Zealand’, in Bell and Holmes 1990: 97–114

Cleveland, William S. 1979, ‘Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots’, Journal of the American Statistical Association 74: 829–36CrossRef Google Scholar

Coleridge, Kathleen A. 1966, New Zealand English: A Preliminary Checklist, Wellington: New Zealand Library School

Connine, Cynthia M., Titone, Debra, and Wang, Jian 1993, ‘Auditory word recognition: extrinsic and intrinsic effects of word frequency’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 19.1: 81–94Google Scholar

Corbyn, Charles Adam 1970, reprint, Sydney Revels of Bacchus, Cupid and Momus, Sydney: Ure Smith. (First published in 1854.)

Coulmas, Florian (ed.) 1997, The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, Oxford: Blackwell

Coupland, Nikolas 2001, ‘Language, situation and the relational self: theorising dialect-style in sociolinguistics’, in Rickford, John R. and Eckert, Penelope (eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185–210

Cox, Felicity 1996, An Acoustic Study of Vowel Variation in Australian English, unpublished PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney

Cryer, Max 2002, Curious Kiwi Words, Auckland: HarperCollins

Day, Patrick Adam 1994, The Radio Years: A History of Broadcasting in New Zealand, Vol. 1, Auckland: Auckland University Press

Dell, G. 1990, ‘Effects of frequency and vocabulary type on phonological speech errors’, Language and Cognitive Processes 5.4: 313–49CrossRef Google Scholar

Denison, Norman 1997, ‘Language change and progress: variation as it happens’, in Coulmas 1997: 65–80

Denoon, Donald, Mein-Smith, Philippa, and Wyndham, Marivic 2000, A History of Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific, Oxford: Blackwell

Deser, Toni 1990, Dialect Transmission and Variation: An Acoustic Analysis of Vowels in Six Urban Detroit Families, PhD dissertation, Boston University

Deterding, David 1997, ‘The formants of monophthong vowels in standard Southern British English pronunciation’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 27: 47–55CrossRef Google Scholar

Deverson, Tony 1985, ‘“Home loans”: Maori input into current New Zealand English’, English in New Zealand 33: 4–10Google Scholar

Deverson, Tony 1988, ‘A bibliography of writings on New Zealand English’, New Zealand English Newsletter 2: 17–25Google Scholar

Deverson, Tony 1991, ‘New Zealand English lexis: the Maori dimension’, English Today 26: 18–25CrossRef Google Scholar

Disner, Sandra F. 1980, ‘Evaluation of vowel normalisation procedures’, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 67: 253–61CrossRef Google Scholar

Domingue, Nicole 1971, Bhojpuri and Creole in Mauritius: A Study of Linguistic Interference and its Consequences in regard to Synchronic Variation and Language Change, PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin

Domingue, Nicole 1981, ‘Internal change in a transplanted language’, Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 4: 151–9Google Scholar

Dorian, Nancy C. 1994, ‘Varieties of variation in a very small place: social homogeneity, prestige, norms, and linguistic variation’, Language 70: 631–96CrossRef Google Scholar

Dorian, Nancy C. 2001, ‘Review of “Language Change: Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics” (edited by Ernst Håkon Jahr)’, Anthropological Linguistics 43.3: 387–9

Downes, John 1998, A Guide to Devon Dialect, Padstow: Tabb House

Downes, Peter and Harcourt, Peter 1976, Voices in the Air: Radio Broadcasting in New Zealand, Wellington: Methuen

Downes, William 1984, Language and Society, London: Fontana

Drummond, Alison and Drummond, Leo R. 1967, At Home in New Zealand, Auckland: Blackwood & Janet Paul

Durkin, Mary 1972, A Study of the Pronunciation, Oral Grammar and Vocabulary of West Coast School Children, unpublished MA thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch

Eagleson, Robert D. 1982, ‘English in Australia and New Zealand,’ in Bailey, Richard W. and Görlach, Manfred (eds.), English as a World Language, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 415–38

Eckert, Penelope 1988, ‘Adolescent social structure and the spread of linguistic change’, Language in Society 17: 83–207CrossRef Google Scholar

Eckert, Penelope 2000, Linguistic Variation as Social Practice, Oxford: Blackwell

Elley, Warwick B., and James, Irving C. 1985, ‘The Elley-Irving Socio-Economic Index: 1981. Census revision’, New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 20: 115–28Google Scholar

Ellis, Alexander J. 1889, On Early English Pronunciation, Vol. 5, London: Trübner and Co

Eustace, S. S. 1969, ‘The meaning of the palaeotype in A. J. Ellis's “On Early English Pronunciation 1869–89”’, Transactions of the Philological Society 67: 30–79Google Scholar

Fidelholtz, James 1975, ‘Word frequency and vowel reduction in English’, in Papers from the 75th meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 200–13

Foulkes, Paul and Docherty, Gerard J. (eds.) 1999, Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles, London: Arnold

Fraser, Lyndon (ed.) 2000, A Distant Shore: Irish Immigration and New Zealand Settlement, Dunedin: Otago University Press

Fromkin, Victoria, Rodman, Robert, Collins, Peter, and Blair, David 1984, An Introduction to Language (Australian Edition), Sydney: Holt, Rinehart & Winston

Galbraith, Alisdair 2000, ‘The invisible Irish? Re-discovering the Irish Protestant tradition in colonial New Zealand’, in Fraser 2000: 36–54

Gardner, William J. 1999, Where they Lived: Studies in Local, Regional and Social History, Christchurch: Regional Press

Gibson, Campbell, J. 1971, A Demographic History of New Zealand, unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley

Giles, Howard 1973, ‘Accent mobility: a model and some data’, Linguistic Anthropology 15: 87–105Google Scholar

Giles, Howard 1977, ‘Social psychology and applied linguistics: towards an integrative approach’, ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 35: 27–42CrossRef Google Scholar

Giles, Howard and Coupland, Nikolas 1991, Language: Contexts and Consequences, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole

Gimson, Alan C. 1962, An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, London: Arnold

Golla, Victor 2000, ‘Language families of North America’, in Renfrew, Colin (ed.), America Past, America Present: Genes and Languages in the Americas and Beyond, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 59–73

Gordon, Elizabeth 1982, ‘The study of New Zealand English’, Journal of the South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies 14: 39–43Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth 1983a, ‘New Zealand English pronunciation: an investigation into some early written records’, Te Reo 26: 29–42Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth 1983b, ‘The flood of impure vocalisation: a study of attitudes towards New Zealand speech’, The New Zealand Speech-Language Therapists’ Journal 38: 16–29Google Scholar

Gordon Elizabeth 1989, ‘That colonial twang: New Zealand speech and New Zealand identity’, in Novitz, David and Willmott, Bill (eds.), New Zealand Culture and Identity, Wellington: GP Books, pp. 77–90

Gordon, Elizabeth 1991, ‘Research into the origins of New Zealand speech’, New Zealand English Newsletter 5: 11–12Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth 1994, ‘Reconstructing the past: written and spoken evidence of early New Zealand speech’, New Zealand English Newsletter 8: 5–10Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth 1998, ‘The origins of New Zealand speech: the limits of recovering historical information from written records’, English World-Wide 19: 61–85CrossRef Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth and Abell, Marcia 1990, ‘“This objectionable colonial dialect”: historical and contemporary attitudes to New Zealand speech’, in Bell and Holmes 1990: 21–48

Gordon, Elizabeth and Deverson, Tony 1985, New Zealand English: An Introduction to New Zealand Speech and Usage, Auckland: Heinemann

Gordon, Elizabeth and Deverson, Tony 1989, Finding a New Zealand Voice: Attitudes Towards English used in New Zealand, Auckland: New House

Gordon, Elizabeth and Deverson, Tony 1998, New Zealand English and English in New Zealand, Auckland: New House

Gordon, Elizabeth and Margaret, Maclagan 1985, ‘A study of the /iǝ/ /eǝ/ contrast in New Zealand English’, The New Zealand Speech-Language Therapists’ Journal 40.2: 16–26Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth and Margaret, Maclagan 1989, ‘Beer and bear, cheer and chair: a longitudinal study of the ear/air contrast in New Zealand English’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 9: 203–20CrossRef Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth and Margaret, Maclagan 2000, ‘“Hear our voices”: changes in spoken New Zealand English’, The Journal of the TESOL Association of Aotearoa New Zealand Journal 8: 1–13Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth and Margaret, Maclagan 2001, ‘“Capturing a sound change”: a real time study over 15 years of the near/square diphthong merger in New Zealand English’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 21.2: 215–38CrossRef Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth and Sudbury, Andrea 2002, ‘The history of Southern Hemisphere Englishes’, in Watts, Richard and Trudgill, Peter (eds.), Alternative Histories of English, London: Routledge, pp. 67–86

Gordon, Elizabeth and Peter, Trudgill 1999, ‘Shades of things to come: embryonic variants in New Zealand English sound changes’, English World-Wide 20: 111–23CrossRef Google Scholar

Gordon, Elizabeth and Trudgill, Peter forthcoming, ‘The English input to New Zealand’, in Hickey forthcoming

Gordon, Matthew J. 2001, ‘Investigating chain shifts and mergers’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 244–66

Gordon, Pamela 1997, ‘What New Zealanders believe about regional variation in New Zealand English: a folklinguistic investigation’, New Zealand English Journal 11: 14–25Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred 1987, ‘Colonial lag? The alleged conservative character of American English and other “colonial” varieties’, English World-Wide 8: 41–60CrossRef Google Scholar

Graham, Jeanine 1992, ‘Settler society’, in Rice 1992: 112–40

Graham, Jeanine 1996, ‘The Pioneers 1840–1870’, in Sinclair 1996: 49–74

Gregersen, Frans and Pedersen, Ilse 1991, The Copenhagen Study in Urban Sociolinguistics, Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzels Forlag

Grosjean, François 1980, ‘Spoken word recognition processes and the gating paradigm’, Perception and Psychophysics 45: 189–95Google Scholar

Haggett, Geoff n.d., Recorded interview held in the Radio New Zealand Sound Archives, Christchurch

Hall, John Herbert 1980, The History of Broadcasting in New Zealand 1920–1954, Wellington: Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand

Hall, Moira 1976, An Acoustic Analysis of New Zealand Vowels, unpublished MA thesis, University of Auckland

Hammarström, Göran 1980, Australian English: Its Origin and Status, Hamburg: Helmut Buske

Harrington, Jonathan and Cassidy, Steve 1999, Techniques in Speech Acoustics, Dordrecht: Kluwer

Harrington, Jonathan, Sallyanne, Palethorpe, and Watson, Catherine I. 2000, ‘Does the queen speak the Queen's English?’, Nature 408 (December 21/28): 927CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hawkins, Peter R. 1973a, ‘A phonemic transcription system for New Zealand English’, Te Reo 16: 15–21Google Scholar

Hawkins, Peter R. 1973b, ‘The sound-patterns of New Zealand English’, in Proceedings and Papers of the 15th Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association Conference, Vol. 13, Sydney: AULLA, pp. 1–8

Hazen, Kirk 2001, ‘The Family’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 500–25

Hearn, Terry 2000, ‘Irish migration to New Zealand to 1915’, in Fraser 2000: 55–74

Herz, Max 1912, New Zealand: The Country and the People, London: T. Werner Laurie

Hickey, Raymond 1999, ‘Ireland as a linguistic area’, Ulster Folklife 45 (special issue, Language in Ulster, ed. J. P. Mallory): 36–53

Hickey, Raymond 2000, ‘Ebb and flow: a cautionary tale of language change’, in Fanego, Teresa, Méndez-Naya, Belén, and Seoane, Elena (eds.), Sounds, Words, Texts and Change, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 105–28

Hickey, Raymond 2002, ‘How do dialects get the features they have?: On the process of new dialect formation’, in Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Motives for Language Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 213–39

