Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T10:05:31.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Party Ideology and Chinese Law

from Part I - Ideology and the Party in Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2020

By
Rogier Creemers
Edited by
Rogier J. E. H. Creemers  and
Susan Trevaskes
Rogier J. E. H. Creemers
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Susan Trevaskes
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Queensland
Get access

Summary

Through studying the evolution of three aspects of statecraft – what is the purpose of politics? who should be in charge? and by what method should they govern to achieve that purpose? – this chapter sketches the epistemological framework that structures the Chinese Communist Party’s worldview. First, this worldview is teleological – the purpose of politics is to achieve the Utopian promises made by Marxist doctrine – and echoes concepts of harmony predominant in the imperial age. Second, it requires rule by a knowledge elite. Third, the Party has developed a methodology by which it claims to be able to set the agenda, identify circumstances and tasks, and guide implementation. This worldview is essentially monist. Under this conception, and in line with the requirements of harmony, any social conflict or contradiction is, in se, illegitimate and needs to be resolved. This has considerable implications for the space that law is given in the statecraft of the Party.

Keywords

Chinese Communist Party (CCP or Party)lawideologystatecraft
Type
Chapter
Information
Law and the Party in China
Ideology and Organisation
 , pp. 31 - 63
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakken, B. 2000. The Exemplary Society: Human Improvement, Social Control, and the Dangers of Modernity in China. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Birney, M. 2014. Decentralisation and veiled corruption under China’s ‘rule of mandates’. World Development 53, 55–67.Google Scholar
Brown, A. 2010. The Rise & Fall of Communism. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Brown, K. 2012. The communist party of China and ideology. China: An International Journal 10(2), 52–68.Google Scholar
Cai, D., ed. 2010. China’s Journey toward the Rule of Law: Legal Reform, 1978–2008. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1945. Guanyu ruogan lishe wenti de jueyi (Resolution on certain questions in the history of our party), issued 20 April. Translation available from: www.marx2mao.com/pdfs/maosw3app.pdf.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1949. Guanyu feichu Guomindang de liu fa quanshu yu queding jiefang qu de sifa yuanze de zhishi (Instructions concerning abolishing the six codes of the Guomindang and determining judicial principles for the liberated areas), issued 28 February. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1949/02/28/instructions-concerning-abolishing-the-six-codes-of-the-guomindang-and-determining-judicial-principles-for-the-liberated-areas/.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1958. Guanyu zai nongcun jianli renmin gongshe de jueyi (Resolution concerning the establishment of people’s communes in rural areas), issued 17 August. Available from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64184/64186/66665/4493238.html.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1980. Ruogan dangnei zhengzhi shenghuo de ruogan zhunze (Some norms concerning intra-party political life), issued 29 February. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1980/02/29/some-norms-concerning-intra-party-political-life/.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 1981. Guanyu jianguo yilai Dang de ruogan lishi wenti de jueyi (Resolution concerning some historical questions of our party since the foundation of the nation), issued 27 June.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 2004. Guanyu jinyibu fanrong fazhan zhexue shehui kexue de yijian (Opinions concerning further letting philosophy and social sciences flourish and develop), issued 20 March. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2004/03/20/ccp-central-committee-opinion-concerning-further-letting-philosophy-and-social-sciences-flourish-and-develop/.Google Scholar
Central Committee. 2014. Guanyu quanmian tuijin yifa zhiguo ruogan zhongda wenti de jueding (Decision concerning some major questions in comprehensively moving governing the country according to the law forward), issued 28 October. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/ccp-central-committee-decision-concerning-some-major-questions-in-comprehensively-moving-governing-the-country-according-to-the-law-forward/.Google Scholar
Chan, W. 1956. Hu Shih and Chinese Philosophy. Philosophy East and West 6(1), 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, G. 2001. Coming Collapse of China. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Cheek, T. 1984. The fading of wild lilies: Wang Shiwei and Mao Zedong’s yan’an talks in the first CPC rectification movement. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 11, 25–58.Google Scholar
Chen, J. 2008. Chinese Law: Context and Transformation. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Cherniss, J. and Hardy, H. 2013. Isaiah Berlin. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available from: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/berlin/.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 2003. Puzzling observations in Chinese law: when is a riddle just a mistake? In Hsu, S., ed., Understanding China’s Legal System: Essays in Honour of Jerome A. Cohen. New York: New York University Press, pp. 93–121.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 2007. China: creating a legal system for a market economy. Asian Development Bank Report. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1097587.Google Scholar
