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12 - Adipose tissue development and its potential contribution to later obesity

from Section 3 - Long-term consequences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2012

By
Shalini Ojha ,
Helen Budge  and
Michael E. Symonds
Edited by
Matthew W. Gillman  and
Lucilla Poston
Matthew W. Gillman
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School
Lucilla Poston
Affiliation:
King's College London
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Summary

Introduction

The early life environment may persistently influence the development of adipose tissue, thereby predisposing the offspring to obesity. There is substantial development within the adipose tissue depots from early fetal life through weaning to puberty [1]. These periods are associated with critical windows of vulnerability to the environment and lifestyle. Importantly, these windows differ greatly between species and are dependent on the maturity of the adipose tissue at birth [2].

The majority of animal species have only very limited adipose tissue stores at birth, which may relate to the high energy costs associated with deposition of fat as opposed to protein [3]. In addition, fetal adipose tissue tends to be primarily brown fat, which is characterized as being uniquely able to rapidly generate heat due to the presence of uncoupling protein (UCP)1 [4–6], with thermal production being as high as 300 W/kg compared to 1W/kg in all other tissues [7,8]. One notable exception is the human infant, which not only has appreciable brown fat stores but also large amounts of white subcutaneous fat [9]. Consequently, the newborn is capable of both generating large amounts of heat around its internal organs following cold exposure to the extrauterine environment, and of minimizing heat loss due to the insulatory properties of white fat.

Keywords

adipose tissueanimal modelsglucocorticoid receptorovine perirenal adipose tissueoffspringmaternal nutritional environmentobesity
Type
Chapter
Information
Maternal Obesity , pp. 124 - 134
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

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