Hickey, Raymond (ed.) forthcoming, Legacies of Colonial English: A Study in Transported Dialects, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hill, Jane 2001, ‘Language on the land: towards an anthropological dialectology’, in Terrell, John E (ed.), Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity, Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, pp. 257–82

Holmes, Janet 1994, ‘New Zealand flappers: an analysis of T voicing in New Zealand English’, English World-Wide 15: 195–224CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet 1995a, ‘Glottal stops in New Zealand English: an analysis of word-final /t/’, Linguistics 33: 433–63CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet 1995b, ‘Time for /t/ː initial /t/ in New Zealand English’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 15: 127–56CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet 1995c, ‘Two for /t/ː flapping and glottal stops in New Zealand English’, TeReo 38: 53–72Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet 1996, ‘Losing voice: is final /z/ devoicing a feature of Maori English?’, World Englishes 15: 193–205CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet 1997a, ‘Māori and Pākeha English: some New Zealand social dialect data’, Language in Society 26: 65–101CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet 1997b, ‘T-time in New Zealand’, English Today 51 (13.3): 18–22CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet and Helen, Ainsworth 1997, ‘Unpacking the research process: investigating syllable-timing in New Zealand English’, Language Awareness 6: 32–47CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet and Bell, Allan 1990, ‘Attitudes, varieties, discourse: an introduction to the sociolinguistics of New Zealand English’, in Bell and Holmes 1990: 1–20

Holmes, Janet and Allan, Bell 1992, ‘On shear markets and sharing sheep: The merger of EAR and AIR diphthongs in New Zealand English’, Language Variation and Change 4: 251–73CrossRef Google Scholar

Holmes, Janet and Bell, Allan 1994, ‘Consonant cluster reduction in New Zealand English’, in Holmes, Janet (ed.), Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics 6, Wellington: Victoria University, pp. 56–82

Holmes, Janet and Bell, Allan 1996, ‘Maori English’, in Wurm, Stephen A, Mühlhäusler, Peter, and Tryon, Darrell T (eds.), Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, Vol. 2.1: 177–181

Holmes, Janet, Bell, Allan, and Boyce, Mary 1991, Variation and Change in New Zealand English: A Social Dialect Investigation, Project Report to the Social Sciences Committee of the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, Wellington: Victoria University

Hooper, Joan B. 1976, ‘Word frequency in lexical diffusion and the source of morphophonological change’, in Christie, W. (ed.), Current Progress in Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 96–105

Hornadge, Bill 1980, The Australian Slanguage, Sydney: Methuen

Hornsby, David 2002, ‘Dialect contact and koinéization: the case of northern France’, in Jones and Esch 2002: 19–28

Horvath, Barbara 1985, Variation in Australian English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Horvath, Barbara 1998, ‘Finding a place in Sydney: migrants and language change’, in Trudgill, Peter and Cheshire, Jenny (eds.), The Sociolinguistics Reader, Vol. 1: Multilingualism and Variation, New York: Arnold, pp. 90–102

Horvath, Barbara M. and Horvath, Ronald J. 2001, ‘A multilocality study of a sound change in progress: the case of /l/ vocalization in New Zealand and Australian English’, Language Variation and Change 13: 37–57CrossRef Google Scholar

Hughes, Arthur and Trudgill, Peter 1995, English Accents and Dialects, 3rd ed., London: Edward Arnold

Huygens, Ingrid and Vaughan, Graham M. 1983, ‘Language attitudes, ethnicity and social class in New Zealand’, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 4: 207–23CrossRef Google Scholar

Ihalainen, Ossi 1994, ‘The dialects of England since 1776’, in Burchfield 1994b: 197–274

Jones, Charles 1989, A History of English Phonology, London: Longman

Jones, Mari C. and Esch, Edith (eds.) 2002, Language Change: The Interplay of Internal, External, and Extra-linguistic Factors, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter

Jurafsky, Daniel in press, ‘Probabilistic modelling in psycholinguistics: linguistic comprehension and production’, in Bod et al. in Press

Jurafsky, Daniel, Bell, Alan, Gregory, Michelle, and Raymond, William D. 2001, ‘Probabilistic relations between words: evidence from reduction in lexical production’, in Bybee, Joan L. and Hopper, Paul (eds.), Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 229–54

Keating, Patricia A., Wright, Richard, and Zhang, Jie 1999, ‘Word-level asymmetries in consonant articulation’, UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 97: 157–73Google Scholar

Kelly, Louis G. 1966, ‘The phonemes of New Zealand English’, Canadian Journal of Linguistics 11.2: 79–82CrossRef Google Scholar

Kerswill, Paul 1995, ‘Phonological convergence and dialect contact: evidence from citation forms’, Language Variation and Change 7: 195–207CrossRef Google Scholar

Kerswill, Paul 1996, ‘Children, adolescents, and language change’, Language Variation and Change 8: 177–202CrossRef Google Scholar

Kerswill, Paul 2001, ‘Koineization and accommodation’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 669–702

Kerswill, Paul and Williams, Ann 1992, ‘Some principles of dialect contact: evidence from the new town of Milton Keynes’, in Philippaki-Warburton, I. and Ingham, R. (eds.), Working Papers, Reading: University of Reading, pp. 68–90

Kerswill, Paul and Williams, Ann 2000, ‘Creating a new town koine: children and language change in Milton Keynes’, Language in Society 29: 65–115CrossRef Google Scholar

Kerswill, Paul and Williams, Ann 2002, ‘“Salience” as an explanation factor in language change: evidence from dialect levelling in urban England’, in Jones and Esch 2002: 81–110

King, Jeanette 1993, ‘Maori English: a phonological study’, New Zealand English Newsletter 7: 33–47Google Scholar

King, Jeanette 1995, ‘Maori English as a solidarity marker for te reo Maori’, New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics 1: 51–9Google Scholar

