Book contents
- Natural Science and Indigenous Knowledge
- Natural Science and Indigenous Knowledge
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1 What Do Indigenous People Have to Tell Us about the Cultural Landscapes They Have Created?
- 2 Reintegrating Cultural and Natural Landscapes
- 3 “My Uncle Was Resting His Country”: Dene Kinship and Insights into the More Distant Past
- 4 Native American Science in a Living Universe: A Paiute Perspective
- 5 “To Get More Harvest”
- 6 Hunting and Trapping in the Americas: The Assessment and Projection of Harvest on Wildlife Populations
- 7 On Fire and Water: The Intersection of Wetlands and Burning Strategies in Managing the Anthropogenic Plant Communities of Yosemite National Park
- 8 Indigenous Knowledge and the Kindergarten to Twelfth-Grade Science Classroom
- Index
- References
3 - “My Uncle Was Resting His Country”: Dene Kinship and Insights into the More Distant Past
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 April 2024
By
Book contents
- Natural Science and Indigenous Knowledge
- Natural Science and Indigenous Knowledge
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- 1 What Do Indigenous People Have to Tell Us about the Cultural Landscapes They Have Created?
- 2 Reintegrating Cultural and Natural Landscapes
- 3 “My Uncle Was Resting His Country”: Dene Kinship and Insights into the More Distant Past
- 4 Native American Science in a Living Universe: A Paiute Perspective
- 5 “To Get More Harvest”
- 6 Hunting and Trapping in the Americas: The Assessment and Projection of Harvest on Wildlife Populations
- 7 On Fire and Water: The Intersection of Wetlands and Burning Strategies in Managing the Anthropogenic Plant Communities of Yosemite National Park
- 8 Indigenous Knowledge and the Kindergarten to Twelfth-Grade Science Classroom
- Index
- References
Summary
Although many might situate the most important traditional Indigenous knowledge in the realm of perceptive ecological awareness, there is a compelling argument to be made that there was a more critical, underlying realm of knowledge. As important as traditional ecological knowledge and effective, naturally sustained technologies were, the sophisticated knowledge involving kinship can legitimately be regarded as the critical factor that made possible the rich and complex history of at least 14,000 years of Indigenous life in the Americas. In settings like the Great Basin or boreal forest, extensive webs of kin relationships were essential in ensuring human presence throughout the millennia. Here, I sketch a profile of what can be learned from Dene (Athapaskan) kinship, so responsive in managing not just Subarctic but a wide range of environments in western North America. A “thought model” derived from Dene kin principles is helpful in grasping the unusual circumstances that founding Indigenous populations encountered once they had departed Pleistocene Beringia for a Western hemisphere entirely without human inhabitants: an epic human journey. Such thought models can, with judicious use, intersect with rapidly unfolding genetic and archaeological findings and thereby be applied to further our understanding of the dawn of Indigenous presence in the Americas.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Natural Science and Indigenous KnowledgeThe Americas Experience, pp. 32 - 106Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
Achilli, A., Perego, U. A., Lancioni, H., et al. (2013). Reconciling migration models to the Americas with the variation of North American native mitogenomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(35), 14308–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahler, S. A. (1986). Knife River Flint Quarries: Excavations at Site 32DU508. Bismarck, ND: State Historical Society of North Dakota.Google Scholar
Allen, N. J. (1998). The prehistory of Dravidian-type kin terminologies. In Godelier, M., Trautmann, T. R., and Fat, F., eds., Transformations of Kinship. Washington, DC, and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 314–41.Google Scholar
Allen, N. J. (2008). Tetradic theory and the origin of human kinship systems. In Allen, N. J., Calan, H., Dunbar, R., and James, W., eds., Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction. Oxford, UK: Royal Anthropological Institute/Blackwell Publishing, pp. 96–112.Google Scholar
Amick, D. S. (2004). A possible ritual cache of Great Basin Stemmed Bifaces from the Terminal Pleistocene-Early Holocene occupation of NW Nevada, USA. Lithic Technology, 29(4), 119–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amick, D. S. (2017). Evolving views on the Pleistocene colonization of North America. Quaternary International, 431, 125–51.Google Scholar
Ammerman, A. J. (1975). Late Pleistocene population dynamics: an alternative view. Human Ecology, 3(4), 219–33.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. G. and Gillam, J. C. (2000). Paleoindian colonization of the Americas: implications from an examination of physiography, demography, and artifact distribution. American Antiquity, 65(1), 43–66.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. G. and Gillam, J. C. (2001). Paleoindian interaction and mating networks: reply to Moore and Moseley. American Antiquity, 66(3), 526–9.Google Scholar
Asch, M. I. (1980). Steps toward the analysis of Athapaskan social organization. Arctic Anthropology, 17(2), 46–51.Google Scholar
Asch, M. I. (1988). Kinship and the Drum Dance in a Northern Dene Community. The Circumpolar Research Series. Edmonton, AB: The Boreal Institute for Northern Studies and Academic Printing and Publishing.Google Scholar
