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Chapter 7 - Unsteady explosive activity

Vulcanian eruptions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

By
Amanda B. Clarke
Edited by
Sarah A. Fagents ,
Tracy K. P. Gregg  and
Rosaly M. C. Lopes
Sarah A. Fagents
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Tracy K. P. Gregg
Affiliation:
State University of New York, Buffalo
Rosaly M. C. Lopes
Affiliation:
NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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Summary

Overview

Vulcanian eruptions are named for the 1888–90 eruptions of Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy (Mercalli, 1907), and are defined here as short-lived, discrete explosions resulting from sudden decompression of a volcanic conduit caused by disruption of a sealing plug or dome. Resulting eruptions characteristically last only seconds to minutes and may produce buoyant columns, pyroclastic density currents, or both. They may occur as single events or in a sequence of discrete explosions. The short duration and unsteady vent conditions of vulcanian eruptions make them distinct from sustained plinian or subplinian eruptions. Pre-eruption pressures can reach 10 MPa, vent velocities may approach 400 m s−1, eruption plumes typically rise to < 10 km, but in some cases may reach nearly 20 km, and the amount of magma erupted is typically < 1011 kg. This chapter reviews mechanisms associated with vulcanian eruptions and discusses several relevant conceptual and quantitative models. Topics include plug formation and disruption, magma fragmentation, calculation of vent flux, the production and propagation of shock waves, the dynamics of pyroclastic jets and plumes ascending from unsteady sources, and ballistic analysis. This chapter also addresses important questions regarding controls on the scale and duration of such short-lived explosions, as well as transitions in eruptive style.

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Modeling Volcanic Processes
The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism
 , pp. 129 - 152
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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