King, Jeanette 1999, ‘Talking bro: Māori English in the university setting’, Te Reo 42: 20–38Google Scholar

King, Michael 1981, New Zealanders at War, Auckland: Heinemann

Krug, Manfred 1998, ‘String frequency: a cognitive motivating factor in coalescence, language processing, and linguistic change’, Journal of English Linguistics 26: 286–320CrossRef Google Scholar

Kuiper, Koenraad 1987, ‘The study of New Zealand English: a brief position paper’, New Zealand English Newsletter 1: 3–5Google Scholar

Kurath, Hans and Lowman, Guy S. 1970, The Dialectal Structure of Southern England, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press

Labov, William 1963, ‘The social motivation of sound change’, Word 19: 273–309. Revised as ch. 1, pp. 1–42 in Sociolinguistic Patterns, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972

Labov, William 1990, ‘The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change’, Language Variation and Change 2: 205–51CrossRef Google Scholar

Labov, William 1994, Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. 1: Internal Factors, Oxford: Blackwell

Labov, William 2001, Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. 2: Social Factors, Oxford: Blackwell

Lanham, Len W. 1978, ‘South African English’, in Lanham, Len W. and Prinsloo, Karel P. (eds.), Language and Communication Studies in South Africa, Cape Town: Oxford University Press, pp. 138–65

Lass, Roger 1987, The Shape of English, London: Dent & Sons

Lass, Roger 1990, ‘Where do extraterrestrial Englishes come from? Dialect, input, and recodification in transported Englishes’, in Adamson, Sylvia, Law, Vivien, Vincent, Nigel, and Wright, Susan (eds.), Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 245–80

Lass, Roger 1997, Historical Linguistics and Language Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Lass, Roger and Susan, Wright 1986, ‘Endogeny vs. contact: “Afrikaans influence” on South African English’, English World-Wide 7: 201–23CrossRef Google Scholar

Le Page, Robert B. and Tabouret-Keller, Andrée 1985, Acts of Identity: Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Levelt, Willem J. L. 1983, ‘Monitoring and self-repair in speech’, Cognition 14: 41–104CrossRef Google Scholar

Lewis, Ash 1994, Recording of interview, held in the Origins of New Zealand English project, University of Canterbury project, Department of Linguistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch

Lewis, Gillian 1996, ‘The origins of New Zealand English: a report on work in progress’, New Zealand English Journal 10: 25–30Google Scholar

Lindblom, Björn 1990, ‘Explaining phonetic variation: a sketch of the H & H Hypothesis’, in Hardcastle, William J. and Marchel, Alain (eds.), Speech Production and Speech Modelling, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 403–9

Lobanov, B. M. 1971, ‘Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different speakers’, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49: 606–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Macdonald, Charlotte 1990, A Woman of Good Character: Single Women as Immigrant Settlers in Nineteenth-century New Zealand, Wellington: Allen & Unwin

Maclagan, David 1998, ‘/h/-dropping in early New Zealand English’, New Zealand English Journal 12: 34–42Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret 1975, ‘Thoughts on New Zealand English’, The New Zealand Speech-Therapists’ Journal 30.1: 6–11Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret 1982, ‘An acoustic study of New Zealand vowels’, The New Zealand Speech-Therapists’ Journal 37.1: 20–6Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret 1998, ‘Diphthongisation of /e/ in NZE: a change that went nowhere?’, New Zealand English Journal 12: 43–54Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret 2000, ‘Where are we going in our language? New Zealand English today’, New Zealand Journal of Speech-Language Therapy 53–54: 14–20Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret and Elizabeth, Gordon 1996a, ‘Out of the AIR and into the EAR: another view of the New Zealand diphthong merger’, Language Variation and Change 8: 125–47CrossRef Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret and Elizabeth, Gordon 1996b, ‘Women's role in sound change: the case of two New Zealand closing diphthongs’, New Zealand English Journal 10: 5–9Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret and Elizabeth, Gordon 1998, ‘How grown grew from one syllable to two’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 18: 5–28CrossRef Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret and Elizabeth, Gordon 1999, ‘Data for New Zealand social dialectology: the Canterbury Corpus’, New Zealand English Journal 13: 50–8Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret and Elizabeth, Gordon 2000, ‘The near/square merger in New Zealand English’, Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing 5.3: 201–7CrossRef Google Scholar

Maclagan, Margaret, Elizabeth, Gordon, and Gillian, Lewis 1999, ‘Women and sound change: conservative and innovative behaviour by the same speakers’, Language Variation and Change 11: 19–41CrossRef Google Scholar

MacMahon, Michael K. C. 1983, ‘Thomas Hallam and the study of dialect and educated speech’, Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 83: 19–31Google Scholar

MacMahon, Michael K. C. 1998, ‘Phonology’, in Romaine, Suzanne (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 4: 1776–1997, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 373–535

Macquarie Dictionary 1981, ed., Delbridge, Arthur, Bernard, John R. L., Blair, David, Ramson, W. S., and Butler, Susan, Sydney: The Macquarie Library

Madieson, Ian 1997, ‘Phonetic universals’, in Hardcastle, William J. and Laver, John (eds.), The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 619–39

Mæhlum, Brit 1992, ‘Dialect socialization in Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Spitsbergen): a fruitful chaos’, in Jahr, Ernst Håkon (ed.), Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirial Studies, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 117–30

Mæhlum, Brit 1996, ‘Semi-migration in the Arctic — a theoretical perspective on the dialect strategies of children on Spitsbergen’, in Ureland, Sture and Clarkson, Iain (eds.), Language Contact Across the North Atlantic, Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 313–31

Marckwardt, Albert H. 1958, American English, New York: Oxford University Press

Marten, Clement 1992, The Devonshire Dialect, Newton Abbot: Peninsula Press

Matthews, Richard 1981, ‘The second Great Vowel Shift?’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11.1: 22–6CrossRef Google Scholar

McAloon, Jim 1996, ‘The colonial wealthy in Canterbury and Otago: no idle rich’, New Zealand Journal of History 30: 43–60Google Scholar

