Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:29:55.943Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Cooking, Baking, and Serving: A Window into the Kitchen of Egyptian Monastic Households and the Archaeology of Cooking

from II. - Production and Consumption of Food and Material Goods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2023

Louise Blanke
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Jennifer Cromwell
Affiliation:
Manchester Metropolitan University
Get access

Summary

Egypt has an abundance of well-preserved monastic settlements. The mudbrick structures provide ample evidence for examining domestic spaces associated with the daily household activities of food preparation through the acts of cooking, frying, and baking. While monastic literature presents a portrait of food scarcity in monastic communities, the archaeological evidence of kitchens and cooking spaces creates a more dynamic story of how monks interacted with ingredients, prepared meals, and considered the economy of space in designing areas for food preparation. The monastic movement required new habitations and ones in new locations to be set apart from the traditional and biological households. The importance of consumption habits within the family setting played a role in reinforcing one’s identity in a monastery or in a non-monastic family. The numerous examples of preserved monastic kitchens offer substantial evidence for a robust analysis that combines the theoretical models of household archaeology and spatial configuration to consider how monastic builders addressed the specific needs for food production within a homosocial community. The advent of new monastic settlements in late antique Egypt provides a unique opportunity to observe the evolution of cooking within an archaeological context.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R. T.Mesoamerican House Lots and Archaeological Site Structure: Problems of Inference in Yaxcaba, Yucatan, Mexico, 1750–1847’ in Allison, P. (ed.), The Archaeology of Household Activities (New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 78100.Google Scholar
Antoniak, I.Preliminary Remarks on the Coptic Ostraca from Seasons 2003 and 2004’, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 16 (2005), 244–7.Google Scholar
Bartelink, G. J. M. (ed.) Athanase d‘Alexandrie: Vie d’Antoine (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1994).Google Scholar
Beckh, T. Zeitzeugen aus Ton Die Gebrauchskeramik der Klosteranlage Deir el-Bachit in Theben-West (Oberägypten) (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013).Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994).Google Scholar
Blanke, L. An Archaeology of Egyptian Monasticism: Settlement, Economy and Daily Life at the White Monastery Federation (New Haven: Yale Egyptology, 2019).Google Scholar
Bond, J.Production and Consumption of Food and Drink in the Medieval Monastery’ in Keevill, G., Aston, M., and Hall, T. (eds.), Monastic Archaeology: Papers on the Study of Medieval Monasteries (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2001), pp. 5487.Google Scholar
Boon, A. Pachomiana Latina. Règle et épîtres de s. Pachôme, épître de s. Théodore et ‘Liber’ de s. Orsiesius. Texte latin de s. Jérôme (Leuven: Universiteitbibliotheek, 1932).Google Scholar
Bourbou, C. Health and Disease in Byzantine Crete (7th–12th Centuries AD) (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010).Google Scholar
Brakke, D. Evagrius of Pontus. Talking Back. A Monastic Handbook for Combating Demons (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Brooks Hedstrom, D. L.Models of Seeing and Reading Monastic Archaeology’, Cistercian Studies Quarterly, 48.3 (2013), 299315.Google Scholar
Brooks Hedstrom, D. L.Monks Baking Bread and Salting Fish: An Archaeology of Early Monastic Ascetic Taste’ in Mullett, M. and Ashbrook Harvey, S. (eds.), Knowing Bodies, Passionate Souls: Sense Perceptions in Byzantium (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Press, 2017), pp. 183206.Google Scholar
Brooks Hedstrom, D. L. The Monastic Landscape in Late Antique Egypt: An Archaeological Reconstruction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Brooks Hedstrom, D. L.Thinking about Monastic Food: Theory, Practice, and the Archaeology of Spatial Design’ in El Dorry, M.-A. (ed.), Continuities and Transitions: Approaches to Studying Food and Drink in Egypt and Sudan (Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, forthcoming).Google Scholar
Burkard, G., Mackensen, M., and Polz, D.Die spätantike/koptische Klosteranlage Deir el-Bachit in Dra’ Abu el-Naga (Oberägypten)’, Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 59 (2003), 4165.Google Scholar
Christophersen, A.Performing Towns. Steps towards an Understanding of Medieval Urban Communities as Social Practice’, Archaeological Dialogues, 22.2 (2015), 109–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtney, P.Excavations in the Outer Precinct of Tintern Abbey’, Medieval Archaeology, 33 (1989), 99143.Google Scholar
Crislip, A. From Monastery to Hospital: Christian Monasticism and the Transformation of Health Care in Late Antiquity (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Crislip, A. Thorns in the Flesh: Illness and Sanctity in Late Ancient Christianity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Dalby, A. Siren Feasts: History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece (London and New York: Routledge, 1997).Google Scholar
Dalby, A. Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Dalby, A. Flavours of Byzantium (Totnes: Prospect, 2003).Google Scholar
Dauphin, C.The Diet of the Desert Fathers in Late Antique Egypt’, Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, 19–20 (2001–2), 3963.Google Scholar
David, N. and Kramer, C. Ethnography in Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Depraetere, D. D. E.A Comparative Study on the Construction and the Use of the Domestic Bread Oven in Egypt during the Graeco-Roman and Late Antique/Early Byzantine Period’, Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 58 (2002), 119–56.Google Scholar
Eichner, I. and Fauerbach, U.Die spätantike/koptische Klosteranlage Deir el-Bachit in Dra` Abu el-Naga (Oberägypten)’, Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 61 (2005), 139–52.Google Scholar
El Dunbabin, K. M. D. The Roman Banquet: Images of Conviviality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
El Dorry, M.-A. ‘Monks and Plants: A Study of Foodways and Agricultural Practices in Egyptian Monastic Settlements’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Münster, 2015.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, W. (ed.) Euagrios Ponticus (Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1912).Google Scholar
Garel, E.The Ostraca of Victor the Priest Found in the Hermitage MMA 1152’ in Derda, T., Łajtar, A., and Urbanik, J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Papyrology, Warsaw 29.07–3.08 2013 (Warsaw: University of Warsaw, 2016), pp. 1041–54.Google Scholar
Garitte, G. S. Antonii Vitae versio Sahidica (Paris: E Typographeo Reipublicae, 1949).Google Scholar
Godlewski, W. Deir El-Bahari V. Le monastère de St Phoibammon (Warsaw: PWN, 1986).Google Scholar
Godlewski, W.Naqlun 2007: Preliminary Report: Excavations’, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 19 (2007), 229–79.Google Scholar
Górecki, T.Sheikh abd el-Gurna Coptic Hermitage’, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 15 (2003), 173–9.Google Scholar
Gregoricka, L. A. and Guise Sheridan, S.Ascetic or Affluent? Byzantine Diet at the Monastic Community of St. Stephen’s, Jerusalem from Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes’, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 32.1 (2013), 6373.Google Scholar
Grimm, V. From Feasting to Fasting, the Evolution of a Sin: Attitudes to food in Late Antiquity (London: Routledge, 1996).Google Scholar
Haldon, J, Gaffney, V., Theodropoulos, G., and Murgatroyd, P.Marching across Anatolia: Medieval Logistics and Modeling the Mantzikert Campaign’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 65 & 66 (2011–12), 209–35.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y.The Past as Oral History: Towards an Archaeology of the Senses’ in Hamilakis, Y., Pluciennik, M., and Tarlow, S. (eds.), Thinking through the Body: Archaeologies of Corporeality (New York: Kluwer/Plenum, 2002), pp. 121–36.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y.Archaeology of the Senses’ in Insoll, T. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 208–25.Google Scholar
Henein, N. H. and Wuttmann, M. Kellia: l’ermitage copte QR 195, 2 vols (Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 2000).Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Y. The Judean Desert Monasteries in the Byzantine Period (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Husselman, E. M. Karanis Excavations of the University of Michigan in Egypt, 1928–1935: Topography and Architecture (Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, 1979).Google Scholar