Creemers, R. 2015. China’s constitutionalism debate: content, context and implications. The China Journal 74, 91–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creemers, R. 2016. The privilege of speech and new media: conceptualizing China’s communications law in the internet era. In deLisle, J., Goldstein, A. and Yang, G., eds., The Internet, Social Media and a Changing China. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 86–105.Google Scholar
Dai, A. 2013. The reform predicament. In Esherick, J., ed. China: How the Empire Fell. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 19–35.Google Scholar
deLisle, J. 2017. Law in the China model 2.0: legality, developmentalism and Leninism under Xi Jinping. Journal of Contemporary China 26(103), 68–84.Google Scholar
Deng, Xiaoping. 1979. Jianchi sixiang jiben yuanze (Persist in the four cardinal principles), issued on 30 March 1979. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1979/03/30/persisting-in-the-four-cardinal-principles/.Google Scholar
Dworkin, R. 1977. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fu, F. and Zhai, X. 2018. What makes the Chinese Constitution socialist? I•CON 16(2), 655–63.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. 1989. The end of history? The National Interest 16, 3–18.Google Scholar
Freeden, M. 2006. Ideology and political theory. Journal of Political Ideologies 11(1), 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Givens, J. W. 2013. Sleeping with dragons: politically embedded lawyers suing the Chinese state. Wisconsin International Law Journal 31, 734–70.Google Scholar
Goodman, D. 2002. Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goodman, D. S. G. 2000. Social and Political Change in Revolutionary China: The Taihang Base Area in the War of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
He, W. 2012. In the Name of Justice: Striving for the Rule of Law in China. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
He, X. 2009. Administrative law as a mechanism for political control in contemporary China. In Balme, S. and Dowdle, M., eds., Building Constitutionalism in China. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 143–61.Google Scholar
He, X. 2012. The party’s leadership as a living constitution in China. Hong Kong Law Journal 42, 73–93.Google Scholar
Heilmann, S. 2008. From local experiments to national policy: the origins of China’s distinctive policy process. The China Journal 59, 1–30.Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. 2017. Programming China: The Communist Party’s Autonomic Approach to Managing State Security. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nottingham.Google Scholar
Hu, Yaobang. 1979. Lilun gongzuo wuxu hui yinyan (Introduction at the conference on theory work principles), issued 18 January. Translation available from: http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1979/01/18/introduction-at-the-conference-on-theory-work-principles/.Google Scholar
Hua, Shiping. 2013. Shen Jiaben and the late Qing legal reform (1901–1911). East Asia 30(2), 121–38.Google Scholar
Huang, Songyu. 2001. Xianfa sifahua ji qi yiyi (Judicialisation of the constitution and its significance). Renmin fayuabao (People’s Court Daily), 13 August.Google Scholar
Kellogg, T. 2009. The death of constitutional litigation in China? China Brief 9 (7). Available from: https://jamestown.org/program/the-death-of-constitutional-litigation-in-china/.Google Scholar
Kuhn, P. A. 2002. Origins of the Modern Chinese State. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Knight, N. 2007. Rethinking Mao: Explorations in Mao Zedong’s Thought. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Kolakowski, L. 2005. Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Law Society of China. 2005. Guanyu jinyibu fanrong faxue yanjiu de yijian (Opinions concerning further letting legal research flourish), issued 11 August. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2005/08/11/china-law-society-opinions-concerning-further-letting-legal-research-flourish/.Google Scholar
Li, L. 2010. Rights consciousness and rules consciousness in contemporary China. The China Journal 64, 47–68.Google Scholar
Lieberthal, K. 2010. Reflections on the evolution of the China field in political science. In Carlson, A. et al., eds., Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods, and Field Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 266–78.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, K. 1930. The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study. New York: Oceana.Google Scholar
Loughlin, M. 2003. The Idea of Public Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1937a. Shijian lun (On practice). Translation available from: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_16.htm.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1937b. Maodun lun (On contradictions). Translation available from: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-1/mswv1_17.htm.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1938. Zhongguo Gongchandang zai minzu zhanzheng de diwei (The role of the Chinese Communist Party in the national war). Translation available from: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_10.htm.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). 2017. Wangluo kongjian guoji hezuo zhanlüe (Strategy for international cooperation in cyberspace), issued 1 March. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2017/03/01/international-strategy-of-cooperation-on-cyberspace/.Google Scholar
