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7 - Physics, Instrumentation, and Methods for Imaging Reporter Gene Expression in Living Subjects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2010

Sanjiv Sam Gambhir  and
Shahriar S. Yaghoubi
By
Craig S. Levin
Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
Shahriar S. Yaghoubi
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Achieving in vivo imaging of gene transfer provides molecular imaging with exciting opportunities in applications such as tracking stem or progenitor cells after transplantation or guiding efficacy studies of gene therapy. Monitoring of transgene expression is routinely accomplished by coexpressing marker genes with potential therapeutic transgenes in small laboratory animals. In this standard approach, the animals are sacrificed and methods such as histology or fluorescence microscopy (e.g., see) are performed on appropriate tissue samples to analyze the presence of marker gene expression. As with other biological studies, it is desirable to perform these studies routinely using noninvasive imaging to increase efficiency and information content associated with monitoring transgene expression over time in the same research subject.

In this chapter we describe currently available imaging technologies utilized in the reporter gene imaging research described in this book. These technologies exploit energy emissions that span nearly the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The imaging system's function is to collect these signals and form images that can be analyzed to monitor the spatiotemporal characteristics of certain cellular and molecular processes occurring in cells located within tissues of living subjects. Certain imaging systems actually excite the processes that produce the detected signal, as in the case of optical fluorescence or magnetic resonance imaging. The molecular imaging technologies described in this book for noninvasive reporter gene imaging include optical techniques that utilize fluorescence or bioluminescence light photon emissions, the radionuclide methods of positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography that collect positron annihilation or gamma ray photons, respectively, and magnetic resonance methods that rely on emissions from the radiofrequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Molecular Imaging with Reporter Genes , pp. 151 - 192
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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