McBurney, Samuel 1887, ‘Colonial pronunciation’, The Press 5 October: 5Google Scholar

McClure, J. Derrick 1994, ‘English in Scotland’, in Burchfield 1994b: 23–93Google Scholar

McGeorge, Colin 1984, ‘Hear our voices we entreat’, New Zealand Journal of History 18: 3–18Google Scholar

McKinnon, Malcolm (ed.) 1997, New Zealand Historical Atlas, Auckland: Bateman

McLaughlin, John C. 1970, Aspects of the History of English, New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston

McLeod, Janet 1940, Rhyming Roadways to Good Speech, Christchurch: Simpson & Williams

Mees, I. M. and Collins, B. 1999, ‘Cardiff: a real-time study of glottalisation’, in Foulkes and Docherty 1999: 185–202

Mendoza-Denton, Norma, Hay, Jennifer, and Jannedy, Stefanie in press, ‘Probabilistic sociolinguistics: beyond variable rules’, in Bod et al. in press: 97–138

Mesthrie, Rajend 1993, ‘Koineization in the Bhojpuri-Hindi diaspora, with special reference to South Africa’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99: 25–44CrossRef Google Scholar

Meyerhoff, Miriam 1987, ‘A review of sex and language research in New Zealand’, in Pauwels, Ann (ed.), Women and Language in Australian and New Zealand Society, Sydney: Australian Professional Publications, pp. 32–44

Milroy, James 1983, ‘On the sociolinguistic history of /h/-dropping in English’, in Davenport, Michael, Hansen, Erik, and Nielsen, Hans Frede (eds.), Current Topics in English Historical Linguistics, Odense: Odense University Press, pp. 37–66

Milroy, James 1992, Linguistic Variation and Change, Oxford: Blackwell

Milroy, James 1993, ‘On the social origins of language change’, in Jones, Charles (ed.), Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives, London: Longmans, pp. 213–36

Milroy, James and Lesley, Milroy 1985, ‘Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation’, Journal of Linguistics 21: 339–84CrossRef Google Scholar

Milroy, Lesley 1980, Language and Social Networks, Oxford: Blackwell

Milroy, Lesley 2001, ‘Social networks’, in Chambers et al. 2001: 549–72

Milroy, Lesley 2002, ‘Introduction: mobility, contact and language change — working with contemporary speech communities’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 3–15CrossRef Google Scholar

Ministry for Culture and Heritage, ‘A Home away from “Home”: British and Irish immigration to New Zealand, 1840–1914’, http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/gallery/brit-nz/, accessed 2002

Mitchell, Alex G. 1995, ‘The story of Australian English: users and environment’, from a public lecture given at Macquarie University, 12 October, Dictionary Research Centre, Sydney

Mitchell, Alex G. and Delbridge, Arthur 1965, The Speech of Australian Adolescents, Sydney: Angus & Robertson

Mohan, Peggy 1978, Trinidad Bhojpuri: A Morphological Study, PhD dissertation, University of Michigan

Morgan, James N. and Messenger, Robert C. 1973, THAID: A Sequential Analysis Program for the Analysis of Nominal Scale Dependent Variables, Technical Report, Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan

Morgan, James N. and Sonquist, John A. 1963, ‘Problems in the analysis of survey data, and a proposal’, Journal of the American Statistical Association 58: 415–35CrossRef Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996, ‘The Founder Principle in creole genesis’, Diachronica 13: 81–134CrossRef Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001, The Ecology of Language Evolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mulgan, Alan 1927, Home: A New Zealander's Adventure, London: Longmans

Munro, Murray, Derwing, Tracey, and Flege, James E. 1999, ‘Canadians in Alabama: a perceptual study of dialect acquisition in adults’, Journal of Phonetics 27: 385–403CrossRef Google Scholar

New Zealand Department of Education 1925, Speech Training (Special report no. 14), Wellington: New Zealand Department of Education

New Zealand Ministry of Education 1990, ‘Derivation of Elley-Irving codes from census occupations’, unpublished manuscript, Wellington

New Zealand Ministry of Education 1994, English in the New Zealand Curriculum, Wellington: Learning Media

New Zealand Ministry of Education 1996, Exploring Language: A Handbook for Teachers, Wellington: Learning Media

Northcote-Bade, James 1976, ‘An introduction to New Zealand English’, Englisch 11: 147–51Google Scholar

http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/gallery/brit-nz/ 2002 — See Ministry for Culture and Heritage

O’Connor, Joseph D. 1973, Phonetics, Harmondsworth: Penguin

Oliver William H. 1960, The Story of New Zealand, London: Faber & Faber

Omdal, Helge 1977, ‘H⊘yangermålet — en ny dialekt’ [The language of H⊘yanger — a new dialect], Språklig Samling 1: 7–9Google Scholar

Orsman, Harold W. 1951, ‘New Zealand English’, in Partridge and Clark 1951: 93–5

Orsman, Harold W. 1995, ‘The dictionary of New Zealand English — a beginning and (almost) an end’, New Zealand English Newsletter 9: 9–12Google Scholar

Orton, Harold and Wakelin, Martyn F. 1967, Survey of English Dialects: The Southern Counties, Leeds: Arnold

Orton, Harold and Tilling, Philip M. 1969, Survey of English Dialects: The East Midland Counties and East Anglia, Leeds: Arnold

Owens, John M. R. 1992, ‘New Zealand before annexation’, in Rice 1992: 28–56

Page, Ian W. 1956, Relations between New Zealand and the Australian Colonies, 1850–1870, MA thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin

Partridge, Eric and Clark, John W. (eds.) 1951, British and American English Since 1900, London: Andrew Dakers

Payne, Arvilla 1980, ‘Factors controlling the acquisition of the Philadelphia dialect by out-of-state children’, in Labov, William (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space, New York: Academic Press, pp. 143–78

Pei, Mario A. 1946, The World's Chief Languages, 3rd ed., New York: S. F. Vanni

Phillipps Kenneth C. 1984, Language and Class in Victorian England, Oxford: Blackwell

