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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 April 2022
In this chapter, I maintain that the system of controls on government chosen during the origins of modern constitutionalism reflected the fear of and resistance against citizen activism. For this reason, of the different control models that were considered, “internal” or “endogenous” controls were chosen over others that emphasized “popular,” “external,” and “exogenous” controls. This choice, I demonstrate, explains the gradual elimination of “external” tools for establishing “popular” control over representations, which were commonly employed or valued at the time. These tools included the right to recall, mandatory instructions, annual elections, mandatory rotation, etc.
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