Miller, A. 2017. Xi Jinping and the party’s ‘guiding ideology’. China Leadership Monitor 54. Available from: www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm54am.pdf.Google Scholar
Minzner, C. F. 2011. China’s turn against law. The American Journal of Comparative Law 59(4), 935–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathan, A. J. 1976. Peking Politics: 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. J. 2003. Authoritarian resilience. Journal of Democracy 14(1), 6–17.Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC). 2012. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo laonianren quanyi baozhang fa (Law to protect the rights and interests of the elderly of the People’s Republic of China), issued 28 December.Google Scholar
National Philosophy and Social Science Planning Office. 2011. Guojia zhexue shehui kexue yanjiu ’shi’er wu’ guihua (National ‘12th five-year plan’ for philosophy and social science research), issued 3 June 2011. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/national-12th-five-year-plan-for-philosophy-and-social-science-research/.Google Scholar
O’Brien, K. J. and Li, L. 2004. Suing the local state: administrative litigation in rural China. The China Journal 51, 75–96.Google Scholar
Pan, Wei. 2003. Toward a consultative rule of law regime in China. Journal of Contemporary China 12(34), 3–43.Google Scholar
Patapan, H. and Wang, Y. 2017. The hidden ruler: Wang Huning and the making of contemporary China. Journal of Contemporary China 27(101), 47–60.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, R. 2002. China’s Long March toward Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pei, Minxin. 1997. Citizens v. mandarins: administrative litigation in China. The China Quarterly 152, 832–62.Google Scholar
Peking Review. 1966. Long live the great proletarian cultural revolution. Peking Review 25(9), 7–13.Google Scholar
Peng, Z. 1982. Fazhan shehuizhuyi minzhu jianquan shehuizhuyi fazhi (Develop socialist democracy, complete the socialist rule of law), issued 22 July. Translation available from: http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1982/07/22/develop-socialist-democracy-complete-the-socialist-rule-of-law/ [27 October 2019].Google Scholar
Pieke, F. N. 2009. The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today’s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pieke, F. N. 2012. The communist party and social management in China. China Information 26(2), 149–65.Google Scholar
Platt, S. R. 2012. Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Qin, J. Y. 2007. Trade, investment and beyond: the impact of WTO accession on China’s legal system. The China Quarterly 191, 720–41.Google Scholar
Qiushi. 2013. Yike ye buneng fangsong he xiaoruo yishixingtai gongzuo – renzhen xuexi guanche quanguo xuanchuan sixiang guongzuo huiyi jingshen (We cannot slacken or weaken in ideological work even for one moment – earnestly study and implement the spirit of the national propaganda and ideology work conference). Qiushi 2013/17. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2013/09/01/we-cannot-slacken-or-weaken-in-ideological-work-even-for-one-moment-earnestly-study-and-implement-the-spirit-of-the-national-propaganda-and-ideology-work-conference/.Google Scholar
Qiushi, . 2014. Yishixingtai gongzuo yao jinjin zhuazai shoushang (Ideology work must be grasped tightly). Qiushi 2014/05. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/04/05/ideology-work-must-be-grasped-tightly/.Google Scholar
Rankin, M. B. 1997. State and society in early republican politics, 1912–18. The China Quarterly 150, 260–81.Google Scholar
Rudden, B. 1978. Law and ideology in the Soviet Union. Current Legal Problems 31(1), 189–205.Google Scholar
Saich, T. 1995. Writing or rewriting history? the construction of the Maoist resolution on party history. In Saich, T. and van de Ven, Hans, eds., New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution. New York: M. E. Sharpe: 299–338.Google Scholar
Sapio, F. 2010. Sovereign Power and the Law in China. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Schell, O. and Delury, J. 2013. Wealth and Power: China’s Long March to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, M. 1986. Original contradictions – on the unrevised text of Mao Zedong’s ‘on the correct handling of contradictions among the people’. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 16, 99–112.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, M. 1991. The 1978 truth criterion controversy. The China Quarterly 126, 243–68.Google Scholar
Schoenhals, M. 1992. Doing Things with Words in Chinese Politics: Five Studies. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. 2008a. Training China’s political elite: the party school system. The China Quarterly 196, 827–44.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. 2008b. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. 2015. The coming Chinese crackup. Wall Street Journal, 6 March. Available from: www.wsj.com/articles/the-coming-chinese-crack-up-1425659198.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. J. 2006. What is the internal point of view? Fordham Law Review 75, 1157–70.Google Scholar
Sharman, L. 1968. Sun Yat-sen: His Life and Its Meaning, a Critical Biography. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Shue, V. 1990. The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, E. 2018. The rule of law doctrine of the politburo. The China Journal 79(1), 40–61.Google Scholar
Standing Committee. 2011. Shiyi jie quanguo renda si ci huiyi shang zuo de changweihui gongzuo baogao (Standing committee work report at the 4th session of the 11th national people’s congress), issued 11 March. Available from: www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/syxw/2011-03/11/content_1641626.htm.Google Scholar
Sun, Yan. 1995. The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976–1992. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Y. 1999. John Dewey in China: yesterday and today. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 35(1), 69–88.Google Scholar
Sun, Yat-sen. 1924. Jianguo dagang (Fundamentals of national reconstruction). Speech at the first national congress of the Chinese nationalist party, issued 21 January. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1924/04/12/fundamentals-of-national-reconstruction/.Google Scholar
Supreme People’s Court (SPC). 2015. Guanyu quanmin shenhua renmin fayuan gaige de yijian (Opinions concerning comprehensively deepening people’s court reforms), issued 4 February.Google Scholar
Svensson, M. 2002. Debating Human Rights in China: A Conceptual and Political History. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Swain, T. 2017. Confucianism in China: An Introduction. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Ter Haar, B. J. 2009. Het hemels mandaat: de geschiedenis van het Chinese keizerrijk. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Tsai, W.-H., and Dean, N. 2013. The CCP’s learning system: thought unification and regime adaptation. The China Journal 69, 87–107.Google Scholar
Turner, K. G., Feinerman, J. V. and Guy, R. K., eds. 2015. The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Von Senger, H. 2000. Ideology and law-making. Law-Making in the People’s Republic of China. Den Haag: Kluwer, pp. 41–54.Google Scholar
Wang, G. 1980. Power, rights and duties in Chinese history. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 3, 1–26.Google Scholar
WTO. 2009. DS362: China – measures affecting the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights’. Report of the panel, issued 26 January. Available from: www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/362r_e.pdf.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2012. Zai ‘fuxing zhi lu’ zhanlan de jianghua (Speech at the exhibition ‘road to rejuvenation’). Issued 29 November. Translation available from: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/speech-at-the-road-to-rejuvenation/.Google Scholar
Xi, Jinping. 2017. Zai zhongguo gongchandang di shijiu ci quanguo daibiao dahui shang de baogao (Report at the 19th national representative congress of the Chinese communist party), issued 18 October. Available from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1028/c64094–29613660.html.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2008. Zuigao Renmin Fayuan: jianchi ’sange zhishang’ tuijin fayuan gongzuo kexue fazhan (Supreme People’s Court: persist in the ’three supremes’ to move forward the scientific development of court work). Xinhuawang (Xinhuanet), 30 October. Available from: http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/1026/8260115.html.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2015. Xi Jinping zai zhonggong zhongyang zhengzhiju di’ershi ci jiti xuexi shi qiangdiao jianchi yunyong bianzheng weiwuzhuyi shijieguan fangfalun tigao jiejue woguo gaige fazhan jiben wenti benling (Xi Jinping stresses at 20th politburo collective study session to uphold the use of the worldview and methodology of dialectical materialism to enhance skills to resolve basic issues in our country’s reform and development). Xinhuawang (Xinhuanet), 24 January. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-01/24/c_127416715.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2017. Zhou Qiang: Yao ganyu xiang xifang cuowu sichao liangjian (Zhou Qiang: we must dare to draw the sword against western erroneous thinking trends). Zhongguo xinwen wang (Chinese News online), 14 January. Available from: www.chinanews.com/gn/2017/01-14/8124300.shtml.Google Scholar
Zhang, N. 2013. On the changes in the Chinese legal system for implementing WTO laws. In Jichun, S., ed., Renmin Chinese Law Review: Selected Papers of the Jurist, Vol. 1. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 72–92.Google Scholar
Zhang, Q. 2012. The Constitution of China: A Contextual Analysis. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Zhongguo Gongchandang. 1945. Zhongguo gongchandang dangzhang (1945 ban) (Constitution of the Communist Party of China [1945 version]), issued on 11 June 1945. Available from: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/中国共产党党章_(1945年) [25 September 2019].Google Scholar
Zhongguo Gongchandang. 2017. Zhongguo gongchandang zhangcheng (2017 ban) (Charter of the Communist Party of China [2017 version]), issued on 24 October 2017. Available from: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/中国共产党章程_(2017年).Google Scholar
Zhonghua Minguo. 1931. Zhonghua Minguo xunzheng shiqi yuefa (Provisional constitution of the Republic of China for the period of political tutelage), issued 12 May. Translation available from: http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/1931/05/12/provisional-constitution-of-the-republic-of-china-for-the-period-of-political-tutelage/.Google Scholar
Zhonghua Minguo. 1946. Zhonghua Minguo Xianfa (Constitution of the Republic of China), issued 25 December. Translation available from: http://china.usc.edu/constitution-republic-china-1946.Google Scholar
Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo. 1982. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianfa [Constitution of the People’s Republic of China], issued 4 December. Available from: www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4421.htm.Google Scholar
Zou, K. 2006. China’s Legal Reform: Towards the Rule of Law. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×