Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:15:44.679Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 January 2023

Peter Siemund
Affiliation:
Universität Hamburg
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Multilingual Development
English in a Global Context
, pp. 254 - 282
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agustín-Llach, María del Pilar. 2019. The impact of bilingualism on the acquisition of an additional language: Evidence from lexical knowledge, lexical fluency, and (lexical) cross-linguistic influence. International Journal of Bilingualism 23(5), 888900.Google Scholar
Al-Issa, Ahmad. 2017. English as a medium of instruction and the endangerment of Arabic literacy: The case of the United Arab Emirates. Arab World English Journal 8(3), 317.Google Scholar
Al-Issa, Ahmad. 2021. Multilingualism, language management, and social diversity in the United Arab Emirates. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 116130.Google Scholar
Al-Issa, Ahmad & Dahan, Laila. 2011. Global English and endangered Arabic in the United Arab Emirates. In Al-Issa, Ahmad & Dahan, Laila (eds.) Global English and Arabic. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniou, Mark, Liang, Eric, Ettlinger, Marc & Wong, Patrick. 2015. The bilingual advantage in phonetic learning. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18(4), 683695.Google Scholar
Århammar, Nils. 2008. Das Nordfriesische, eine bedrohte Minderheitensprache in zehn Dialekten: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. In Munske, Horst Haider (ed.) Sterben die Dialekte aus? Vorträge am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 22.10.–10.12.2007. Erlangen/Nürnberg, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. urn:nbn:de:bvb:29-opus-9529 (accessed 11 July 2021).Google Scholar
Aronin, Larissa. 2005. Theoretical perspectives of trilingual education. The International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2005(171), 722.Google Scholar
Aronin, Larissa & Singleton, David. 2012. Multilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016a. Census of population and housing. General community profile. Sydney significant urban area. G13 Language spoken at home by proficiency in spoken English/language by sex. www.abs.gov.au/ (accessed 20 April 2021).Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016b. Census of population and housing. General community profile. Melbourne significant urban area. G13 Language spoken at home by proficiency in spoken English/language by sex. www.abs.gov.au/ (accessed 20 April 2021).Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016c. Census of population and housing. Australia. G13 Language spoken at home by proficiency in spoken English/language by sex. www.abs.gov.au/ (accessed 20 April 2021).Google Scholar
Aveledo, Fraibet, Higueras, Yolanda, Marinis, Theodoros, Bose, Arpita, Pliatsikas, Christos, Meldaña-Rivera, Ariana, Martínez-Ginés, María Luisa, García-Domínguez, José Manuel, Lozano-Ros, Alberto, Cuello, Juan Pablo & Goicochea-Briceño, Haydee. 2021. Multiple sclerosis and bilingualism. Some initial findings. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11(4), 551577.Google Scholar
Baker, Colin. 2011. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 2005. The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation. Journal of Linguistics 41(2), 237267.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 2015. The Making of Vernacular Singapore English: System, Transfer and Filter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 2021. The origins of Singapore English: A sociohistorical sketch. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 1937.Google Scholar
Bardel, Camilla. 2015. Lexical cross-linguistic influence in third language development. In Peukert, Hagen (ed.) Transfer Effects in Multilingual Language Development. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 111128.Google Scholar
Bardel, Camilla & Falk, Ylva. 2007. The role of the second language in third language acquisition: The case of Germanic syntax. Second Language Research 23(4), 459484.Google Scholar
Bardel, Camilla & Falk, Ylva. 2012. The L2 status factor and the declarative/procedural distinction. In Amaro, Jennifer Cabrelli, Flynn, Suzanne & Rothman, Jason (eds.) Third Language Acquisition in Adulthood. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 6178.Google Scholar
Baugh, Albert Croll & Cable, Thomas. 2002. A History of the English Language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung, Hamburg. 2020. Schuljahreserhebung, Schuljahr 2019/20. Version: 1.0.0. Das Institut für Bildungsmonitoring und Qualitätsentwicklung. Dataset. www.hamburg.de/bsb/ifbq/ (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung, Hamburg. 2021. Herkunftssprachenunterricht. Regelungen und Umsetzungshinweise für den Herkunftssprachenunterricht (HSU) in Hamburg. www.hamburg.de/contentblob/14666512/ce646698551635b4527073e7ab6d7583/data/rahmenvorgaben.pdf (accessed 3 September 2021).Google Scholar
Berkes, Éva & Flynn, Suzanne. 2012. Further evidence in support of the cumulative-enhancement model. In Cabrelli, Jennifer, Flynn, Suzanne & Rothman, Jason (eds.) Third Language Acquisition in Adulthood. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 143164.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Basil. 1971. Class, Codes and Control: Volume 1. Theoretical Studies toward a Sociology of Education. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Berry, John. 1997. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46(1), 568.Google Scholar
Berthele, Raphael. 2019. Policy recommendations for language learning: Linguists’ contributions between scholarly debates and pseudoscience. Journal of the European Second Language Association 3(1), 111.Google Scholar
Berthele, Raphael. 2021. The extraordinary ordinary: Re-engineering multilingualism as a natural category. Language Learning 71(S1), 80120.Google Scholar
Berthele, Raphael & Lambelet, Amelia (eds.). 2018. Heritage and School Language Literacy Development in Migrant Children: Interdependence or Independence? Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Berthele, Raphael & Udry, Isabelle. 2022. Multilingual boost vs. cognitive abilities: Testing two theories of multilingual language learning in a primary school context. International Journal of Multilingualism 19(1), 142–161.Google Scholar
Berthele, Raphael & Vanhove, Jan. 2020. What would disprove interdependence? Lessons learned from a study on biliteracy in Portuguese heritage language speakers in Switzerland. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23(5), 550566.Google Scholar
Berthelheimer, Lennart, Hufeisen, Britta & Montanari, Simona. 2019. Multilingualism in Europe. In Montanari, Simona & Quay, Suzanne (eds.) Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Multilingualism: The Fundamentals. Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 5175.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen. 2001. Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy, and Cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen. 2018. Bilingualism and executive function: What’s the connection? In Miller, David, Bayram, Fatih, Rothman, Jason & Serratrice, Ludovica (eds.) Bilingual Cognition and Language: The State of the Science across Its Subfields. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 283305.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen. 2020. Null results in bilingualism research: What they tell us and what they don’t. Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices 1(1), 822.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen, Craik, Fergus & Freedman, Morris. 2007. Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia 45(2), 459464.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen, Craik, Fergus & Luk, Gigi. 2012. Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16(4), 240250.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen, Craik, Fergus, Klein, Raymond & Viswanathan, Mythili. 2004. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon Task. Psychology and Aging 19(2), 290303.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen, Luk, Gigi, Peets, Kathleen & Yang, Sujin. 2010. Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13(4), 525531.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 2006. University Language: A Corpus-Based Study of Spoken and Written Registers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bissoonauth, Anu. 2018. Language practices and attitudes of Australian children of Indian descent in a primary education setting. International Journal of Multilingualism 15(1), 5471.Google Scholar
Biville, Frédérique. 2018. Multilingualism in the Roman World. Oxford Handbooks Online. www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935390-e-101 (accessed 5 June 2020).Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bloom, David. 1986. The English language and Singapore: A critical survey. In Kapur, Basant (ed.) Singapore Studies: Critical Surveys of the Humanities and Social Sciences. Singapore: Singapore University Press, pp. 337452.Google Scholar
Boas, Franz. 1911. Introduction to Handbook of American Indian Languages. In Boas, Franz (ed.) Bulletin Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 4, part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, pp. 183.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley & Lee, Siu-Lun. 2021. A socio-historical approach to multilingualism in Hong Kong. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 3862.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley, Bacon-Shone, John & Lee, Siu-Lun. 2021. Societal multilingualism in Hong Kong. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 160184.Google Scholar
Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter. 2018a. Multilingualism and foreign language education: A synthesis of linguistic and educational findings. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 129.Google Scholar
Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.). 2018b. Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bosma, Evelyn, Blom, Elma & Versloot, Arjen. 2017. Language balance and cognitive advantages in Frisian–Dutch bilingual children. In Lauchlan, Fraser & del Carmen, Maria Couto, Parafita (eds.) Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 141158.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Cambridge Polity Press.Google Scholar
Boyle, Ronald. 2012. Language contact in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes 31(3), 312330.Google Scholar
Boyle, Ronald. 2014. Economic migrants, social networks, and the prospect of koinéization in the United Arab Emirates. English World-Wide 35(1), 3251.Google Scholar
Kurt, Braunmüller. 1996. Forms of language contact in the area of the Hanseatic League: Dialect contact phenomena and semicommunication. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 19(2), 141154.Google Scholar
Kurt, Braunmüller. 2019. Historical multilingualism. In Singleton, David & Aronin, Larissa (eds.) Twelve Lectures on Multilingualism. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 299328.Google Scholar