Innemée, K. C.Excavations at Deir Al-Baramus 2002–2005’, Bulletin de la Société d’archéologie Copte, 44 (2005), 5568.Google Scholar
Koder, J.Stew and Salted Meat – Opulent Normality in the Diet of Every Day?’ in Brubaker, L. and Linardou, K. (eds.), Eat, Drink, and Be Merry (Luke 12:19): Food and Wine in Byzantium: Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A. A. M. Bryer (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 5972.Google Scholar
Krawiec, R. Shenoute and the Women of the White Monastery: Egyptian Monasticism in Late Antique Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layton, B.Social Structure and Food Consumption in an Early Christian Monastery: The Evidence of Shenoute’s Canons and the White Monastery Federation A.D. 385–465’, Le Muséon, 115 (2002), 255.Google Scholar
Lefort, L. T. Oeuvres de S. Pachôme et de ses disciples (Leuven: Durbecq, 1956).Google Scholar
Luff, R. M.Monastic Diet in Late Antique Egypt: Zooarchaeological Finds from Kom el-Nana and Tell el-Amarna, Middle Egypt’, Environmental Archaeology, 12 (2007), 161–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madella, M., Kovacs, G., Berzseny, B., Briz, I, and Godino, I. (eds.) The Archaeology of Household (Oxford: Oxbow, 2013).Google Scholar
Matthews, R.About the Archaeological House: Themes and Directions’ in Parker, B. J. and Foster, C. P. (eds.), New Perspectives on Household Archaeology (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2012), pp. 559–66.Google Scholar
O’Connell, E. R.R. Campbell Thompson’s 1913/14 Excavation of Wadi Sarga and Other Sites’, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan, 21 (2014), 121–92.Google Scholar
Olsen, B. In Defense of Things: Archaeology and the Ontology of Objects (Lanham: AltaMira Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Pyke, G. and Brooks Hedstrom, D. L.The Afterlife of Sherds: Architectural Re-use Strategies at the Monastery of John the Little, Wadi Natrun’ in Bader, B. and Ownby, M. (eds.), Functional Aspects of Egyptian Ceramics in Their Archaeological Context (Leuven: Peeters, 2012), pp. 307–26.Google Scholar
Quataert, D.Clothing Laws, State, and Society in the Ottoman Empire, 1720–1829’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29 (1997), 403–25.Google Scholar
Regnault, L. La vie quotidienne des Pères du Désert en Égypte au IVe siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1990).Google Scholar
Rousseau, P. Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Sauneron, S.The Work of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology in 1973–1974: ‘Adaima’, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 74 (1973–4), 186–95.Google Scholar
Sauneron, S. and Jacquet, J. Les ermitages chrétiens du désert d’Esna, 4 vols (Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 1972).Google Scholar
Shaw, T. M. The Burden of the Flesh: Fasting and Sexuality in Early Christianity (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Souvatzi, S. A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An Anthropological Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Steadman, S. R.Recent Research in the Archaeology of Architecture: Beyond the Foundations’, Journal of Archaeological Research, 4.1 (1996), 5193.Google Scholar
Veilleux, A. Pachomian Koinonia II. Pachomian Chronicles and Rules (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981).Google Scholar
Vivian, T. and Athanassakis, A. N. The Life of Antony: The Coptic Life and the Greek Life (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2003).Google Scholar
Wellesz, E. The Vienna Genesis with an Introduction and Notes (New York: Faber and Faber, 1960).Google Scholar
Wilk, R. and Rathje, W. L.Household Archaeology’, American Behavioural Scientist, 25/6 (1982), 617–39.Google Scholar
Winlock, H. E. and Crum, W. E. The Monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes. Part I, The Archaeological Material; The Literary Material (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1926).Google Scholar
Wipszycka, E.Resources and Economic Activities of the Egyptian Monastic Communities (4th–8th Century)’, The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, 41 (2011), 159263.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, B. Die Wiener Genesis im Rahmen der antiken Buchmalerei (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2003).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×