Pickens, Keith A. 1977, ‘The origins of the population of nineteenth century Canterbury’, New Zealand Geographer 33.2: 60–75Google Scholar

Porter, Frances 1989, Born to New Zealand: A Biography of Jane Maria Atkinson, Wellington: Allen & Unwin and Port Nicholson Press

Porter, Frances and Macdonald, Charlotte (eds.) 1996, My Hand Will Write What My Heart Dictates, Auckland: Auckland University Press and Bridget Williams Books

Portney, Leslie G. and Watkins, Mary P. 2000, Foundations of Clinical Research, Applications to Practice, 2nd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Health

Prince, Ellen 1987, ‘Sarah Gorby, Yiddish folksinger: a case study of dialect shift’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 67: 83–116Google Scholar

Ramson, William S. (ed.) 1970, English Transported: Essays on Australasian English, Canberra: Australian National University Press

Rastatter, Michael P. and Jacques, Richard D. 1990, ‘Formant frequency structure of the ageing male and female vocal tract’, Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 42: 312–19CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rastatter, Michael P., McGuire, Richard A., Joseph, Kalinowski, and Andrew, Stuart 1997, ‘Formant frequency characteristics of elderly speakers in contextual speech’, Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 49: 1–8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rice, Geoffrey W. (ed.) 1992, The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., Auckland: Oxford University Press

Rickford, John R. 1997, ‘Prior creolization of African-American vernacular English? Sociohistorical and textual evidence from the 17th and 18th centuries’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 1: 315–36CrossRef Google Scholar

Rickford, John R. and McNair-Knox, Faye 1994, ‘Addressee- and topic-influenced style shift: a quantitative sociolinguistic study’, in Biber, Douglas and Finegan, Edward (eds.), Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 235–76

Ritchie, William C. and Bhatia, Tej K. 1999 (eds.), Handbook of Child Language Acquisition, San Diego: Academic Press

Roach, Peter 1983, English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Robinson, Portia 1985, The Hatch and Brood of Rime: A Study of the First Generation of Native-born White Australians 1788–1828, Melbourne: Oxford University Press

Romaine, Suzanne 1994, Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press

Ross, Malcolm 1996, ‘Contact-induced change and the comparative method: cases from Papua New Guinea’, in Durie, Mark and Ross, Malcolm (eds.), The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 180–217

Ross, Malcolm 1997, ‘Social networks and kinds of speech community events’, in Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew (eds.), Archaeology and Language, Vol. 1: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations, London: Routledge, pp. 209–61

Ross, Malcolm 2001, ‘Contact-induced change in Oceanic languages in North-West Melanesia’, in Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y and Dixon, R. M. W. (eds.), Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 134–66

Sankoff, Gillian 1980, The Social Life of Language, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

Sankoff, Gillian, Blondeau, Hélène, and Charity, Anne 2001, ‘Individual roles in a real-time change: Montreal (r > R) 1947–1995’, in Van de Velde, Hans and van Hout, Roeland (eds.), ’r-atics: Sociolinguistic, Phonetic and Phonological Characteristics of /r/, Etude and Travaux 4, Brussels: ILVP, pp. 141–57

Sapir, Edward 1921, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech, New York: Harcourt Brace & Co

Schilling-Estes, Natalie 2002, ‘On the nature of isolated and post-isolated dialects: innovation, variation, and differentiation’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 64–85CrossRef Google Scholar

Scholtmeijer, Harm 1992, Het Nederlands van de IJsselmeerpolders, Kampen: Mondiss

Scholtmeijer, Harm 1997, ‘Language in the Dutch polders: Why dialects did not mix’, Paper given at the European Science Foundation Conference on the Convergence and Divergence of Dialects in a Changing Europe, Heidelberg

Schreier, Daniel 2001, Non-standard Grammar and Geographical Isolation: The Genesis, Development and Structure of Tristan da Cunha English, PhD dissertation, University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Schreier, Daniel 2002a, ‘Past be in Tristan da Cunha: the rise and fall of categoriality in language change’, American Speech 77: 70–99CrossRef Google Scholar

Schreier, Daniel 2002b, ‘Terra incognita in the anglophone world: Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic Ocean’, English World-Wide 23.1: 1–29CrossRef Google Scholar

Schreier, Daniel 2003, Isolation and Language Change: Contemporary and Sociohistorical Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Shorrocks, Graham 1998, A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area, part 1: Introduction, Phonology, Frankfurt: Lang

Siegel, Jeff 1985, ‘Koines and koineization’, Language in Society 14: 357–78CrossRef Google Scholar

Siegel, Jeff 1993, ‘Dialect contact and koineization (review of Dialects in Contact, by Peter Trudgill)’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99: 105–21Google Scholar

Simpson, Sam 1996, Dialect Contact in Telford New Town, unpublished BA project, University of Essex

Simpson, Tony 1997, The Immigrants: The Great Migration from Britain to New Zealand, 1830–1890, Auckland: Godwit

Sinclair, Keith 1986a, A Destiny Apart: New Zealand's Search for National Identity, Wellington: Allen & Unwin

Sinclair, Keith 1986b, The Native Born: The Origins of New Zealand Nationalism, Occasional publication no. 8, Palmerston North: Massey University

Sinclair, Keith (ed.) 1987, Tasman Relations: New Zealand and Australia, 1788–1988, Auckland: Auckland University Press

Sinclair, Keith 1991, A History of New Zealand, 4th ed., Auckland: Penguin

Sinclair, Keith (ed.) 1996, The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., Auckland: Oxford University Press

Sivertsen, Eva 1960, Cockney Phonology, Oslo: Oslo University Press

Soljak, Philip B. 1946, New Zealand: Pacific Pioneer, New York: Macmillan, excerpt reprinted in New Zealand English Newsletter 5, 1991: 42–4

Stewart, Dorothy M. 1925, Phonetics Practice Book, 2nd ed., Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs

Strang, Barbara M. H. 1970, A History of English, London: Methuen

Stubbe, Maria and Holmes, Janet 2000, Talking Maori or Pakeha in English, in Bell and Kuiper 2000: 249–78

Sudbury, Andrea 2000, Dialect Contact and Koineisation in the Falkland Islands: Development of a Southern Hemisphere Variety, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Essex

Sudbury, Andrea 2001, ‘Falkland Islands English: a southern hemisphere variety?’, English World-Wide 22: 55–80CrossRef Google Scholar

Sudbury, Andrea and Hay, Jennifer 2002, ‘The fall and rise of /r/: rhoticity and /r/ sandhi in early New Zealand English’, in Working Papers in Linguistics 8.3: Papers from NWAVE [New Ways of Analysing Variation] 30, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 281–95

Sutch, William B. 1966, The Quest for Security in New Zealand 1840–1966, Wellington: Oxford University Press

Swainson, William 1859, New Zealand and its Colonisation, London: Smith, Elder & Co

Sweet, Henry 1888, A History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period, with Full Word-lists, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Tabouret-Keller, Andrée 1997, ‘Language and identity’, in Coulmas 1997: 315–26

Thelander, Mats 1979, Språkliga variationsmodeller tillämpade py nutida burträsktal [Models of linguistic variation applied to the modern dialect of Burträsk], Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis

Thomas, Alan 1994, ‘English in Wales’, in Burchfield 1994b: 94–147

Thurston, William R. 1987, Processes of Change in the Languages of Northwestern New Britain, Canberra: Australian National University

Thurston, William R. 1989, ‘How exoteric languages build a lexicon: esoterogeny in West New Britain’, in Harlow, Ray and Hooper, Robin (eds.), VICAL 1, Oceanic Languages: Papers from the 5th International Conference of Austronesian Linguistics, Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand, pp. 555–80

Tollfree, Laura 1999, ‘South East London English’, in Foulkes and Docherty 1999: 163–84

Treiman, Rebecca and Danis, Catalina 1998, ‘Syllabification of intervocalic consonants’, Journal of Memory and Language 27: 87–104CrossRef Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter 1974, The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Trudgill, Peter 1986a, ‘Dialect mixture and the analysis of colonial dialects: the case of Canadian raising’, in Warkentyne, H. (ed.), Methods in Dialectology 5, Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, pp. 35–46

Trudgill, Peter 1986b, Dialects in Contact, Oxford: Blackwell

Trudgill, Peter 1988, ‘On the role of dialect contact and interdialect in linguistic change’, in Fisiak, Jacek (ed.), Historical Dialectology, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 547–63

Trudgill, Peter 1989, ‘Interlanguage, interdialect and typological change’, in Gass, Susan M., Madden, Carolyn G., Preston. Denis, and Selinker, Larry (eds.), Variation in Second Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Issues, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 244–53

Trudgill, Peter 1997a, ‘British vernacular dialects in the formation of American English: the case of East Anglian do’, in Hickey, Ray and Puppel, Stanislaw (eds.), Linguistic History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th Birthday, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 749–58

Trudgill, Peter 1997b, ‘The chaos before the order: New Zealand English and the second stage of new dialect formation’, in Jahr, Ernst Håkon (ed.), Language Change: Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 197–207

Trudgill, Peter 1999a, ‘A Southern Hemisphere East Anglian: New Zealand English as a resource for the study of 19th century British English’, in Carls, Uwe and Lucko, Peter (eds.), Form, Function and Variation in English: Studies in Honour of Klaus Hansen, Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 169–74

Trudgill, Peter 1999b, ‘A window on the past: “colonial lag” and New Zealand evidence for the phonology of 19th-century English’, American Speech 74: 227–39Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter 1999c, ‘New-dialect formation and dedialectalization: embryonic and vestigial variants’, Journal of English Linguistics 27.4: 319–27CrossRef Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter 1999d, The Dialects of England, 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell

Trudgill, Peter 2001, ‘On the irrelevance of prestige, stigma and identity in the development of New Zealand English phonology’, New Zealand English Journal 15: 42–6Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter, Elizabeth, Gordon, and Gillian, Lewis 1998, ‘New dialect formation and Southern Hemisphere English: the New Zealand short front vowels’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 2.1: 35–51CrossRef Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter, Elizabeth, Gordon, Gillian, Lewis, and Margaret, Maclagan 2000a, ‘Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English’, Journal of Linguistics 36: 299–318CrossRef Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter, Elizabeth, Gordon, Gillian, Lewis, and Margaret, Maclagan 2000b, ‘The role of drift in the formation of native-speaker Southern Hemisphere Englishes: some New Zealand evidence’, Diachronica 17: 111–38CrossRef Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter and Hannah, Jean 1982 International English: A Guide to Varieties of Standard English [4th ed. 2002], London: Edward Arnold

Trudgill, Peter, Margaret, Maclagan, and Gillian, Lewis 2003, ‘Linguistic archaeology: the Scottish input to New Zealand English phonology’, Journal of English LinguisticsCrossRef Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter, Daniel, Schreier, Daniel, Long, and Williams, Jeffrey P. in press, ‘On the reversibility of mergers: /w/, /v/ and evidence from lesser-known Englishes’, Folia Linguistica HistoricaGoogle Scholar

Turner, George W. 1960, ‘On the origin of Australian vowel sounds’, Journal of the Australasian Universities Modern Language Association 13: 33–45CrossRef Google Scholar

Turner, George W. 1966, The English Language in Australia and New Zealand, London: Longmans

Turner, George W. 1967, ‘Samuel McBurney's newspaper article on colonial pronunciation’, Journal of the Australasian Universities Modern Language Association 27: 81–5CrossRef Google Scholar

Turner, George W. 1970, ‘New Zealand English today’, in Ramson 1970: 84–101

Turner, George W. 1994, ‘English in Australia’, in Burchfield 1994b: 277–327

United States War and Navy Department 1944, A Short Guide to New Zealand, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, reprinted in New Zealand English Newsletter 5, 1991: 42–4