Braunmüller, Kurt & Ferraresi, Gisella. 2003. Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kurt, Braunmüller & House, Juliane (eds.). 2009. Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Brehmer, Bernhard, Steinbach, Dominika & Arifulin, Vladimir. 2021. Heritage languages and the ʻmultilingual boostʼ: Intercomprehension skills of Russian and Polish heritage speakers in Germany. Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 40, 839858.Google Scholar
Bromham, Lindell, Dinnage, Russell, Skirgard, Hedvig, Ritchie, Andrew, Cardillo, Marcel, Meakins, Felicity, Greenhill, Simon & Hua, Xia. 2021. Global predictors of language endangerment and the future of linguistic diversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution 6, 163173.Google Scholar
Brown, R. & Gilman, A.. 1960. The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.) Style in Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 253276.Google Scholar
Bunyi, Grace & Schroeder, Leila. 2017. Bilingual education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies and practice. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 311328.Google Scholar
Bührig, Kristin & Meyer, Bernd. 2013. Transferring Linguistic Know-How into Institutional Practice. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2021. Multilingual language acquisition in Singapore: Heterogeneity and homogenization tendencies in the emergence of a new first language variety of English. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 205228.Google Scholar
Byram, Michael. 2018. Language education in and for a multilingual Europe. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 3356.Google Scholar
Amaro, Cabrelli, Jennifer, Suzanne Flynn & Rothman, Jason (eds.). 2012a. Third Language Acquisition in Adulthood. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Amaro, Cabrelli, Jennifer, Suzanne Flynn & Rothman, Jason. 2012b. Introduction. Third language (L3) acquisition in adulthood. In Amaro, Jennifer Cabrelli, Flynn, Suzanne & Rothman, Jason (eds.) Third Language Acquisition in Adulthood. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 17.Google Scholar
Cabrelli Amaro, Jennifer & Wrembel, Magdalena. 2016. Investigating the acquisition of phonology in a third language – A state of the science and an outlook for the future. International Journal of Multilingualism 13(4), 395409.Google Scholar
Cavallaro, Francesco & Ng, Bee Chin. 2021. Multilingualism and multiculturalism in Singapore. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 133159.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone. 2001. The effect of linguistic distance, L2 status and age on cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition. In Cenoz, Jasone, Hufeisen, Britta & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 820.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone. 2003. The additive effect of bilingualism on third language acquisition: A review. The International Journal of Bilingualism 7(1), 7187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone. 2013a. The influence of bilingualism on third language acquisition: Focus on multilingualism. Language Teaching 46(1), 7186.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone. 2013b. Defining multilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 33, 318.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone & Gorter, Durk. 2013. Towards a plurilingual approach in English language teaching: Softening the boundaries between languages. TESOL Quarterly 47(3), 591599.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone & Gorter, Durk. 2017. Minority languages and sustainable translanguaging: Threat or opportunity? Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38(10), 901912.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone & Gorter, Durk. 2020. Teaching English through pedagogical translanguaging. World Englishes 39(2), 300311.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.). 2001a. English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone & Jessner, Ulrike. 2001b. Introduction. In Cenoz, Jasone & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 112.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone & Santos, Alaitz. 2020. Implementing pedagogical translanguaging in trilingual schools. System 92, 19.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone & Valencia, José. 1994. Additive trilingualism: Evidence from the Basque Country. Applied Psycholinguistics 15, 197209.Google Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone, Hufeisen, Britta & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.). 2001a. Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cenoz, Jasone, Hufeisen, Britta & Jessner, Ulrike. 2001b. Introduction. In Cenoz, Jasone, Hufeisen, Britta & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 17.Google Scholar
Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong. 2017. 2016 Population by-census. Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department. www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/en/bc-index.html (accessed 24 August 2021)Google Scholar
Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong. 2019. Thematic Household Survey Report No. 66. Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department. www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11302662019XXXXB0100.pdf (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Sue & Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(2), 151–96.Google Scholar
Chimbutane, Feliciano. 2018. Multilingualism and education in sub-Saharan Africa: Policies, practices and implications. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 5775.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 1991. Community Languages: The Australian Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 1992. Pluricentric languages – Introduction. In Clyne, Michael (ed.) Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 19.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jacob. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Constable, Nicole. 1996. Introduction. What does it mean to be Hakka? In Constable, Nicole (ed.) Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad. Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp. 335.Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian & Wei, Li (eds.). 2016. The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multi-Competence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Corum, Micah. 2015. Substrate and Adstrate: The Origins of Spatial Semantics in West African Pidgincreoles. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Council of Europe. 2020. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Council of Europe. www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/home (accessed 24 April 2021).Google Scholar
Council of the European Union. 2014. Conclusions on Multilingualism and the Development of Language Competences. www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/educ/142692.pdf (accessed 24 April 2021).Google Scholar
Craik, Fergus, Bialystok, Ellen & Freedman, Morris. 2010. Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease. Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. Neurology 75(19), 17261729.Google Scholar
Critten, Rory & Dutton, Elisabeth. 2020. Medieval English Multilingualisms. Language Learning 71(S1), 1238.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 1976. The influence of bilingualism on cognitive growth: A synthesis of research findings and explanatory hypothesis. Working Papers on Bilingualism 9, 143.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 1978. Bilingualism and the development of metalinguistic awareness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 9(2), 131149.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 1979. Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children. Review of Educational Research, 49(2), 222251.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 1991. Conversational and academic language proficiency in bilingual contexts. In Hulstijn, Jan & Matter, Johan (eds.) Reading in Two Languages. Amsterdam: Free University Press. AILA-Review 8, pp. 7589.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 1996. Negotiating Identities: Education for Empowerment in a Diverse Society. Ontario, CA: California Association for Bilingual Education.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 2000. Language, Power and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 2001. Putting language proficiency in its place. Responding to critiques of the conversational/academic language distinction. In Cenoz, Jasone & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 5483.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 2007. Rethinking monolingual instructional strategies in multilingual classrooms. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 10(2), 221240.Google Scholar
Cummins, James. 2009. Pedagogies of choice: Challenging coercive relations of power in classrooms and communities. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 12(3), 261271.Google Scholar
Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan. 2018. Family language planning. In Tollefson, James & Pérez-Milans, Miguel (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 420441.Google Scholar
Curzan, Anne. 2014. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darvin, Ron & Norton, Bonny. 2015. Identity and a model of investment in applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 35, 3656.Google Scholar
De Angelis, Gessica. 2007. Third or Additional Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
De Angelis, Gessica & Selinker, Larry. 2001. Interlanguage transfer and competing linguistic systems in the multilingual mind. In Cenoz, Jason, Hufeisen, Britta & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 4258.Google Scholar
de Bruin, Angela, Treccani, Barbara & Sala, Sergio Della. 2015. Cognitive advantage in bilingualism: An example of publication bias? Psychological Science 26(1), 99107.Google Scholar
DeLuca, Vincent, Rothman, Jason, Bialystok, Ellen & Pliatsikas, Christos. 2019. Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 116(15), 75657574.Google Scholar
de Swaan, Abram. 2001. The World Language System: A Political Sociology and Political Economy of Language. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Dicks, Joseph & Genesee, Fred. 2017. Bilingual education in Canada. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 453467.Google Scholar
Dittmar, Norbert & Paul, Christine. 2019. Sprechen im Umbruch: Zeitzeugen erzählen und argumentieren rund um den Fall der Mauer im Wendekorpus. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.Google Scholar
Donnelly, Seamus, Brooks, Patricia & Homer, Bruce. 2015. Examining the bilingual advantage on conflict resolution tasks: A meta-analysis. In Noelle, D. C., Dale, R., Warlaumont, A., Yoshimi, J., Matlock, T., Jennings, C. D. & Maglio, P. P. (eds.) Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Google Scholar
Dubai Statistics Center. 2020. Government of Dubai. www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us/ (accessed 27 July 2021).Google Scholar
Duchêne, Alexandre & Heller, Monica (eds.). 2012. Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Duguine, Maia. 2008. Silent arguments without pro. In Biberauer, Theresa (ed.) The Limits of Syntactic Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 311329.Google Scholar