Asch, M. I. (1998). Kinship and Dravidianate logic: some implications for understanding power, politics and social life in a northern Dene community. In Godelier, M., Trautmann, T. R., and Fat, F. T. S., eds., Transformations of Kinship, the Round Table: Dravidian, Iroquois and Crow-Omaha Kinship Systems. Washington, DC, and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 140–9.Google Scholar
Beck, C. and Jones, G. T. (2010). Clovis and Western Stemmed: population migration and the meeting of two technologies in the Intermountain West. American Antiquity, 75(1), 81–116.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. R., Bustos, D., Pigati, J. S., et al. (2021). Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 373(6562), 1528–31.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. (2001). Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter-gatherer and Environmental Data Sets. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Boulanger, M. T., Buchanan, B., O’Brien, M. J., et al. (2015). Neutron activation analysis of 12,900-year-old stone artifacts confirms 450–510+ km Clovis tool-stone acquisition at Paleo Crossing (33ME274), northeast Ohio, U.S.A. Journal of Archaeological Science, 53, 550–8.Google Scholar
Bourgeon, L. (2021). Revisiting the mammoth bone modifications from Bluefish Caves (YT, Canada). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 37, 102969.Google Scholar
Bourgeon, L. and Burke, A. (2021). Horse exploitation by Beringian hunters during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 269, 107140.Google Scholar
Bourgeon, L., Burke, A., Higham, T., and Hart, J. P. (2017). Earliest human presence in North America dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: new radiocarbon dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLOS One, 12(1), e0169486.Google Scholar
Bradley, B. A. and Collins, M. B. (2013). Imagining Clovis as a revitalization movement. In Graf, K. E., Ketron, C. V., and Waters, M. R., eds., Paleoamerican Odyssey. College Station, TX: Peopling of the Americas Publications, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A & M University, pp. 247–55.Google Scholar
Brown, C. T., Liebovitch, L. S., and Glendon, R. (2007). Lévy flights in Dobe Ju/’hoansi foraging patterns. Human Ecology, 35(1), 129–38.Google Scholar
Buchanan, B. (2003). The effects of sample bias on Paleoindian Fluted Point recovery in the United States. North American Archaeologist, 24(4), 311–38.Google Scholar
Buchanan, B. and Hamilton, M. J. (2009). A formal test of the origin of variation in North American early Paleoindian points. American Antiquity, 74(2), 279–98.Google Scholar
Buvit, I., Rasic, J. T., and Izuho, M. (2022). Archaeological evidence shows widespread human depopulation of Last Glacial Maximum Northeast Asia. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 14(7), 1–11.Google Scholar
Buvit, I., Rasic, J. T., Kuehn, S. R., and Hedman, W. H. (2019). Fluted projectile points in a stratified context at the Raven Bluff site document a late arrival of Paleoindian technology in northwest Alaska. Geoarchaeology, 34(1), 3–14.Google Scholar
Cannon, M. D. and Meltzer, D. J. (2022). Forager mobility, landscape learning and the peopling of Late Pleistocene North America. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 65, 101398.Google Scholar
Clark, J., Carlson, A. E., Reyes, A. V., et al. (2022). The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(14), e2118558119.Google Scholar
Coutouly, Y. A. G. and Holmes, C. E. (2018). The microblade industry from Swan Point Cultural Zone 4b: technological and cultural implications from the earliest human occupation in Alaska. American Antiquity, 83(4), 735–52.Google Scholar
Coutouly, Y. A. G. and Ponkratova, I. Y. (2016). The Late Pleistocene microblade component of Ushki Lake (Kamchatka, Russian Far East). PaleoAmerica, 2(4), 303–31.Google Scholar
Crassard, R., Charpentier, V., McCorriston, J., et al. (2020). Fluted point technology in Neolithic Arabia: an independent invention far from the Americas. PLOS One, 15(8), e0236314.Google Scholar
Dalton, A. S., Stokes, C. R., and Batchelor, C. L. (2022). Evolution of the Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (115 ka to 25 ka). Earth-Science Reviews, 224, 103875.Google Scholar
Damas, D. (1969). Contributions to Anthropology: Band Societies. Bulletin 228, Anthropological Series 84. Ottawa, ON: National Museum of Canada.Google Scholar
Dawe, R. J. (2013). A review of the Cody Complex in Alberta. In Knell, E. J. and Muñiz, M. P., eds., Paleoindian Lifeways of the Cody Complex. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, pp. 144–87.Google Scholar
Devièse, T., StaffordJr, T. W., Waters, M. R., et al. (2018). Increasing accuracy for the radiocarbon dating of sites occupied by the first Americans. Quaternary Science Reviews, 198, 171–80.Google Scholar
Dikov, N. N. and Titov, E. E. (1984). Problems of the stratification and periodization of the Ushki sites. Arctic Anthropology, 21(2), 69–80.Google Scholar
Driver, J. C., Handly, M., Fladmark, K. R., et al. (1996). Stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating and culture history of Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia. Arctic, 49(3), 265–77.Google Scholar
Dumont, L. (1953). The Dravidian kinship terminology as an expression of marriage. Man (New Series), 54, 34–9.Google Scholar
Eggan, F. (1955a). The Cheyenne and Arapaho kinship system. In Eggan, F., ed., Social Anthropology of North American Tribes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 35–95.Google Scholar
Eggan, F. (1955b). Social anthropology: methods and results. In Eggan, F., ed., Social Anthropology of North American Tribes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 485–551.Google Scholar
Eggan, F. (1980). Shoshone kinship structures and their significance for anthropological theory. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society, 11(2), 165–93.Google Scholar
Ellis, C. (2011). Measuring Paleoindian range mobility and land-use in the Great Lakes/Northeast. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 30(3), 385–401.Google Scholar
Erlandson, J. M., Graham, M. H., Bourque, B. J., et al. (2007). The kelp highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island Coastal Archaeology, 2(2), 161–74.Google Scholar
Esdale, J. A., Le Blanc, R. J. and Cinq-Mars, J. (2001). Periglacial geoarchaeology at the Dog Creek Site, northern Yukon. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, 16(2), 151–76.Google Scholar
Fagundes, N. J., Tagliani-Ribeiro, A., Rubicz, R., et al. (2018). How strong was the bottleneck associated to the peopling of the Americas? New insights from multilocus sequence data. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 41(1, suppl), 206–14.Google Scholar
Fedje, D. W., White, J. M., Wilson, M. C., et al. (1995). Vermilion Lakes site: adaptations and environments in the Canadian Rockies during the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene. American Antiquity, 60 (1), 81–108.Google Scholar
Fiedel, S. J. (2022). Initial human colonization of the Americas, redux. Radiocarbon, 64(4), 845–97.Google Scholar
Frison, G. C. and Bradley, B. A. (1999). The Fenn Cache: Clovis Weapons & Tools. Santa Fe, NM: One Horse Land & Cattle Company.Google Scholar
Gannon, M. I. (2019). The knotty question of when humans made the Americas home. Sapiens Anthropology Magazine. www.sapiens.org/archaeology/native-american-migration/.Google Scholar
Gingerich, J. A. M. (2011). Down to seeds and stones: a new look at the subsistence remains from Shawnee-Minisink. American Antiquity, 76(1), 127–44.Google Scholar
Gingerich, J. A. M., Sholts, S. B., Wärmländer, S. K. T. S. and Stanford, D. (2014). Fluted point manufacture in eastern North America: an assessment of form and technology using traditional metrics and 3D digital morphometrics. World Archaeology, 46(1), 101–22.Google Scholar
Goddard, P. E. (1916). The Beaver Indians. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 10, 202–93.Google Scholar
Godelier, M., Trautmann, T. R., and Fat, F. E. T. S. (1998). Transformations of Kinship. Washington, DC, and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Grugni, V., Raveane, A., Ongaro, L., et al. (2019). Analysis of the human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q characterizes ancient population movements in Eurasia and the Americas. BMC Biology, 17(1), 1–14.Google Scholar
Gruhn, R. and Bryan, A. (2011). A current view of the initial peopling of the Americas. In Vialou, D., ed., Peuplements et Préhistoire en Amériques. Paris: Éditions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientific, pp. 17–30.Google Scholar
Guthrie, R. D. (1990). Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hage, P. (2003). The ancient Maya kinship system. Journal of Anthropological Research, 59(1), 5–21.Google Scholar
Hage, P., Milicic, B., Mixco, M., and Nichols, M. J. P. (2004). The proto-Numic kinship system. Journal of Anthropological Research, 60(3), 359–77.Google Scholar
Halffman, C. M., Potter, B. A., McKinney, H. J., et al. (2020). Ancient Beringian paleodiets revealed through multiproxy stable isotope analyses. Science Advances, 6(36), eabc1968.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. J., Milne, B. T., Walker, R. S., Burger, O., and Brown, J. H. (2007). The complex structure of hunter-gatherer social networks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 2195–202.Google Scholar
Haynes, C. V. (2022). Evidence of humans at White Sands National Park during the Last Glacial Maximum could actually be for Clovis people. PaleoAmerica, 8(2), 95–8.Google Scholar
Hazelwood, L. and Steele, J. (2003). Colonizing new landscapes: archaeological detectability of the first phase. In Rockman, M. and Steele, J., eds., Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes: The Archaeology of Adaptation. New York: Routledge, pp. 203–21.Google Scholar
Hebda, C. F.G., McLaren, D., Mackie, Q., et al. (2022). Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironments and a possible glacial refugium on northern Vancouver Island, Canada: evidence for the viability of early human settlement on the northwest coast of North America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 279, 107388.Google Scholar
Heintzman, P. D., Froese, D., Ives, J. W., et al. (2016). Bison phylogeography constrains dispersal and viability of the Ice Free Corridor in western Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(29), 8057–63.Google Scholar
Helm, J. (1961). The Lynx Point People: The Dynamics of a Northern Athapaskan Band. Bulletin 176, Anthropological Series 53. Ottawa, ON: National Museum of Canada.Google Scholar
Helm, J. (1965). Bilaterality in the socio-territorial organization of the Arctic Drainage Dene. Ethnology, 4(4), 361–85.Google Scholar
Highway, T. (2022). Permanent Astonishment: Growing Up Cree in the Land of Snow and Sky. Toronto, ON: Anchor Canada.Google Scholar
Hill, K. R., Walker, R. S., Božičević, M., et al. (2011). Co-residence patterns in hunter-gatherer societies show unique human social structure. Science, 331(6022), 1286–9.Google Scholar
Hlusko, L. J., Carlson, J. P., Chaplin, G., et al. (2018). Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), E4426–32.Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F. (1964). The Proto Central Algonkian kinship system. In Goodenough, W. H., eds., Explorations in Cultural Anthropology. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Book Company, pp. 239–57.Google Scholar
Hoffecker, J. F. and Hoffecker, I. T. (2017). Technological complexity and the global dispersal of modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 26(6), 285–99.Google Scholar
Hoffecker, J., Pitulko, V., and Pavlova, E. (2022). Beringia and the settlement of the Western Hemisphere. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 67(3): 882–909. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.313.Google Scholar
Holen, S. R. and Holen, K. (2013). The mammoth steppe hypothesis: the Middle Wisconsin (Oxygen Isotope Stage 3) peopling of North America. In Graf, K. E., Ketron, C. V., and Waters, M. R., eds., Paleoamerican Odyssey. College Station, TX: Peopling of the Americas Publications, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A & M University, pp. 429–44.Google Scholar
Hughes, R. E. (1990). X-ray fluorescence analysis of obsidian from the Fenn Cache, Wyoming. Unpublished manuscript in possession of the author.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (1990). A Theory of Northern Athapaskan Prehistory. Boulder, CO, and Calgary, AB: Westview Press/University of Calgary Press.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (1998). Developmental processes in the pre-contact history of Athapaskan, Algonquian and Numic kin systems. In Godelier, M., Trautmann, T. R., and Fat, F., eds., Transformations of Kinship. Washington, DC, and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 94–139.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (2006). 13,001 years ago – human beginnings in Alberta. In Payne, M., Wetherell, D., and Cavanaugh, C., eds., Alberta Formed – Alberta Transformed, Vol. 1. Calgary/Edmonton, AB: University of Calgary/University of Alberta Presses, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (2015). Kinship, demography and paleoindian modes of colonization: some western Canadian perspectives. In Frachetti, M. D. and Spengler, R. N. III, eds.,Mobility and Ancient Society in Asia and the Americas. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 127–56.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (2021a). A Canadian perspective on later Paleoindian technocomplexes and emerging genetic data. Paper presented to the 86th Annual Meeting, Society of American Archaeology, April 15–17, 2021.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (2021b). Stemmed points and the ice-free corridor. Paper presented to the Canadian Archaeological Association Virtual Meetings, May 5–7, 2021.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (2022). Seeking congruency – search images, archaeological records, and Apachean origins. In Ives, J. W. and Janetski, J. C., eds., Holes in Our Moccasins, Holes in Our Stories. New Insights into Apachean Origins from the Promontory, Franktown, and Dismal River Archaeological Records. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, pp. 27–42.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W. (submitted). Intersecting worlds in Denendeh: reflections on nascent anthropology, the fur trade and Dene kinship. Paper submitted for University of Alberta Press volume celebrating the work of Michael I. Asch.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W., Froese, D., Collins, M., and Brock, F. (2014). Radiocarbon and protein analyses indicate an Early Holocene age for the bone rod from Grenfell, Saskatchewan, Canada. American Antiquity 79(4), 782–93.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W., Froese, D., Supernant, K., and Yanicki, G. (2013). Vectors, vestiges and Valhallas – rethinking the corridor. In Graf, K. E., Ketron, C. V., and Waters, M. R., eds., Paleoamerican Odyssey. College Station, TX: Peopling of the Americas Publications, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A & M University, pp. 149–69.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W., Rice, S., and Vajda, E. J. (2010). Dene-Yeniseian and processes of deep change in kin terminologies. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 5, 223–56.Google Scholar
Ives, J. W., Yanicki, G., Lakevold, C., and Supernant, K. (2019). Confluences: fluted points in the Ice-Free Corridor. PaleoAmerica, 5(2), 143–56.Google Scholar
Jaouen, K., Villalba-Moucoc, V., Smith, G. M., et al. (2022). A Neandertal dietary conundrum: Insights provided by tooth enamel Zn isotopes from Gabasa, Spain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(43), e2109315119.Google Scholar
Johnston, G. (1982). Organizational structure and scalar stress. In Renfrew, C., Rowlands, M., and Segrave, B., eds., Theory and Explanation in Archaeology. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 389–421.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. L. and Todd, L. C. (1988). Coming into the country: early Paleoindian hunting and mobility. American Antiquity, 53(2), 231–44.Google Scholar
Kitchen, A., Miyamoto, M. M. and Mulligan, C. J. (2008). A three-stage colonization model for the peopling of the Americas. PLOS One, 3(2), e1596.Google Scholar
Klein, R. G. (1973). Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kobe, F., Leipe, C., Shchetnikov, A. A., et al. (2021). Not herbs and forbs alone: pollen‐based evidence for the presence of boreal trees and shrubs in Cis‐Baikal (Eastern Siberia) derived from the Last Glacial Maximum sediment of Lake Ochaul. Journal of Quaternary Science, 37(5), 868–83.Google Scholar
Krauss, M. E. (1977). The Proto-Athabaskan and Eyak kinship term system. Unpublished manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archive. www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA961K1977b.Google Scholar
Kristensen, T., Moffat, E., Duke, J. M., et al. (2018). Identifying Knife River flint in Alberta: a silicified lignite toolstone from North Dakota. Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper, 38, 1–24.Google Scholar
Lalueza-Fox, C., Rosas, A., Estalrrich, A., et al. (2011). Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(1), 250–3.Google Scholar
Lee, R. B. and DeVore, I. (1966). Man the Hunter. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Lesnek, A. J., Briner, J. P., Baichtal, J. F., and Lyles, A. S. (2020). New constraints on the last deglaciation of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in coastal Southeast Alaska. Quaternary Research, 96, 140–60.Google Scholar
Lesnek, A. J., Briner, J. P., Lindqvist, C., Baichtal, J. F., and Heaton, T. H. (2018). Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas. Science Advances, 4(5), eaar5040.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969 [orig. 1949]). The Elementary Structures of Kinship. New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lewis, M. A. and Kareiva, P. (1993). Allee dynamics and the spread of invading organisms. Theoretical Population Biology, 43(2), 141–58.Google Scholar
Loebel, T, J. (2009). Withington (47Gt158): A Clovis/Gainey campsite in Grant County, Wisconsin. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 34(2), 223–48.Google Scholar
Lohse, J. C. (2010). Evidence for learning and skill transmission in Clovis blade production and core maintenance. In Bradley, B. A., Collins, M. B., Hemmings, A., Shoberg, M., and Lohse, J. C., eds. Clovis Technology, Archaeological Series 17. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory, pp. 157–76.Google Scholar
MacDonald, G. M. and McLeod, T. K. (1996). The Holocene closing of the “Ice-Free” Corridor: a biogeographical perspective. Quaternary International, 32, 87–95.Google Scholar
MacNeish, J. H. (1960). Kin terms of the Arctic drainage Dene: Hare, Slavey, Chipewyan. American Anthropologist, 62(2), 279–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, X., Zhang, H., Qiao, S., et al. (2021). The deep population history of northern East Asia from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Cell, 184(12), 3256–66.Google Scholar
Margold, M., Gosse, J. C., Hidy, A. J., et al. (2019). Beryllium-10 dating of the Foothills Erratics Train in Alberta, Canada, indicates detachment of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Rocky Mountains at ∼15 ka. Quaternary Research, 92(2), 1–14.Google Scholar
Mason, O. K. (2020). The Thule migrations as an analog for the early peopling of the Americas: evaluating scenarios of overkill, trade, climate forcing, and scalar stress. PaleoAmerica, 6(4), 308–56.Google Scholar
McClellan, C. (1975). My Old People Say: An Ethnographic Survey of Southern Yukon Territory, Publications in Ethnology Number 6. Ottawa, ON: National Museum of Man.Google Scholar
Means, B. K. (2007). Circular Villages of the Monongahela Tradition. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. (1989). Why don’t we know when the first people came to North America? American Antiquity, 54, 471–90.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. (2002). What do you do when no one’s been there before? Thoughts on the exploration and colonization of new lands. In Jablonski, N., eds., The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences. University of California Press, pp. 27–58.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. (2003). Lessons in landscape learning. In Rockman, M. and Steele, J., eds., The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes: The Archaeology of Adaptation. London: Routledge, pp. 222–41.Google Scholar
Meltzer, D. J. (2021). First Peoples in a New World: Populating Ice Age America, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Menéndez, L. P., Paul, K. S., de la Fuente, C., et al. (2022). Towards an interdisciplinary perspective for the study of human expansions and biocultural diversity in the Americas. Evolutionary Anthropology, 31(2), 62–8.Google Scholar
Moore, J. H. (2001). Evaluating five models of human colonization. American Anthropologist, 103(2), 395–408.Google Scholar
Moore, J. H. and Moseley, M. E. (2001). How many frogs does it take to leap around the Americas? Comments on Anderson and Gillam. American Antiquity, 66(3), 526–9.Google Scholar
Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Potter, B. A., Vinner, L., et al. (2018a). Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans. Nature, 553(7687), 203–7.Google Scholar
Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Vinner, L., de Barros Damgaard, P., et al. (2018b). Early human dispersals within the Americas. Science, 362(6419), eaav2621.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. H. (1966). Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 218 (reprint of the 1871 edition). Oosterhaut, Netherlands: Anthropological Publications.Google Scholar
Morlan, R. E. (2003). Current perspectives on the Pleistocene archaeology of eastern Beringia. Quaternary Research, 60(1), 123–32.Google Scholar
Morse, D. F. (1997). Sloan: A Paleoindian Cemetery in Arkansas. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Moss, M. and Erlandson, J. (2013). Waterfowl and lunate crescents in western North America: the archaeology of the Pacific Flyway. Journal of World Prehistory, 26, 173–211.Google Scholar
National Park Service. (2021). White Sands National Park footprints offer a glimpse into the perilous life of a prehistoric mom and child. US National Parks Service. www.travel-experience-live.com/white-sands-national-park-footprints-fossilized-human-tracks/ (last accessed August 9, 2022).Google Scholar
Ning, C., Fernandes, D., Changmai, P., et al. (2020). The genomic formation of First American ancestors in East and Northeast Asia. BioRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.12.336628.Google Scholar
Norris, S. L., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Jansen, J. D., et al. (2021). Catastrophic drainage from the northwestern outlet of glacial Lake Agassiz during the Younger Dryas. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(15), e2021GL093919.Google Scholar
Norris, S. L., Tarasov, L., Monteath, A. J., et al. (2022). Rapid retreat of the southwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Bølling-Allerød interval. Geology, 50(4), 417–21.Google Scholar
O’Brien, M. J. (2019). More on Clovis learning: individual-level processes aggregate to form population-level patterns, PaleoAmerica, 5(2), 157–68.Google Scholar
Oviatt, C. G., Madsen, D. B., Rhode, D., and Davis, L. G. (2022). A critical assessment of claims that human footprints in the Lake Otero basin, New Mexico date to the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Research, 111, 138–47.Google Scholar
Pedersen, M. W., Ruter, A., Schweger, C., et al. (2016). Postglacial viability and colonization in North America’s ice-free corridor. Nature, 537(7618), 45–9.Google Scholar
Pigati, J. S., Springer, K. B., Holliday, V. T., et al. (2022). Reply to “Evidence for Humans at White Sands National Park during the Last Glacial Maximum could actually be or Clovis people ∼13,000 Years Ago” by C. Vance Haynes, Jr. PaleoAmerica, 8(2), 99–101.Google Scholar
Pigati, J. S., Springer, K. B., Honke, J. S., et al. (2023). Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands. Science, 382(6666), 1–3.Google Scholar
Pinotti, T., Bergström, A., Geppert, M., et al. (2019). Y chromosome sequences reveal a short Beringian standstill, rapid expansion, and early population structure of Native American founders. Current Biology, 29(1), 149–57.Google Scholar
Pitblado, B. L. (2021). On rehumanizing Pleistocene people of the Western Hemisphere. American Antiquity, 87(2), 217–35.Google Scholar
Pitulko, V., Nikolskiy, P. A., Basilyan, A., and Pavlova, E. Y. (2013). Human habitation in Arctic western Beringia prior to the LGM. In Graf, K. E., Ketron, C. V., and Waters, M. R., eds., Paleoamerican Odyssey. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, pp. 13–44.Google Scholar
Pitulko, V. V., Tikhonov, A. N., Pavlova, E. Y., et al. (2016). Early human presence in the Arctic: evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains. Science 351(6270), 260–3.Google Scholar
Potter, B. A., Baichtal, J. F., Beaudoin, A. B., et al. (2018). Current evidence allows multiple models for the peopling of the Americas. Science Advances, 4(8), eaat5473.Google Scholar
Prasciunas, M. M. (2011). Mapping Clovis: projectile points, behavior, and bias. American Antiquity, 76(1), 107–26.Google Scholar
Prasciunas, M. and Surovell, T. A. (2015). Reevaluating the duration of Clovis: the problem of non-representative radiocarbon dates age estimates for the duration of the Clovis complex. In Smallwood, A. M. and Jennings, T. A., eds., Clovis: On the Edge of a New Understanding. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, pp. 21–35.Google Scholar
Prüfer, K., Racimo, F., Patterson, N., et al. (2014). The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature, 505(7481), 43–9.Google Scholar
Pryor, A. J. E, Beresford-Jones, D. G., Dudin, A. E., et al. (2020). The chronology and function of a new circular mammoth-bone structure at Kostenki 11. Antiquity, 94(374), 323–41.Google Scholar
Raghavan, M., Skoglund, P., Graf, K. E., et al. (2014). Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature, 505(7481), 87–91.Google Scholar
Raghavan, M., Steinrücken, M., Harris, K., et al. (2015). Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science 349(6250), aab3884-1–10.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, M., Anzick, S. L., Waters, M. R., et al. (2014). The genome of a late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature 506(7487), 225–9.Google Scholar
Reich, D., Patterson, N., Campbell, D., et al. (2012). Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488(7411), 370–4.Google Scholar
Rhode, D., Smith, G. M., Dillingham, E., Kingrey, H. U., and George, N. D. (2022). The Nye Canyon Paleo site: an upper montane mixed fluted point, Clovis blade, and Western Stemmed Tradition assemblage in western Nevada. PaleoAmerica, 8(2), 115–29.Google Scholar
Ridington, R. (1968a). The environmental context of Beaver Indian behavior. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Ridington, R. (1968b). The medicine fight: an instrument of political process among the Beaver Indians. American Anthropologist, 70(6), 1152–60.Google Scholar
Ridington, R. (1969). Kin categories versus kin groups: a two section system without sections. Ethnology, 8(4), 460–7.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. S., Ort, J. C., Eldridge, W. A., Burke, A. L., and Pelletier, B. G. (2009). Paleoindian aggregation and social context at Bull Brook. American Antiquity, 74(3), 423–47.Google Scholar
Root, M. J. (1997). Production for exchange at the Knife River flint quarries, North Dakota. Lithic Technology, 22(1), 33–50.Google Scholar
Root, M. J., Knell, E. J., and Taylor, J. (2013). Cody Complex land use in western North Dakota and southern Saskatchewan. In Knell, E. J. and Muñiz, M. P., eds., Paleoindian Lifeways of the Cody Complex. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, pp. 121–43.Google Scholar
Rowe, T. B., StaffordJr, T. W., Fisher, D. C., et al. (2022). Human occupation of the North American Colorado Plateau 37,000 years ago. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 534.Google Scholar
Royer, T. C. and Finney, B. (2020). An oceanographic perspective on early human migrations to the Americas. Oceanography, 33(1), 32–41.Google Scholar
Savishinsky, J. S. (1974). The Trail of the Hare: Life and Stress in an Arctic Community. New York, NY: Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
Scheib, C. L., Li, H., Desai, T., et al. (2018). Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansion. Science, 360(6392), 1024–7.Google Scholar
Schroedl, A. R. (2021). The geographic origin of Clovis technology: insights from Clovis biface caches. Plains Anthropologist, 66(258), 120–48.Google Scholar
Seeman, M. F. (1994). Intercluster lithic patterning at Nobles Pond: a case for “disembedded” procurement among Early Paleoindian societies. American Antiquity, 59(2), 273–88.Google Scholar
Shoda, S., Lucquin, A., Yanshina, O., et al. (2020). Late Glacial hunter-gatherer pottery in the Russian Far East: indications of diversity in origins and use. Quaternary Science Reviews, 229, 106124.Google Scholar
Sholts, S. B., Gingerich, J. A. M., Schlager, S., Stanford, D. J., and Wärmländer, S. K. T. S. (2017). Tracing social interactions in Pleistocene North America via 3D model analysis of stone tool asymmetry. PLOS One, 12(7), e0179933.Google Scholar
Sholts, S. B., Stanford, D. J., Flores, L. M., and Wärmländer, S. K. T. S. (2012). Flake scar patterns of Clovis points analyzed with a new digital morphometrics approach: evidence for direct transmission of technological knowledge across early North America. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(9), 3018–26.Google Scholar
Sikora, M., Pitulko, V. V., Sousa, V. C., et al. (2019). The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Nature, 570(7760), 182–8.Google Scholar
Sikora, M., Seguin-Orlando, A., Sousa, V. C., et al. (2017). Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers. Science, 358(6363), 659–62.Google Scholar
Skov, L., Peyrégne, S., Popli, D., et al. (2022). Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals. Nature, 610(7932), 519–25.Google Scholar
Slimak, L., Zanolli, C., Higham, T., et al. (2022). Modern human incursion into Neanderthal territories 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France. Science Advances, 8(6), eabj9496.Google Scholar
Slobodin, R. (1962). Band organization of the Peel River Kutchin. Bulletin No. 179, Anthropological Series No. 55. Ottawa, ON: National Museum of Canada.Google Scholar
Slon, V., Mafessoni, F., Vernot, B., et al. (2018). The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature, 561(7721), 113–16.Google Scholar
Smith, G. M., Duke, D., Jenkins, D. L., et al. (2020). The Western stemmed tradition: problems and prospects in Paleoindian archaeology in the Intermountain West. PaleoAmerica, 6(1), 23–42.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L. (2019). The manufacture of Northern Fluted Points: a production sequence hypothesis. PaleoAmerica 5(2), 169–80.Google Scholar
Smith, H. L. and Goebel, T. (2018). Origins and spread of fluted-point technology in the Canadian ice-free corridor and eastern Beringia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(16), 4116–21.Google Scholar
Soffer, O. (1985). The Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Soffer, O. (1994). Ancestral lifeways in Eurasia – the Middle and Upper Paleolithic records. In Nitecki, M. H. and Nitecki, D. V., eds., Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans. New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 101–19.Google Scholar
Speth, J. D. (2010). The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat or Politics? New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Speth, J., Newlander, K., White, A., Lemke, A., and Anderson, L. (2013). Early Paleoindian big-game hunting in North America: provisioning or politics? Quaternary International, 285, 111–39.Google Scholar
Speth, J. D. and Spielmann, K. A. (1983). Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2(1), 1–31.Google Scholar
Spier, L. (1925). The distribution of kinship systems in North America. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, 1(2), 69–88.Google Scholar
Steele, J. (2009). Human dispersals: mathematical models and the archaeological record. Human Biology, 81(2–3), 121–40.Google Scholar
