Functions of aminergic and peptidergic skeletal motoneurones in insects

Summary

Introduction: identifiable insect skeletal mononeurones and why they are important

Insect skeletal muscle is innervated by monopolar motoneurones in the segmental ganglia of the CNS which send motor axons to specific muscle targets. The specificity of muscle innervation allows us to identify motoneurones uniquely by their target muscles. Motoneurones innervating particular muscles have a characteristic position and morphology in the central nervous system, and these characteristics can also be used to identify them. An example is provided by the slow coxal depressor or Ds motoneurone of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. This neurone, as its name suggests, innvervates coxal depressor muscles and it has an invariant position and morphology. It is one of perhaps 5 motoneurones involved in the innervation of the coxal depressors. In addition to being identifiable, skeletal motoneurones innervating particular muscles in insects are few in number (in contrast to vertebrate muscle innervation for example). Thus the large extensor muscle of the locust tibia, the extensor tibialis muscle, is innervated by only 4 motor cells, each of which has been identified (see below). The identifiability of insect motorneurones and their small number have combined to make insect neuromuscular systems important model preparations.

The simplicity of insect neuromuscular systems has obvious advantages for the study of muscle physiology in these organisms. Insect motor neurones differ from the classical vertebrate model by using multiple transmitters. This feature has allowed us to study fundamental aspects of synaptic physiology, pharmacology and neuronal function which perhaps could not be studied as conveniently in other organisms.