Duñabeitia, Andoni & Carreiras, Manuel. 2015. The bilingual advantage: Acta est fabula? Cortex 73, 371372.Google Scholar
Eberhard, David, Simons, Gary & Fennig, Charles (eds.). 2022. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-fifth edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Online version: www.ethnologue.com.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41, 87100.Google Scholar
Edele, Aileen, Kempert, Sebastian, & Schotte, Kristin. 2018. Does competent bilingualism entail advantages for the third language learning of immigrant students? Learning and Instruction 58, 232244.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Edwards, John. 2009. Language and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, John. 2012. Multilingualism: Understanding Linguistic Diversity. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
El Euch, Sonia. 2010. Attitudes, motivations et conscience métalinguistique chez des bilingues et des trilingues adultes: Effets, similarités et différences. Language Awareness 19(1), 1733.Google Scholar
Erdmann, Ursula. 1992. Language Maintenance versus Assimilation: A Study of the Fate of Low German in Northeast Lower Saxony since World War II. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Esser, Hartmut. 2009. Der Streit um die Zweisprachigkeit: Was bringt die Bilingualität? In Gogolin, Ingrid & Neumann, Ulla (eds.) Streitfall Zweisprachigkeit – The Bilingualism Controversy. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 6988.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2011. A tale of many tongues: Documenting polyglot narrative in north Australian oral traditions. In Baker, Brett, Mushin, Ilana, Harvey, Mark & Gardner, Rod (eds) Indigenous Language and Social Identity: Papers in Honour of Michael Walsh. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 275295.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2018a. Did language evolve in multilingual settings? Biology & Philosophy 32(6), 905933.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2018b. The dynamics of language diversity. In Mesthrie, Rajend & Bradley, David (eds.) The Dynamics of Language: Plenary and Focus Lectures from the 20th International Congress of Linguists. Cape Town: UCT-Press, pp. 1235.Google Scholar
Extra, Guus. 2013. Mapping increasing linguistic diversity in European and non-European countries. In Singleton, David, Fishman, Joshua A., Aronin, Larissa & Laoire, Muiris Ó (eds.) Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 139162.Google Scholar
Extra, Guus & Yağmur, Kutlay. 2004. Urban Multilingualism in Europe: Immigrant Minority Languages at Home and School. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Falk, Ylva & Bardel, Camilla. 2011. Object pronouns in German L3 syntax: Evidence for the L2 status factor. Second Language Research 27(1), 5982.Google Scholar
Falk, Ylva, Lindqvist, Christina & Bardel, Camilla. 2015. The role of L1 explicit metalinguistic knowledge in L3 oral production at the initial state. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18(2), 227235.Google Scholar
Fallah, Nader & Jabbari, Ali Akbar. 2018. L3 acquisition of English attributive adjectives. Dominant language of communication matters for syntactic cross-linguistic influence. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8(2), 193216.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles. 1959. Diglossia. WORD 15(2), 325340.Google Scholar
Fettes, Mark. 2019. Language, land, and stewardship: Indigenous imperatives and Canadian policy. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Politics and Policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 263280.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani, Mauranen, Anna & Vetchinnikova, Svetlana (eds.). 2017. Global English: Global and Local Perspectives. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua. 1967. Bilingualism with and without diglossia; Diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues 23(2), 2938.Google Scholar
Fleckenstein, Johanna, Möller, Jens & Baumert, Jürgen. 2018. Mehrsprachigkeit als Ressource. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 21(1), 97120.Google Scholar
Flynn, Suzanne, Foley, Claire & Vinnitskaya, Inna. 2004. The Cumulative Enhancement Model for language acquisition: Comparing adults’ and children’s patterns of development in first, second and third language acquisition of relative clauses. International Journal of Multilingualism 1(1), 316.Google Scholar
Fortna, Benjamin. 2002. Imperial Classroom: Islam, Education and the State in the Late Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foulds, G. A. & Raven, J. C.. 1950. An experimental survey with progressive matrices (1947). British Journal of Educational Psychology 20, 104110.Google Scholar
Franceschini, Rita. 2013. History of multilingualism. In Chapelle, Carol (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0511.Google Scholar
Franceschini, Rita. 2016. Multilingualism research. In Cook, Vivian & Wei, Li (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Multi-Competence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 97124.Google Scholar
Friedmann, Naama & Rusou, Dana. 2015. Critical period for first language: The crucial role of language input during the first year of life. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 35, 2734.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Robert. 2021. Hong Kong English: Structural features and future prospects. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 285302.Google Scholar
Fuller, Janet. 2020. English in the German-speaking world: Immigration and integration. In Hickey, Raymond (ed.) English in the German-Speaking World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165184.Google Scholar
Fussell, Blair. 2011. The local flavour of English in the Gulf. English Today 27(4), 2632.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan. 2007. Multilingualism. In Llamas, Carmen, Mullany, Louise & Stockwell, Peter (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 149156.Google Scholar
Gándara, Patricia & Escamilla, Kathy. 2017. Bilingual education in the United States. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 219231.Google Scholar
Gao, Xuesong Andy & Wang, Weihong. 2017. Bilingual education in the People’s Republic of China. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 439452.Google Scholar
García, Ofelia. 2008. Multilingual language awareness and teacher education. In Cenoz, Jasone & Hornberger, Nancy (eds.) Encyclopedia of Language and Education (2nd ed.), Vol. 6: Knowledge about Language. Berlin: Springer, pp. 385400.Google Scholar
García, Ofelia & Wei, Li. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. London: Palgrave Pivot.Google Scholar
García Mayo, María del Pilar & Slabakova, Roumyana. 2015. Object drop in L3 acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism 19(5), 483498.Google Scholar
Gast, Volker. 2007. I gave it him – On the motivation of the ‘alternative double object construction’ in varieties of British English. Functions of Language 14(1), 3156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Saran Kaur. 2014. Language Policy Changes in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia. Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Gisborne, Nikolas. 2000. Relative clauses in Hong Kong English. World Englishes 19(3), 357371.Google Scholar
Gisborne, Nikolas. 2009. Aspects of the morphosyntactic typology of Hong Kong English. English World-Wide 30(2), 149169.Google Scholar
Göbel, Kerstin, Rauch, Dominique & Vieluf, Svenja. 2011. Leistungsbedingungen und Leistungsergebnisse von Schülerinnen und Schülern türkischer, russischer und polnischer Herkunftssprachen. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht 16(2), 5065.Google Scholar
Gogolin, Ingrid. 2008. Der monolinguale Habitus der multilingualen Schule. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Gogolin, Ingrid. 2020. Multilingualism: A threat to public education or a resource in public education? European histories and realities. European Educational Research Journal 20(3), 297310.Google Scholar
Gogolin, Ingrid, Siemund, Peter, Schulz, Monika & Davydova, Julia. 2013. Multilingualism, language contact, and urban areas: An introduction. In Siemund, Peter, Gogolin, Ingrid, Schulz, Monika & Davydova, Julia (eds.) Multilingualism and Language Contact in Urban Areas: Acquisition – Identities – Space – Education. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 115.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Adele. 2006. Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gombert, Jean Emile. 1992. Metalinguistic Development. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Gorter, Durk & Arocena, Eli. 2020. Teachers’ beliefs about multilingualism in a course on translanguaging. System 92, 110.Google Scholar
Gorter, Durk & Cenoz, Jasone. 2011. Multilingual education for European minority languages: The Basque Country and Friesland. International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft / Revue Internationale de l’Education 57(5/6), 651–666.Google Scholar
Grosjean, François. 1997. The bilingual individual. Interpreting 2(1/2), 163187.Google Scholar
Grosjean, François & Byers-Heinlein, Krista. 2018. Bilingual adults and children: a short introduction. In Grosjean, François & Byers-Heinlein, Krista (eds.) The Listening Bilingual: Speech Perception, Comprehension, and Bilingualism. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 424.Google Scholar
Hakuta, Kenji. 1989. Bilingualism and Intelligence Testing: An Annotated Bibliography. Bilingual Research Group Working Papers. University of California, Santa Cruz.Google Scholar
Hakuta, Kenji & Diaz, Rafael. 1985. The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: A critical discussion and some new longitudinal data. In Nelson, Keith (ed.) Children’s Language, Vol. 5. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 319344.Google Scholar
Hamann, Cornelia, Rinke, Esther & Genevska-Hanke, Dobrinka. 2019. Bilingual language development: The role of dominance. Frontiers in Psychology 10, Article 1064. www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01064/fullGoogle Scholar
Hammarberg, Björn. 2001. Roles of L1 and L2 in L3 production and acquisition. In Cenoz, Jason, Hufeisen, Britta & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 2141.Google Scholar
Hammarberg, Björn. 2010. The languages of the multilingual: Some conceptual and terminological issues. IRAL, International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 48(2), 91104.Google Scholar
Hammarberg, Björn. 2018. L3, the tertiary language. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 127150.Google Scholar
Hansegard, Nils-Erik. 1968. Tvasprakighet eller Halvsprakighet? (Bilingualism or Semilingualism?) Stockholm: Aldus/Bonniers.Google Scholar