Bergem, Dick R. 1993, ‘Acoustic vowel reduction as a function of sentence accent, word stress and word class’, Speech Communication 12: 1–23CrossRef Google Scholar

Venables, William N. and Ripley, Brian D. 1994, Modern Applied Statistics with S-Plus, New York: Springer-Verlag

Wall, Arnold 1936, The Mother Tongue in New Zealand, Dunedin: Reed

Wall, Arnold 1939, New Zealand English: How it Should be Spoken, Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs

Wall, Arnold 1951a, ‘New Zealand English’, in Partridge and Clark 1951: 90–1

Wall, Arnold 1951b, ‘The Way I Have Come’, Radio broadcast recording held in the Radio New Zealand Sound Archives, Christchurch. Transcription by Elizabeth Gordon

Wall, Arnold 1958, The Queen's English, Christchurch: Pegasus Press

Wall, Arnold 1959, New Zealand English: A Guide to the Correct Pronunciation of English, with Special Reference to New Zealand Conditions and Problems, 3rd enlarged ed. [1939], Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs

Wall, Arnold 1964, The Jeweller's Window — Some Notes and Reflections on the Ways of Words and Men, Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs

Wall, Arnold 1966, ‘New Zealand speech’, in McLintock A. H. (ed.), An Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Vol. 2, Wellington: Government Printer, pp. 677–80

Ward, A. 1952, Some Problems in the English Orthoepists 1750–1809, unpublished BLitt thesis, University of Oxford

Watson, Catherine, Jonathan, Harrington, and Zoe, Evans 1998, ‘An acoustic comparison between New Zealand and Australian English vowels’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 18: 185–207CrossRef Google Scholar

Watson, Catherine, Margaret, Maclagan, and Jonathan, Harrington 2000, ‘Acoustic evidence for vowel change in New Zealand English’, Language Variation and Change 12: 51–68CrossRef Google Scholar

Wells, John C. 1982, Accents of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Wells, John C. 1994, ‘The Cockneyfication of RP?’, in Melchers, Gunnel and Johannesson, Nils-Lennart (eds.), Nonstandard Varieties of Language, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, pp. 198–205

Whalen, Douglas 1991, ‘Infrequent words are longer in duration than frequent words’, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90: 2311CrossRef Google Scholar

Whitney, William Dwight 1904, Language and the Study of Language: Twelve Lectures on the Principles of Language Science, 6th ed., New York: Charles Scribner & Co.

Williams, Ann and Kerswill, Paul 1999, ‘Dialect level/ing: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull’, in Foulkes and Docherty 1999: 141–62

Wolfram, Walt and Daniel, Beckett 2000, ‘The role of individual differences in Earlier African American Vernacular English’, American Speech 75: 1–30CrossRef Google Scholar

Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie 1998, American English: Dialects and Variation, Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 94–6

Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie forthcoming, ‘Remnant dialects in the coastal United States’, in Hickey forthcoming

Wolfram, Walt and Jason, Sellers 1999, ‘Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English’, Journal of English Linguistics 27: 94–114CrossRef Google Scholar

Wolfram, Walt and Thomas, Erik R. 2002, The Development of African American English, Oxford: Blackwell

Wolfram, Walt, Hazen, Kirk, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie 1999, Dialect Change and Maintenance on the Outer Banks, American Dialect Society no. 81, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press

Wolfram, Walt, Erik, Thomas, and Elaine, Green 2000, ‘The regional context of Earlier African-American speech: evidence for reconstructing the development of AAE’, Language in Society 29: 315–55CrossRef Google Scholar

Woods, Nicola 1997, ‘The formation and development of New Zealand English: interaction of gender-related variation and language change’, Journal of Sociolinguistics 1.1: 95–125CrossRef Google Scholar

Woods, Nicola 2000a, ‘Archaism and innovation in New Zealand English’, English World-Wide 21: 109–50CrossRef Google Scholar

Woods, Nicola 2000b, ‘New Zealand English across the generations: an analysis of selected vowel and consonant variables’, in Bell and Kuiper 2000: 84–110

Woods, Nicola 2001, ‘Internal and external dimensions of language change: the great divide? Evidence from New Zealand English’, Linguistics 39.5: 973–1007Google Scholar

Wright, Joseph 1905, The English Dialect Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press

Wright, Richard 1997, ‘Lexical competition and reduction in speech: a preliminary report’, in Research on Spoken Language Processing, Progress report no. 21, Bloomington: Indiana University, pp. 471–83

Wyld, Henry Cecil 1914, A Short History of English, 3rd ed., reprinted 1929, London: John Murray

Wyld, Henry Cecil 1936, History of Modern Colloquial English, 3rd ed. [1920], Oxford: Blackwell

Yaeger-Dror, Malcah 1994, ‘Sound change in Montreal French’, in Keating, Patricia (ed.), Phonological Structure and Phonetic Form, Papers in Laboratory Phonology 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–92

Yaeger-Dror, Malcah 1996, ‘Phonetic evidence for the evolution of lexical classes: the case of a Montreal French vowel shift’, in Guy, Gregory, Feagin, Crawford, Baugh, John, and Schiffrin, Deborah (eds.), Towards a Social Science of Language, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 263–87

Yaeger-Dror, Malach and William, Kemp 1992, ‘Lexical classes in Montreal French (Eː)’, Language and Speech 35.3: 251–93CrossRef Google Scholar

Yallop, Colin 2000, ‘A. G. Mitchell and the development of Australian pronunciation’, in Blair, David and Collins, Peter (eds.), English in Australia, Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Yoneda, Masato 1993, ‘Survey of standardization in Tsuruoka City, Japan: Comparison of results from three surveys conducted at twenty-year intervals’, Paper presented at Methods 8: International Conference in Dialectology, University of Victoria, British Columbia

Zelinsky, Wilbur 1992, The Cultural Geography of the United States: A Revised Edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall