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12 - Criteria for identifying jökulhlaup deposits in the sedimentary record

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2010

By
Philip M. Marren  and
Matthias Schuh
Edited by
Devon M. Burr ,
Paul A. Carling  and
Victor R. Baker
Devon M. Burr
Affiliation:
University of Tennessee
Paul A. Carling
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
Victor R. Baker
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
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Summary

Summary

A wide variety of sedimentary structures occur in modern jökulhlaup deposits and an important question arises when trying to identify jökulhlaup deposits in the sedimentary record: which sedimentary structures are distinctive of jökulhlaup deposition? A given sedimentary structure can be formed by more than one process, and in isolation cannot be used to distinguish a jökulhlaup deposit from those formed by other fluvial and flood processes. This chapter identifies those sedimentary structures that are thought to be unique or highly distinctive in jökulhlaups. Some structures are only formed by jökulhlaups in the proglacial environment, but can be found in other fluvial environments. Distinctive sedimentary features of jökulhlaup flows may include hyperconcentrated flow deposits, thick (greater than 5m) upwards coarsening units formed by accretion during the rising stage of a flood and large gravel cross-beds (indicating formation by large gravel dunes) and flood bar deposits. Additional, non-distinctive indicators of jökulhlaup deposition include reactivation surfaces in gravel bedforms, widespread erosion surfaces and consistent palaeoflow indicators. Ice-block and rip-up clast related sedimentary structures are also non-unique, given that they can be formed under non-flood conditions, but their size and numbers are many times greater when formed by a jökulhlaup. To illustrate the points made in the review, this chapter presents a case study using ground-penetrating radar data that describe the sediments of a flood bar deposited during the November 1996 jökulhlaup in Iceland.

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Megaflooding on Earth and Mars , pp. 225 - 242
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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