Harris, Chester. 1948. An exploration of language skill patterns. Journal of Educational Psychology 39(6), 321336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, D. P. & Palmer, L. A.. 1970. CELT Technical Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2001. The European linguistic area: Standard Average European. In Haspelmath, Martin, König, Ekkehard, Oesterreicher, Wuld & Raible, Wolfgang (eds.) Language Typology and Language Universals (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft vol. 20.2). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 14921510.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1950. The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language 26(2), 210231.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1966. Dialect, language, nation. American Anthropologist 68(4), 922935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1972. The ecology of language. In Dil, Anwar (ed.) The Ecology of Language. Stanford: Standford University Press, pp. 325339.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 2001. The ecology of language. In Fill, Alvin & Mühlhäusler, Peter (eds.) The Ecolinguistics Reader. Language, Ecology, and Environment. London: Continuum, pp. 5766.Google Scholar
Haukås, Åsta. 2016. Teachers’ beliefs about multilingualism and a multilingual pedagogical approach. International Journal of Multilingualism 13(1), 118.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heinrich, Patrick. 2012. The Making of Monolingual Japan: Language Ideology and Japanese Modernity: Multilingual Matters 146. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Heller, Monica. 2003. Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(4), 473492.Google Scholar
Herdina, Philip & Jessner, Ulrike. 2002. A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Hermas, Abdelkader. 2010. Language acquisition as computational resetting: Verb movement in L3 initial state. International Journal of Multilingualism 7(4), 343362.Google Scholar
Hermas, Abdelkader. 2014. Multilingual transfer: L1 morphosyntax in L3 English. International Journal of Language Studies 8(2), 124.Google Scholar
Hilchey, Matthew & Klein, Raymond. 2011. Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 18(4), 625658.Google Scholar
Hill, Richard. 2017. Bilingual education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 329345.Google Scholar
Hirosh, Zoya & Degani, Tamar. 2018. Direct and indirect effects of multilingualism on novel language learning: An integrative review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25(3), 892916.Google Scholar
Ho, Mian Lian & Platt, John. 1993. Dynamics of a Contact Continuum: Singaporean English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1990. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hofer, Barbara & Jessner, Ulrike. 2019. Multilingualism at the primary level in South Tyrol: How does multilingual education affect young learners’ metalinguistic awareness and proficiency in L1, L2 and L3? The Language Learning Journal 47(1), 7687.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Charlotte. 2001. Towards a description of trilingual competence. International Journal of Bilingualism 5(1), 117.Google Scholar
Hopkyns, Sarah. 2021. Multilingualism and linguistic hybridity in Dubai. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 248264.Google Scholar
Hopp, Holger. 2019. Cross-linguistic influence in the child third language acquisition of grammar: Sentence comprehension and production among Turkish–German and German learners of English. International Journal of Bilingualism 23(2), 567583.Google Scholar
Hopp, Holger, Kieseier, Teresa, Vogelbacher, Markus & Thoma, Dieter. 2018. L1 effects in the early L3 acquisition of vocabulary and grammar. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 305330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, Holger, Vogelbacher, Markus, Kieseier, Teresa & Thoma, Dieter. 2019. Bilingual advantages in early foreign language learning: Effects of the minority and the majority language. Learning and Instruction 61, 99110.Google Scholar
Hopp, Holger, Jakisch, Jenny, Sturm, Sarah, Becker, Carmen & Thoma, Dieter. 2020. Integrating multilingualism into the early foreign language classroom: Empirical and teaching perspectives. International Multilingual Research Journal 14(2), 146162.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul & Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2003. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Howatt, Anthony. 1984. A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hu, Adelheid. 2018. Plurilingual identities. On the way to an integrative view on language education? In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 151172.Google Scholar
Huddleston, Rodney & Pullum, Geoffrey. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hufeisen, Britta. 2018. Models of multilingual competence. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 173189.Google Scholar
Hulstijn, Jan. 2015. Language Proficiency in Native and Non-Native Speakers: Theory and Research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Igboanusi, Herbert. 2014. The English-only language education policy in The Gambia and low literacy rates. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 17(5), 558569.Google Scholar
Imaz Agirre, Ainara & Pilar García Mayo, María del. 2017. Transfer effects in the acquisition of double object constructions in English as an L3. In Angelovka, Tanja & Han, Angela (eds.) L3 Syntactic Transfer: Models, New Developments and Implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 143171.Google Scholar
Imaz Agirre, Ainara & Pilar García Mayo, María del. 2018. Proficiency and transfer effects in the acquisition of gender agreement by L2 and L3 English learners. In Cho, Jacee, Iverson, Michael, Juddy, Tiffany, Leal, Tania & Shimanskaya, Elena (eds.) Meaning and Structure in Second Language Acquisition: In Honor of Roumyana Slabakova. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 203227.Google Scholar
Ionin, Tania, Ko, Heejeong & Wexler, Kenneth. 2004. Article semantics in L2 acquisition: The role of specificity. Language Acquisition 12(1), 369.Google Scholar
Ivanova, Iva & Costa, Albert. 2008. Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Acta Psychologica 127, 277288.Google Scholar
Jarvis, Scott. 2000. Methodological rigor in the study of transfer: Identifying L1 influence in the interlanguage lexicon. Language Learning 50(2): 245309.Google Scholar
Jarvis, Scott & Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jeffery, Jill & van Beuningen, Catherine. 2020. Language education in the EU and the US: Paradoxes and parallels. Prospects 48, 175191.Google Scholar
Jessner, Ulrike. 1999. Metalinguistic awareness in multilinguals: Cognitive aspects of third language learning. Language Awareness 8(3–4), 201209.Google Scholar
Jessner, Ulrike. 2006. Linguistic Awareness in Multilinguals: English as a Third Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Jessner, Ulrike. 2008. A DST model of multilingualism and the role of metalinguistic awareness. The Modern Language Journal 92(2), 270283.Google Scholar
Johanson, Lars. 2002. Structural Factors in Turkic Language Contacts. Richmond: Curzon.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara. 2010. Indexing the local. In Coupland, Nikolas (ed.) Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 386405.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara, Andrus, Jennifer & Danielson, Andrew. 2006. Mobility, indexicality, and the Enregisterment of ‘Pittsburghese’. Journal of English Linguistics 34(2), 77104.Google Scholar
Jones, W. R. 1960. A critical study of bilingualism and nonverbal intelligence. British Journal of Educational Psychology 30(1), 7176.Google Scholar
Jones, W. R. & Stewart, W. A.. 1951. Bilingualism and verbal intelligence. British Journal of Psychology 4(1), 38.Google Scholar
Joseph, John. 2004. Language and Identity: National, Ethnic, Religious. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, Randolph & Widdowson, Henry (eds.) English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the British Council, pp. 1130.Google Scholar
Kahnemann, Daniel. 2012. Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Kaltenböck, Gunther, Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2011. On thetical grammar. Studies in Language 35(4), 848893.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Robert & Baldauf, Richard Jr. 1997. Language Planning: From Practice to Theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Kecskes, Istvan. 2010. Dual and multilanguage systems. International Journal of Multilingualism 7(2), 91109.Google Scholar
Kecskes, Istvan. 2019. English as a Lingua Franca: The Pragmatic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kecskes, Istvan & Papp, Tünde. 2000. Foreign Language and Mother Tongue. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Kellerman, Eric. 1983. Now you see it, now you don’t. In Gass, Susan & Selinker, Larry (eds.) Language Transfer in Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, pp. 112134.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul & Williams, Ann. 2000. Creating a New Town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29(1), 65115.Google Scholar
King, Kendall, Liu, Mengying & Schwedhelm, María Cecilia. 2018. Language policy, language study, and heritage language education in the U.S. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 7798.Google Scholar
Klieme, Eckhard, Eichler, Wolfgang, Helmke, Andreas, Lehmann, Rainer, Nold, Günter, Rolff, Hans-Günter, Schröder, Konrad, Thomé, Günther & Willenberg, Heiner. 2006. Unterricht und Kompetenzerwerb in Deutsch und Englisch: Zentrale Befunde der Studie Deutsch-Englisch-Schülerleistungen-International (DESI). Frankfurt am Main: DIPF.Google Scholar
Kloss, Heinz. 1978. Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800. Düsseldorf: Schwann.Google Scholar
Klöter, Henning. 2020. One legacy, two legislations. Language policies on the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. In Klöter, Henning & Saarela, Mårten Söderblom (eds.) Language Diversity in the Sinophone World. London: Routledge, pp. 101121.Google Scholar
Klöter, Henning & Saarela, Mårten Söderblom (eds.). 2020. Language Diversity in the Sinophone World. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Koerner, E. 1997. Notes on the history of the concept of language as a system ‘Où tout se tient’. Linguistica Atlantica 19, 120. journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/la/article/view/22501 (accessed 30 April 2021).Google Scholar
Kopečková, Romana. 2016. The bilingual advantage in L3 learning: A developmental study of rhotic sounds. International Journal of Multilingualism 13(4), 410425.Google Scholar
Kopečková, Romana. 2018. Exploring metalinguistic awareness in L3 phonological acquisition: The case of young instructed learners of Spanish in Germany. Language Awareness 27(1–2), 153166.Google Scholar
Kopečková, Romana, Marecka, Marta, Wrembel, Magdalena & Gut, Ulrike. 2016. Interactions between three phonological subsystems of young multilinguals: The influence of language status. International Journal of Multilingualism 13(4), 426443.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend, Werner Schneider, Edgar & Upton, Clive (eds.). 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology; Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Krashen, Stephen. 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Krulatz, Anna, Dahl, Anne & Flognfeldt, Mona. 2018. Enacting Multilingualism: From Research to Teaching Practice in the English Language Classroom. Oslo:Cappelen Damm Akademisk.Google Scholar
Kupisch, Tanja, Snape, Neal & Stangen, Ilse. 2013. Foreign language acquisition in heritage speakers: The acquisition of articles in L3-English by German–Turkish bilinguals. In Duarte, Joana & Gogolin, Ingrid (eds.) Linguistic Superdiversity in Urban Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 99122.Google Scholar
Landesinstitut für Lehrerbildung und Schulentwicklung, Hamburg. 2021a. Bildungsplan Grundschule Herkunftssprachen. li.hamburg.de/contentblob/3850336/af094d8482d393867909a3ad4f6bd537/data/download-pdf-rp-herkunftsspr-unterricht-gs.pdf (accessed 24 April 2021).Google Scholar
Landesinstitut für Lehrerbildung und Schulentwicklung, Hamburg. 2021b. Regelungen im Herkunftssprachlichen Unterricht. li.hamburg.de/contentblob/3850334/4948f404a3dafa711dcf2d7485dddadd/data/download-pdf-regelungen-im-herkunftssprachlichen-unterricht.pdf (accessed 24 April 2021).Google Scholar
Lasagabaster, David. 1998. The threshold hypothesis applied to three languages in contact at school. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 1(2), 119133.Google Scholar
Lasagabaster, David. 2001. The effect of knowledge about the L1 on foreign language skills and grammar. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 4(5), 310331.Google Scholar
Lechner, Simone & Siemund, Peter. 2014. Double threshold in bi- and multilingual contexts: Preconditions for higher academic attainment in English as an additional language. Frontiers in Psychology 5, 546.Google Scholar
Lehtonen, Minna, Soveri, Anna, Laine, Aini, Järvenpää, Janica, de Bruin, Angela & Antfolk, Jan. 2018. Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 144(4), 394425.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob. 2013. Singapore English: Structure, Variation and Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob, Al-Issa, Ahmad, Lorenz, Eliane & Siemund, Peter. 2022. Managing and investing in hybrid identities in the globalized United Arab Emirates. Journal of Language, Identity & Education. DOI: 10.1080/15348458.2022.2070849Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob & Siemund, Peter. 2021. The multilingual ecologies of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dubai. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 115.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob, Siemund, Peter & Terassa, Laura. 2018. Singaporean students’ language repertoires and attitudes revisited. World Englishes 37(2), 282306.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob, Lim, Jun Jie, Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong & Hieramoto, Mie. 2020. Ethnic and gender variation in the use of Colloquial Singapore English discourse particles. English Language and Linguistics 25(3), 601620.Google Scholar
Leivada, Evelina, Westergaard, Marit, Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni & Rothman, Jason. 2020. On the phantom-like appearance of bilingualism effects on neurocognition: (How) should we proceed? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24(1), 197210.Google Scholar
Leung, Yan-Kit. 2005. L2 vs. L3 initial state: A comparative study of the acquisition of French DPs by Vietnamese monolinguals and Cantonese–English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8(1), 3961.Google Scholar
Li, Lijun. 2021. Language Contact: A Historical Sociolinguistic Reconstruction of Colloquial Singapore English in Relation to its Chinese Substrates. PhD Dissertation, University of Hamburg.Google Scholar
Li, Lijun & Siemund, Peter. 2021. From phasal polarity expression to aspectual marker: grammaticalization of already in Asian and African varieties of English. In Kramer, Raija (ed.) The Expression of Phasal Polarity in African Languages. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 509537.Google Scholar
Li, Lijun, Lorenz, Eliane & Siemund, Peter. 2022. The ages of pragmatic particles in Colloquial Singapore English: A corpus study based on oral history interviews. English World-Wide. DOI: 10.1075/eww.21016.liGoogle Scholar
Liang, Sihua. 2020. Speakers of “Mother Tongues” in multilingual China. Complex linguistic repertoires and identity construction. In Klöter, Henning & Saarela, Mårten Söderblom (eds.) Language Diversity in the Sinophone World. London: Routledge, pp. 185204.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2007. Mergers and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles. World Englishes 26(4), 446473.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2010. Migrants and ‘Mother Tongues’: Extralinguistic forces in the ecology of English in Singapore. In Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne & Wee, Lionel (eds.) English in Singapore: Modernity and Management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, pp. 1954.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, Joseph & Aronin, Larissa (eds.). 2020. Dominant Language Constellations. Cham: Springer Nature.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, Joseph & Slaughter, Yvette. 2017a. Language policy and education in Australia. In McCarty, Teresa & May, Stephen (eds.) Language Policy and Political Issues in Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 449461.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, Joseph & Slaughter, Yvette. 2017b. Bilingual education in Australia. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 347360.Google Scholar
London Census. 2011a. Census first results: London boroughs’ populations by age by sex. CIS2012–01. Census Information Scheme. data.london.gov.uk/census/2011-census/ (accessed 8 May 2020).Google Scholar
London Census. 2011b. Census Snapshot: Main Language. CIS2013–01. Census Information Scheme. data.london.gov.uk/census/2011-census/ (accessed 8 May 2020).Google Scholar
London Census. 2011c. Census Snapshot: Household Language. CIS2012–10. Census Information Scheme. data.london.gov.uk/census/2011-census/ (accessed 8 May 2020).Google Scholar
Longva, Anh Nga. 2005. Neither autocracy nor democracy but ethnocracy: Citizens, expatriates and the socio-political system in Kuwait. In Dresch, Paul & Piscatori, James (eds.) Monarchies and Nations: Globalisation and Identity in the Arab States of the Gulf. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 114135.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane. 2018. “One day a father and his son going fishing on the Lake.” A study on the use of the progressive aspect of monolingual and bilingual learners of English. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 331357.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane. 2019. The Use of Tense and Aspect in the Additional Language English by Monolingual Speakers and Bilingual Heritage Speakers. PhD Dissertation. University of Hamburg. ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/handle/ediss/6317 (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane & Siemund, Peter. 2019. Differences in the acquisition and production of English as a foreign language. A study of bilingual and monolingual students in Germany. In Vetter, Eva & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) International Research on Multilingualism: Breaking with the Monolingual Perspective. Berlin: Springer, pp. 81102.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane & Siemund, Peter. 2020. The acquisition of English as an additional language by multilingual heritage speakers. In Meyer, Matthias & Hoinkes, Ulrich (eds.) Der Einfluss der Migration auf Sprach- und Kulturräume – The Impact of Migration on Linguistic and Cultural Areas. Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 111134.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane, Hasai, Yevheniia & Siemund, Peter. 2021. Multilingual lexical transfer challenges monolingual educational norms: Not quite! Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 40, 791813.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane, Toprak, Tugba Elif & Siemund, Peter. 2021. English L3 acquisition in heritage contexts: Modelling a path through the bilingualism controversy. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 57(2), 273298.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane, Toprak, Tugba Elif & Siemund, Peter (2022) Why are they so similar? The interplay of linguistic and extra-linguistic variables in monolingual and bilingual learners of English. Pedagogical Linguistics. DOI: 10.1075/pl.21016.lorGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane, Schackow, Ulrike, Rahbari, Sharareh & Siemund, Peter. 2020. Does bilingualism correlate with or predict higher proficiency in L3 English? A contrastive study of monolingual and bilingual learners. Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices 1(2), 185217.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Eliane, Bonnie, Richard, Feindt, Kathrin, Rahbari, Sharareh & Siemund, Peter. 2019. Cross-linguistic influence in unbalanced bilingual heritage speakers on subsequent language acquisition: Evidence from pronominal object placement in ditransitive clauses. International Journal of Bilingualism 23(6), 14101430.Google Scholar
Lynch, Andrew. 2018. Spatial reconfigurations of Spanish in postmodernity. In King, Jeremy & Sassarego, Sandro (eds.) Language Variation and Contact-Induced Change: Spanish across Space and Time. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1134.Google Scholar
MacQuarrie, Sarah & Lyon, Fiona. 2017. Practitioner engagement with research in minority language contexts: Evidence from research regarding Gaelic medium education. In Lauchlan, Fraser & del Carmen, Maria Couto, Parafita (eds.) Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 3447.Google Scholar
MacSwan, Jeff. 2000. The Threshold Hypothesis, semilingualism, and other contributions to a deficit view of linguistic minorities. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 22(1), 345.Google Scholar
Mahboob, Ahmar & Jain, Rashi. 2017. Bilingual education in India and Pakistan. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 233246.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2013. The World System of Englishes. Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3), 253278.Google Scholar
Mair, Victor. 2013. The classification of Sinitic languages: What is ‘Chinese’? In Cao, Guangshun, Chappell, Hilary, Djamouri, Redouane & Wiebusch, Thekla (eds.) Breaking down the Barriers: Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond. Taipei: Academia Sinica, pp. 735754.Google Scholar
Mairs, Rachel. 2016. The Hellenistic Far East: Archaeology, Language, and Identity in Greek Central Asia. Oakland, CA: The University of California Press.Google Scholar
Malabarba, Taiane. 2019. ‘In English, sorry’: Participants’ orientation to the English-only policy in beginning-level EFL classroom interaction. In thi Nguyen, Hanh & Malabarba, Taiane (eds.) Conversation Analytic Perspectives on English Language Learning, Teaching, and Testing in Global Contexts. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 244267.Google Scholar
Maluch, Jessica Tsimprea & Kempert, Sebastian. 2019. Bilingual profiles and third language learning: The effects of the manner of learning, sequence of bilingual acquisition, and language use practices. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 22(7), 870822.Google Scholar
Maluch, Jessica Tsimprea, Neumann, Marko & Kempert, Sebastian. 2016. Bilingualism as a resource for foreign language learning of language minority students? Empirical evidence from a longitudinal study during primary and secondary school in Germany. Learning and Individual Differences 51, 111118.Google Scholar
Maluch, Jessica Tsimprea, Kempert, Sebastian, Neumann, Marko & Stanat, Petra. 2015. The effect of speaking a minority language at home on foreign language learning. Learning and Instruction 36, 7685.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mauranen, Anna. 2012. Exploring ELF: Academic English shaped by non-native Speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mauranen, Anna. 2018. Second language acquisition, World Englishes, and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). World Englishes 37(1), 106119.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Alexander. 2018. When theory is a joke. The Weinreich witticism in linguistics. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 28(2), 263292.Google Scholar
McCarty, Teresa. 2019. Indigenous language movements in a settler state. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Politics and Policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 173191.Google Scholar
McKay, Sandra Lee. 2002. Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meisel, Jürgen. 2004. The bilingual child. In Bhatia, Tej & Ritchie, William (eds.) The Handbook of Bilingualism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 90113.Google Scholar
Meisel, Jürgen. 2011. First and Second Language Acquisition: Parallels and Differences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meisel, Jürgen. 2013. Sensitive phases in successive language acquisition: The critical period hypothesis revisited. In Boeckx, Cedric & Grohmann, Kleanthes (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Biolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6985.Google Scholar
Melo-Pfeifer, Silvia. 2018. The multilingual turn in foreign language education. Facts and fallacies. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Languages in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 191212.Google Scholar
Menocal, María Rosa. 2002. The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Raj (eds.). 2002. Language in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Ajit. 2013. Multilingual education in India. In Siemund, Peter, Gogolin, Ingrid, Schulz, Monika & Davydova, Julia (eds.) Multilingualism and Language Contact in Urban Areas: Acquisition – Identities – Space – Education. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 305326.Google Scholar
Mollin, Sandra. 2020. English in Germany and the European context. In Hickey, Raymond (ed.) English in the German-Speaking World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3152.Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2008. Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2016. The Acquisition of Heritage Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mueller, Jessica Terese. 2018. English as a lingua franca at the multilingual university: A comparison of monolingually and multilingually raised students and instructors. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 359380.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2013. Language contact outcomes as the result of bilingual optimization strategies. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16(4), 709730.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, Zhang, Xiaoli, Nagy, George & Schneider, Edgar. 2006. Clustering dialects automatically: A mutual information approach. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 12(2), Papers from NWAV 34. repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol12/iss2/ (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Naqvi, Rahat, McKeough, Anne, Thorne, Keoma & Pfitscher, Christina. 2013. Fostering early literacy learning using dual language books: Language as a cultural amplifier. In Siemund, Peter, Gogolin, Ingrid, Schulz, Monika & Davydova, Julia (eds.) Multilingualism and Language Contact in Urban Areas: Acquisition – Identities – Space – Education. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 327348.Google Scholar
Na Ranong, Sirirat & Leung, Yan-kit Ingrid. 2009. Null objects in L1 Thai–L2 English–L3 Chinese: An empiricist take on a theoretical problem. In Ingrid Leung, Yan-kit (ed.) Third Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 162191.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu. 2006. Negative concord as an English “Vernacular Universal”: Social history and linguistic typology. Journal of English Linguistics 34(3), 257278.Google Scholar
Norton, Bonny. 2013. Identity and Language Learning: Extending the Conversation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Norton, Bonny. 2018. Identity and investment in multilingual classrooms. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 237252.Google Scholar
Odlin, Terence. 1989. Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Odlin, Terence. 2003. Cross-linguistic influence. In Doughty, Catherine & Long, Michael (eds.) The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 436486.Google Scholar
Odlin, Terence. 2010. Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
OECD. 2019. International Migration Outlook 2019. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi.org/10.1787/c3e35eec-en (accessed 19 March 2020).Google Scholar
OHI-NAS. 2020. Oral History Interviews. National Archives of Singapore. www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/oral_history_interviews (accessed 15 May 2021).Google Scholar
Olusola, Adesope, Lavin, Tracy, Thompson, Terri & Ungerleider, Charles. 2010. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research 80(2), 207245.Google Scholar
Onysko, Alexander. 2007. Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Opoku-Amankwa, Kwasi. 2009. English-only language-in-education policy in multilingual classrooms in Ghana. Language, Culture and Curriculum 22(2), 121135.Google Scholar
Paap, Kenneth & Greenberg, Zachary. 2013. There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology 66(2), 232258.Google Scholar
Paap, Kenneth, Johnson, Hunter & Sawi, Oliver. 2015. Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex 69, 265278.Google Scholar
Paap, Kenneth, Johnson, Hunter & Sawi, Oliver. 2016. Should the search for bilingual advantages in executive functioning continue? Cortex 74, 305314.Google Scholar
Pacione, Michael. 2005. City profile Dubai. Cities 22(3), 255265.Google Scholar
Pahta, Päivi, Skaffari, Janne & Wright, Laura (eds.). 2018. Multilingual Practices in Language History: English and Beyond. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Pan, Jinger, Song, Shuang, Mengmeng, Su, McBride, Catherine, Liu, Hongyun, Zhang, Yuping, Li, Hong & Shu, Hua. 2015. On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: Evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study. Developmental Science 19(6), 982991.Google Scholar
Parra-Guinaldo, Victor & Lanteigne, Betty. 2021. Morpho-syntactic features of English as a lingua franca in Dubai and Sharjah. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 303320.Google Scholar
Patrick, Donna. 2019. Promises, acts, and action: Indigenous language politics in Canada. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Politics and Policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 244262.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, Aneta & Blackledge, Adrian (eds.). 2004a. Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, Aneta & Blackledge, Adrian. 2004b. Introduction: New theoretical approaches to the study of negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. In Pavlenko, Aneta & Blackledge, Adrian (eds.) Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 133.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, Aneta & Jarvis, Scott. 2002. Bidirectional transfer. Applied Linguistics 23(2), 190214.Google Scholar
Peal, Elizabeth & Lambert, Wallace. 1962. The relation of bilingualism to intelligence. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 76(27), 123.Google Scholar
Perez, Danae, Hundt, Marianne, Kabatek, Johannes & Schreier, Daniel (eds.). 2021. English and Spanish: World Languages in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 2009. Australian English as a regional epicenter. In Hoffmann, Thomas & Siebers, Lucia (eds.) World Englishes – Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 107124.Google Scholar
Petrovic, John. 2019. Alienation, language work, and the so-called commodification of language. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Politics and Policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6677.Google Scholar
Philips, Susan. 2015. Language ideologies. In Tannen, Deborah, Hamilton, Heidi & Schiffrin, Deborah (eds.) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Vol. 7. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 557574.Google Scholar
Phillips, Beth, Clancy-Menchetti, Jeanine & Lonigan, Christopher. 2008. Successful phonological awareness instruction with preschool children: Lessons from the classroom. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 28(1), 317.Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2016. Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2017. Intercultural Communication: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2018. Dubai: Language in the ethnocratic, corporate and mobile city. In Smakman, Dick & Heinrich, Patrick (eds.) Urban Sociolinguistics: The City as a Linguistic Process and Experience. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 7794.Google Scholar
Pinto, Maria Antonietta, Titone, Renzo & Trusso, Francesca. 1999. Metalinguistic Awareness: Theory, Development and Measurement Instruments. Pisa and Rome: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali.Google Scholar
Platt, John. 1975. The Singapore English Speech Continuum and Its Basilect ‘Singlish’ as a ‘Creoloid.Anthropological Linguistics 17(7), 363374.Google Scholar
Platt, John & Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, Features, Functions. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Polinsky, Maria. 2018. Heritage Languages and their Speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Poon, Anita. 2021. Multilingualism, language policy, and social diversity in Hong Kong. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 99115.Google Scholar
Puig-Mayenco, Eloi, Alonso, Jorge Gonzáles & Rothman, Jason. 2020. A systematic review of transfer studies in third language acquisition. Second Language Research 36(1), 3164.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Reder, Fanny, Marec-Breton, Nathalie, Gombert, Jean-Emile & Demont, Elisabeth. 2013. Second-language learners’ advantage in metalinguistic awareness: A question of languages’ characteristics. British Journal of Educational Psychology 83(4), 686702.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas (ed.). 2006a. An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas. 2006b. Language policy: Theory and practice – An introduction. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 1023.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas (ed.). 2015a. Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas. 2015b. Political economy and English as a “global” language. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 2747.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas. 2015c. “English,” the Global Lingua Franca? In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 276304.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas (ed.). 2019a. Language Politics and Policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas. 2019b. Introduction. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Politics and Policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 124.Google Scholar