Stevenson, M. (1997). Inuit, Whalers, and Cultural Persistence: Structure in Cumberland Sound and Central Inuit Social Organization. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Storck, P. L. (2006). Journey to the Ice Age: Discovering an Ancient World. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Sun, J., Ma, P. C., Cheng, H. Z., et al. (2021). Post‐last glacial maximum expansion of Y‐chromosome haplogroup C2a‐L1373 in northern Asia and its implications for the origin of Native Americans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 174(2), 363–74.Google Scholar
Surovell, T. A., Allaun, S. A., Crass, B. A., et al. (2022). Late date of human arrival to North America: continental scale differences in stratigraphic integrity of pre-13,000 BP archaeological sites. PLOS One, 17(4), e0264092.Google Scholar
Surovell, T. A. and Waguespack, N. M. (2008). How many elephant kills are 14? Clovis mammoth and mastodon kills in context. Quaternary International, 191(1), 82–97.Google Scholar
Tamm, E., Kivisild, T., Reidla, M., et al. (2007). Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders. PLOS One, 2(9), e829.Google Scholar
Thomas, K. A., Story, B. A., Eren, M. I., et al. (2017). Explaining the origin of fluting in North American Pleistocene weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Science, 81, 23–30.Google Scholar
Tjon Sie Fat, F. E. (1998). On the formal analysis of “Dravidian,” “Iroquois,” and “Generational” varieties as nearly associative combinations. In Godelier, M., Trautmann, T. R., and Fat, F. E. T. S., eds., Transformations of Kinship. Washington, DC, and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 59–93.Google Scholar
Tournebize, R., Chu, G., and Moorjani, P. (2022). Reconstructing the history of founder events using genome-wide patterns of allele sharing across individuals. PLOS Genetics, 18(6), e1010243.Google Scholar
Trautmann, T. R. (2001). The whole history of kinship terminology in three chapters. Anthropological Theory, 1(2), 268–87.Google Scholar
Trautmann, T. R. and Barnes, R. H. (1998). “Dravidian,” “Iroquois,” and “Crow-Omaha” in North American perspective. In Godelier, M., Trautmann, T. R., and Fat, F. E. T. S., eds., Transformations of Kinship. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 27–58.Google Scholar
Turner, M. D., Zeller, E. J., Dreschoff, G. A., and Turner, J. C. (1999). Impact of ice-related plant nutrients on glacial margin environments. In Bonnichsen, R. and Turnmire, K. L., eds., Ice Age Peoples of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press for the Center for the Study of the First Americans.Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M. and d’Errico, F. (2006). Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(8), 1105–28.Google Scholar
Vickers, J. R. and Beaudoin, A. B, (1989). A limiting AMS date for the Cody Complex occupation at the Fletcher Site, Alberta, Canada. Plains Anthropologist, 34(125), 261–4.Google Scholar
Waters, M. R. (2019). Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans. Science 365(6449), eaat5447.Google Scholar
Waters, M. R. and StaffordJr, T. W. (2007). Redefining the age of Clovis: implications for the peopling of the Americas. Science, 315(5815), 1122–6.Google Scholar
Waters, M. R., StaffordJr, T. W., and Carlson, D. L. (2020). The age of Clovis – 13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P. Science Advances, 6(43), eaaz0455.Google Scholar
Waters, M. R., StaffordJr, T. W., Kooyman, B., and Hills, L. V. (2015). Late Pleistocene horse and camel hunting at the southern margin of the Ice-Free Corridor: reassessing the age of Wally’s Beach, Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(14), 4263–7.Google Scholar
Wei, L-H. , Wang, L-X. , Wen, S-Q. , et al. (2018). Paternal origin of Paleo-Indians in Siberia: insights from Y-chromosome sequences. European Journal of Human Genetics, 26(11), 1687–96.Google Scholar
Weinstock, J., Willerslev, E., Sher, A., et al. (2005). Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective. PLOS Biology, 3(8), e241.Google Scholar
Weiss, K. M. (1973). Demographic Models for Anthropology, Memoir 27. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology.Google Scholar
Whallon, R. (1989). Elements of cultural change in the later Paleolithic. In Mellars, P. and Stringer, C., eds., The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 433–54.Google Scholar
Whallon, R. (2006). Social networks and information: non-“utilitarian” mobility among hunter-gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 25(2), 259–70.Google Scholar
Wheeler, C. J. (1982). An inquiry into the Proto-Algonquian system of social classification and marriage: a possible system of symmetric prescriptive alliance in a Lake Forest Archaic Culture during the third millennium BC. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 13(2), 165–74.Google Scholar
White, J. M. and Mathewes, R. W. (1986). Postglacial vegetation and climatic change in the upper Peace River district, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64(10), 2305–18.Google Scholar
Whiteley, P. and McConvell, P. (2021). How Crow-Omaha skewing spreads. Journal of Anthropological Research, 77(4), 483–519.Google Scholar
Willerslev, E. and Meltzer, D. J. (2021). Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics. Nature, 594(7863), 356–64.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. M. (1974). Boundary conditions of Paleolithic social systems: a simulation approach. American Antiquity, 39(2), 147–78.Google Scholar
Wygal, B. T., Krasinski, K. E., Holmes, C. E., Crass, B. A. and Smith, K. M. (2022). Mammoth ivory rods in eastern Beringia: earliest in North America. American Antiquity, 87(1), 9–79.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by