Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- FOREWORD
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- CONTRIBUTORS
- PART I PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
- PART II PRINCIPLES OF IMAGE-GUIDED THERAPIES
- PART III ORGAN-SPECIFIC CANCERS
- 9 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis and Screening
- 10 Staging Systems for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- 11 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Medical Management
- 12 Surgical Management (Resection)
- 13 Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- 14 Image-guided Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- 15 Embolization of Liver Tumors: Anatomy
- 16 Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization: Technique and Future Potential
- 17 New Concepts in Targeting and Imaging Liver Cancer
- 18 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
- 19 Medical Management of Colorectal Liver Metastasis
- 20 Surgical Resection of Hepatic Metastases
- 21 Clinical Management of Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastasis Using Hepatic Arterial Infusion
- 22 Colorectal Metastases: Ablation
- 23 Colorectal Metastases: Chemoembolization
- 24 Radioembolization with 90Yttrium Microspheres for Colorectal Liver Metastases
- 25 Carcinoid and Related Neuroendocrine Tumors
- 26 Interventional Radiology for the Treatment of Liver Metastases from Neuroendocrine Tumors
- 27 Immunoembolization for Melanoma
- 28 Preoperative Portal Vein Embolization
- 29 Cancer of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts and the Gallbladder: Surgical Management
- 30 Extrahepatic Biliary Cancer: High Dose Rate Brachytherapy and Photodynamic Therapy
- 31 Extrahepatic Biliary Cancer/Biliary Drainage
- 32 Surgical and Medical Treatment
- 33 Percutaneous Renal Ablation
- 34 Embolotherapy in the Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma
- 35 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Staging and the Medical-Surgical Management of Lung Cancers
- 36 Image-guided Ablation in the Thorax
- 37 Interventional Treatment Methods for Unresectable Lung Tumors
- 38 Interventional Neuroradiology in Head and Neck Oncology
- 39 Percutaneous Ablation of Painful Metastases Involving Bone
- 40 Intra-arterial Therapy for Sarcomas
- 41 Prostate Cryoablation: A Role for the Radiologist in Treating Prostate Cancer?
- PART IV SPECIALIZED INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES IN CANCER CARE
- INDEX
- Plate section
- References
27 - Immunoembolization for Melanoma
from PART III - ORGAN-SPECIFIC CANCERS
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 May 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- FOREWORD
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- CONTRIBUTORS
- PART I PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
- PART II PRINCIPLES OF IMAGE-GUIDED THERAPIES
- PART III ORGAN-SPECIFIC CANCERS
- 9 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Pathology, Diagnosis and Screening
- 10 Staging Systems for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- 11 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Medical Management
- 12 Surgical Management (Resection)
- 13 Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- 14 Image-guided Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- 15 Embolization of Liver Tumors: Anatomy
- 16 Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization: Technique and Future Potential
- 17 New Concepts in Targeting and Imaging Liver Cancer
- 18 Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
- 19 Medical Management of Colorectal Liver Metastasis
- 20 Surgical Resection of Hepatic Metastases
- 21 Clinical Management of Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastasis Using Hepatic Arterial Infusion
- 22 Colorectal Metastases: Ablation
- 23 Colorectal Metastases: Chemoembolization
- 24 Radioembolization with 90Yttrium Microspheres for Colorectal Liver Metastases
- 25 Carcinoid and Related Neuroendocrine Tumors
- 26 Interventional Radiology for the Treatment of Liver Metastases from Neuroendocrine Tumors
- 27 Immunoembolization for Melanoma
- 28 Preoperative Portal Vein Embolization
- 29 Cancer of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts and the Gallbladder: Surgical Management
- 30 Extrahepatic Biliary Cancer: High Dose Rate Brachytherapy and Photodynamic Therapy
- 31 Extrahepatic Biliary Cancer/Biliary Drainage
- 32 Surgical and Medical Treatment
- 33 Percutaneous Renal Ablation
- 34 Embolotherapy in the Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma
- 35 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Staging and the Medical-Surgical Management of Lung Cancers
- 36 Image-guided Ablation in the Thorax
- 37 Interventional Treatment Methods for Unresectable Lung Tumors
- 38 Interventional Neuroradiology in Head and Neck Oncology
- 39 Percutaneous Ablation of Painful Metastases Involving Bone
- 40 Intra-arterial Therapy for Sarcomas
- 41 Prostate Cryoablation: A Role for the Radiologist in Treating Prostate Cancer?
- PART IV SPECIALIZED INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES IN CANCER CARE
- INDEX
- Plate section
- References
Summary
IMMUNOTHERAPY
There is evidence to support the concept that the human immune system can be manipulated to elicit an immune response to cancer cells and, at least in some cases, lead to tumor regression (1). The goal of immune therapy is to identify cancer as targets for immune system destruction. The challenge is that tumors are not foreign, but self. Some tumors do have cell surface markers that are unique to tumors, are present in much larger numbers than on normal cells or are normally present only on fetal cells. Such differences are probably the products of normally unexpressed genes. In tumors of viral origin, viral antigens may be present on the cell surface. It is these differences that provide the rationale for cancer immune therapy.
RATIONALE FOR LOCAL IMMUNOTHERAPY OF LIVER METASTASES
There is considerable experience in the treatment of cancer with systemic cytokines; however, there are a number of reasons why local, rather than systemic, administration of cytokines should be considered. Cytokines are normally present at very low levels systemically, but high, non-physiologic levels are necessary for systemic therapy. Some cytokines delivered in this manner can induce severe toxicity. Tolerance is a major barrier to immunotherapy. Direct administration of immunostimulants may alter the local environment and break the immunotolerance created by the tumor cells. In addition, the ischemia-induced necrotic tumor cells from embolization with the concomitant delivery of immunostimulants supply activated antigen-presenting cells with tumor antigens, which may lead to the creation of an in situ cancer vaccine.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Interventional OncologyPrinciples and Practice, pp. 311 - 315Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008
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