Ricento, Thomas, Peled, Yael & Ives, Peter (eds.). 2015. Language Policy and Political Theory: Building Bridges, Assessing Breaches. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Ringbom, Håkan. 1987. The Role of the First Language in Foreign Language Learning. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Ringbom, Håkan. 2001. Lexical transfer in L3 production. In Cenoz, Jasone, Hufeisen, Britta & Jessner, Ulrike (eds.) Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 5968.Google Scholar
Ringbom, Håkan. 2007. Cross-Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Rochette, Bruno. 2012. Language policies in the Roman Republic and Empire. In Clackson, James (ed.) A Companion to the Latin Language. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 549563.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 2015. Linguistic diversity and global English: The PushmiPullyu of language and political economy. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 252275.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 2017. Multilingualism. In Aronoff, Mark & Rees‐Miller, Janie (eds.) The Handbook of Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 541556.Google Scholar
Ross, Malcolm. 1991. Refining Guy’s sociolinguistic types of language change. Diachronica 8(1), 119129.Google Scholar
Rothman, Jason. 2011. L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy. The typological primacy model. Second Language Research 27(1), 107127.Google Scholar
Rothman, Jason & Amaro, Jennifer Cabrelli. 2010. What variables condition syntactic transfer? A look at the L3 initial state. Second Language Research 26(2), 189218.Google Scholar
Rothman, Jason, Alonso, Jorge Gonzáles & Puig-Mayenco, Eloi. 2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
RSNZ. 2013. Languages in Aotearoa New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand. Royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Languages-in-Aotearoa-New-Zealand.pdf (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Ruíz, Richard. 1984. Orientations in language planning. NABE Journal/National Association for Bilingual Education 8(2), 1534.Google Scholar
Rutgers, Dieuwerke & Evans, Michael. 2017. Bilingual education and L3 learning: Metalinguistic advantage or not? International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20(7), 788806.Google Scholar
Ryan, Ellen Bouchard, Giles, Howards & Sebastian, Richard. 1982. An integrative perspective for the study of attitudes towards language variation. In Ryan, Ellen Bouchard & Giles, Howard (eds.) Attitudes Towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 119.Google Scholar
Saer, D. J. 1923. The effect of bilingualism on intelligence. British Journal of Psychology. General Section 14(1), 2538.Google Scholar
Safont Jordà, Maria Pilar. 2003. Metapragmatic awareness and pragmatic production of third language learners of English: A focus on request acts realizations. The International Journal of Bilingualism 7(1), 4369.Google Scholar
Safont Jordà, Maria Pilar. 2005. Third Language Learners: Pragmatic Production and Awareness. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Sagasta Errasti, María Pilar. 2003. Acquiring writing skills in a third language: The positive effects of bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism 7(1), 2742.Google Scholar
Sağın-Şimşek, Sultan Çiğdem. 2005. Turkish–German bilingual students’ acquisition of English word order in a German educational setting. Münster: Waxmann.Google Scholar
Şahingöz, Yasemin. 2014. Schulische Mehrsprachigkeit bei Türkisch–Deutsch Bilingualen Schülern: Erwerb und Auswirkungen. PhD Dissertation. Universität Hamburg. Ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/handle/ediss/5998 (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Sanders, Marianne & Meijers, Guust. 1995. English as L3 in the elementary school. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics 107/108, 5978.Google Scholar
Sanz, Cristina. 2000. Bilingual education enhances third language acquisition: Evidence from Catalonia. Applied Psycholinguistics 21, 2344.Google Scholar
Sanz, Cristina. 2012. Multilingualism and metalinguistic awareness. In Chapelle, Carol (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 39333942.Google Scholar
Schendl, Herbert & Wright, Laura (eds.). 2011. Code-Switching in Early English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Schmid, Monika. 2002. First Language Attrition, Use and Maintenance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schmidtke, Daniel & Kuperman, Victor. 2017. Mass counts in World Englishes: A corpus linguistic study of noun countability in non-native varieties of English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 13(1), 135164.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2), 233281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schreiber, Henning (with Odoje, Clement & Obot, Djeneba). 2012. Linguistic solidarity against ultra-hyper-diversity: Nigerian Pidgin in Lagos. In Beyer, Klaus & Kramer, Raija (eds.) Language Change under Multilingual Conditions: Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blätter 24, pp. 5172.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Bonnie & Sprouse, Rex. 1996. L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research 12(1), 4072.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Mila, Geva, Esther, Share, David & Leikin, Mark. 2007. Learning to read in English as a third language: The cross-linguistic transfer of phonological processing skills. Written Language and Literacy 10(1), 2552.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2004. Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24(1), 209239.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2011. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sharwood Smith, Michael & Kellerman, Eric. 1986. Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition: An introduction. In Kellerman, Eric & Smith, Michael Sharwood (eds.) Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 19.Google Scholar
Shohamy, Elana. 2006. Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shohamy, Elana & Gorter, Durk. 2008. Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2008. Language contact: Constraints and common paths of contact induced change. In Siemund, Peter & Kintana, Noemi (eds.) Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 311.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2013. Varieties of English: A Typological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2018a. Modeling World Englishes from a cross-linguistic perspective. In Dehors, Sandra (ed.) Modeling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 133162.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2018b. Speech Acts and Clause Types: English in a Cross-Linguistic Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2022. Englisch als weitere Sprache im Kontext herkunftsbedingter Mehrsprachigkeit. In Klinger, Thorsten, Gogolin, Ingrid & Schnoor, Birger (eds.) Sprachentwicklung im Kontext von Mehrsprachigkeit – Hypothesen, Methoden, Forschungsperspektiven. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 193–210.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter & Lechner, Simone. 2015. Transfer effects in the acquisition of English as an additional language by bilingual children in Germany. In Peukert, Hagen (ed.) Transfer Effects in Multilingual Language Development. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 147160.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.). 2021. Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter & Li, Lijun. 2017. Towards a diachronic reconstruction of Colloquial Singapore English. In Ziegeler, Debra & Zhiming, Bao (eds.) Negation and Contact: With Special Focus on Singapore English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1132.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter & Li, Lijun. 2020. Multilingualism and language policy in Singapore. In Klöter, Henning & Saarela, Mårten Söderblom (eds.) Language Diversity in the Sinophone World. London: Routledge, pp. 205228.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter & Lorenz, Eliane. 2023. Multilingual advantages: On the relationship between type of bilingualism and language proficiency. In Grohmann, Kleanthes (ed.) Multifaceted Multilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter & Mueller, Jessica Terese. 2021. Are multilinguals the better academic ELF users? Evidence from a questionnaire study measuring self-assessed proficiencies. In Mauranen, Anna & Vetchinnikova, Svetlana (eds.) Language Change: The Impact of English as a Lingua Franca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 234266.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter, Al-Issa, Ahmad & Leimgruber, Jakob. 2021. Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes 40(2), 191204.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter, Davydova, Julia & Maier, Georg. 2012. The Amazing World of Englishes: A Practical Introduction. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter, Schröter, Stefanie & Rahbari, Sharareh. 2018. Learning English demonstrative pronouns on bilingual substrate: Evidence from German heritage speakers of Russian, Turkish, and Vietnamese. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 381405.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter, Schulz, Monika & Schweinberger, Martin. 2014. Studying the linguistic ecology of Singapore: A comparison of college and university students. World Englishes 33(3), 340362.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter, Al-Issa, Ahmad, Rahbari, Sharareh & Leimgruber, Jakob. 2021. Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates, with views from Singapore and Hong Kong. In Onysko, Alexander (ed.) Research Developments in World Englishes. London: Bloomsbury, 95119.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter, Gogolin, Ingrid, Schulz, Monika & Davydova, Julia (eds.) 2013. Multilingualism and Language Contact in Urban Areas: Acquisition – Identities – Space – Education. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Silva‐Corvalán, Carmen & Treffers‐Daller, Jeanine (eds.). 2016. Language Dominance in Bilinguals: Issues of Measurement and Operationalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language structure and linguistic ideology. In Clyne, Paul, Hanks, William & Hofbauer, Carol (eds.) The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, pp. 193247.Google Scholar
Sin, Chih Hoong. 2002. The quest for a balanced ethnic mix: Singapore’s ethnic quota policy examined. Urban Studies 39(8), 13471374.Google Scholar
Singapore Department of Statistics. 2021. www.singstat.gov.sg (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Singleton, David & Aronin, Larissa (eds.). 2019. Twelve Lectures on Multilingualism. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Slabakova, Roumyana. 2017. The scalpel model of third language acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism 21(6), 651665.Google Scholar
Slabakova, Roumyana & García Mayo, María del Pilar. 2015. The L3 syntax–discourse interface. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18(2), 208226.Google Scholar
Snape, Neal, García-Mayo, Maria Del Pilar & Gürel, Ayşe. 2013. L1 transfer in article selection for generic reference by Spanish, Turkish and Japanese L2 learners. International Journal of English Studies 13(1), 128.Google Scholar
Snow, Don. 2013. Revisiting Ferguson’s defining cases of diglossia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 34(1), 6176.Google Scholar
Spellerberg, Stine Marie. 2016. Metalinguistic awareness and academic achievement in a linguistically diverse school setting: A study of lower secondary pupils in Denmark. International Journal of Multilingualism, 13(1), 1939.Google Scholar
Spolsky, Bernard. 2004. Language Policy: Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spolsky, Bernard. 2009. Language Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Starr, Rebecca Lurie & Hiramoto, Mie. 2019. Inclusion, exclusion, and racial identity in Singapore’s language education system. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29(3), 341355.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2017a. Toronto, C [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed 9 February 2021).Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2017b. Vancouver, CY [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed 9 February 2021).Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2017c. Montréal, V [Census subdivision], Quebec and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed 9 February 2021).Google Scholar
Statistics New Zealand. 2018. Auckland. nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein. 2020. www.statistik-nord.de (accessed 24 August 2021).Google Scholar
Stavans, Anat & Hoffmann, Charlotte. 2015. Multilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stockwell, Robert, Bowen, Donald & Martin, John. 1965. The Grammatical Structures of English and Spanish: An Analysis of Structural Differences between the two Languages. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Wenyang & Rong, Xue Lan. 2018. Globalization, national identity, and multiculturalism and multilingualism: Language policy and practice in education in Asian countries. In Bonnet, Andreas & Siemund, Peter (eds.) Foreign Language Education in Multilingual Classrooms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 99123.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt & Kortmann, Bernd. 2008. The morphosyntax of varieties of English worldwide: A quantitative perspective. Lingua 119(11), 16431663.Google Scholar
Tabouret-Keller, Andrée. 2006. Bilingualism in Europe. In Bhatia, Taj & Ritchie, William (eds.) The Handbook of Bilingualism. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 662688.Google Scholar
Te Puni Kōkiri (Ministry of Māori Development). 2019. The Crown’s Strategy for Māori Language Revitalisation 2019–2023. www.tpk.govt.nz/en/a-matou-mohiotanga/language/crowns-strategy-for-maori-language-revitalisation (accessed 2 June 2021).Google Scholar
Theodoropoulou, Irene. 2021. Socio-historical multilingualism and language policies in Dubai. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 6380.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 2015. Endangered Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah & Kaufman, Terrence. 1991. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. First Paperback Printing. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tibategeza, Eustard & du Plessis, Theodorus. 2012. Language-in-education policy development in Tanzania: An overview. Language Matters 43(2), 184201.Google Scholar
Titone, Debra, Gullifer, Jason, Subramaniapillai, Sivaniya, Rajah, Natasha & Baum, Shari. 2017. History-inspired reflections on the bilingual advantages hypothesis. In Sullivan, Margot & Bialystok, Ellen (eds.) Growing Old with Two Languages: Effects of Bilingualism on Cognitive Aging. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 265295.Google Scholar
Tomasello, Michael. 2003. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, G.R. & d’Anglejan, Alison. 1971. Some thoughts concerning bilingual education programs. The Modern Language Journal 55(8), 491493.Google Scholar
Tupas, Ruanni & Martin, Isabel Pefianco. 2017. Bilingual and mother tongue-based multilingual education in the Philippines. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, pp. 247258.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2016a. Policy Brief on Internal Migration in Malaysia. UNESCO Bangkok. Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. bangkok.unesco.org/content/policy-briefs-internal-migration-southeast-asia (accessed 24 April 2021).Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2016b. Policy Brief on Internal Migration in the Philippines. UNESCO Bangkok. Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. bangkok.unesco.org/content/policy-briefs-internal- migration-southeast-asia (accessed 24 April 2021).Google Scholar
Usanova, Irina. 2019. Biscriptuality: Writing Skills among German–Russian Adolescents. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. American Community Survey. Language spoken at home by the ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over. data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B16001&g=310M400US35620,41860&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B16001 (accessed 9 February 2021).Google Scholar
Valian, Virginia. 2015. Bilingualism and cognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18(1), 324.Google Scholar
van Coetsem, Frans. 1988. Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
van der Maas, Han, Kan, Kees-Jan & Borsboom, Denny. 2014. Intelligence is what the intelligence test measures. Seriously. Journal of Intelligence 2(1), 1215.Google Scholar
Gelderen, Van, Amos, Rob Schoonen, De Glopper, Kees, Hulstijn, Jan, Snellings, Patrick, Simis, Annegien & Stevenson, Marie. 2003. Roles of linguistic knowledge, metacognitive knowledge and processing speed in L3, L2 and L1 reading comprehension: A structural equation modelling approach. International Journal of Bilingualism 7(1), 725.Google Scholar
Vendler, Zeno. 1957. Verbs and times. Philosophical Review 66(2), 143160.Google Scholar
Vennemann, Theo. 2003. Europa Vasconica – Europa Semitica. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6), 10241054.Google Scholar
Wang, Feng. 2005. On the genetic position of the Bai language. Cahiers de Linguistique – Asie Orientale 34(1), 101127.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixun & Kirkpatrick, Andy. 2021. Medium of instruction issues in trilingual Hong Kong primary schools. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 229247.Google Scholar
Wasserfall, Julia. 2019. Prestige and Pretentiousness: The English Language in Taiwan and Singapore. PhD Dissertation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.Google Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2021. The state of/and language planning in Singapore. In Siemund, Peter & Leimgruber, Jakob (eds.) Multilingual Global Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai. Multilingual Asia Series. Singapore: Routledge, pp. 8398.Google Scholar
Wei, Li. 1994. Three Generations, Two Languages, One Family: Language Choice and Language Shift in a Chinese Community in Britain. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York 1.Google Scholar
Westergaard, Marit, Mitrofanova, Natalia, Mykhaylyk, Roksolana & Rodina, Yulia. 2017. Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The linguistic proximity model. International Journal of Bilingualism 21(6), 666682.Google Scholar
Wiese, Heike. 2012. Kiezdeutsch: Ein neuer Dialekt entsteht. München: Beck.Google Scholar
Wiley, Terence. 2019. The rise, fall, and rebirth of bilingual education in California and the ongoing American dilemma. In Ricento, Thomas (ed.) Language Politics and Policies: Perspectives from Canada and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135152.Google Scholar
Williams, Glyn. 1977. Social and cultural change in contemporary Wales. Current Anthropology 18(4), 737743.Google Scholar
Williams, Sarah & Hammarberg, Björn. 1998. Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model. Applied Linguistics 19(3), 295333.Google Scholar
Wilson, Charles & Deuchar, Margaret. 2017. Extralinguistic factors influencing the pronunciation of English by Welsh–English Bilinguals. In Lauchlan, Fraser & del Carmen, Maria Couto, Parafita (eds.) Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 4869.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2005. Contact-induced changes: Classification and processes. Diachronica 22(2), 373427.Google Scholar
Woll, Nina. 2020. Towards crosslinguistic pedagogy: Demystifying pre-service teachers’ beliefs regarding the target-language-only rule. System 92, 111.Google Scholar
Wrembel, Magdalena. 2013. Metalinguistic awareness in third language phonological acquisition. In Roehr, Karen & Ganem-Gutierrez, Gabriela Adela (eds.) The Metalinguistic Dimension in Instructed Second Language Learning. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 119143.Google Scholar
Wright, Wane & Chan, Virak. 2019. Multilingualism in North America. In Montanari, Simona & Quay, Suzanne (eds.) Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Multilingualism: The Fundamentals. Boston, FL: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 77100.Google Scholar
Worthington, Ian. 2005. Alexander the Great: A Reader. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Young, Nia, Rhys, Mirain, Kennedy, Ivan & Thomas, Enlli. 2017. The linguistic, cognitive and emotional advantages of minority language bilingualism. In Lauchlan, Fraser & del Carmen, Maria Couto, Parafita (eds.) Bilingualism and Minority Languages in Europe: Current Trends and Developments. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 120140.Google Scholar
Zakharia, Zeena. 2017. Bilingual education in the Middle East and North Africa. In García, Ofelia, Lin, Angel & May, Stephen (eds.) Bilingual and Multilingual Education: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (3rd ed.). Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 281293.Google Scholar
Ziegeler, Debra. 2014. Replica grammaticalisation as recapitulation: The other side of contact. Diachronica 31(1), 106141.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Peter Siemund, Universität Hamburg
  • Book: Multilingual Development
  • Online publication: 17 January 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108915540.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Peter Siemund, Universität Hamburg
  • Book: Multilingual Development
  • Online publication: 17 January 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108915540.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Peter Siemund, Universität Hamburg
  • Book: Multilingual Development
  • Online publication: 17 January 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108915540.009
Available formats
×