Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:01:56.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Membrane-Based and Emulsion-Based Intensifications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2020

Laurence R. Weatherley
Laurence R. Weatherley
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Get access

Summary

Areas of overlap between intensification in liquid–liquid systems and membrane technology intensification are highlighted. Liquid membrane systems, supported liquid membranes, pertraction, and application to liquid–liquid coalescence are discussed. Fundamentals of emulsion formation are reviewed, including thermodynamic aspects and the importance of emulsion properties for application. The role of surfactants in emulsion stability is discussed. Characterization of emulsions and predictive methods for emulsion drop size are described. The immobilization of solvents onto hollow fiber membranes is described and the advantages of low solvent inventory and ease of phase separation are highlighted. The basic principle of application of a liquid membrane system is described, showing the generic process steps: emulsification, contact with the feed phase, emulsion breakage, and product recovery. The role of facilitated transport is also described. Different configurations are compared, including hybrid liquid membranes, polymer inclusion membranes, and colloidal liquid aphrons. Selected examples of application of liquid membrane systems are described.

Keywords

emulsionshollow fiber systemspertractionhybrid liquid membranesfacilitated transportliquid aphronsmicroextractionsupported liquid membranespolymer inclusion membranes
Type
Chapter
Information
Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Processes , pp. 130 - 166
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alguacil, F. J., Garcia-Diaz, I., and Lopez, F. A. (2012). Transport of Cr(VI) from HCl media using (PJMTH(+)Cl(−)) ionic liquid as carrier by advanced membrane extraction Processing. Separation Science and Technology, 47, 555–561.Google Scholar
Almeida, M. I. G. S., Cattrall, R. W., and Kolev, S. D. (2012). Recent trends in extraction and transport of metal ions using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs). Journal of Membrane Science, 415 –416, 9–23.Google Scholar
Anton, N. and Vandamme, T. F. (2011). Nano-emulsions and micro-emulsions: Clarifications of the critical differences. Pharmaceutical Research, 28, 978–985.Google Scholar
Baba, Y., Kubota, F., Goto, M., Cattrall, R. W., and Kolev, S. D. (2016). Separation of cobalt(II) from manganese(II) using a polymer inclusion membrane with N-[N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)aminocarbonylmethyl]glycine (D2EHAG) as the extractant/carrier. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 91, 1320–1326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkman, P. and Calabrese, R. (1988). Dispersion of viscous liquids by turbulent flow in a static mixer. AICHE Journal, 34(4), 602–608.Google Scholar
Boey, S. C., Delcerro, M. C. G., and Pyle, D. L. (1987). Extraction of citric acid by liquid membrane extraction. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 65, 218–223.Google Scholar
Bremond, N., Thiam, A. R., and Bibette, J. (2008). Decompressing emulsion droplets favors coalescence. Physical Review Letters, 100, 024501.Google Scholar
Cahn, R. P. and Li, N. N (1974). Separation of phenol from waste-water by liquid membrane technique. Separation Science, 9(6), 505–519.Google Scholar
Carolan, N. (1997). Partition studies in whole broth extraction. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The Queens University of Belfast.Google Scholar
Chaudhari, J. and Pyle, D. L. (1987). Liquid membrane extraction. In Verrall, M. S. and Hudson, M. J., eds., Separations for Biotechnology. Ellis Horwood, Vol. 1, pp. 241–259.Google Scholar
Cho, T. and Shuler, M. L. (1986). Multi-membrane bioreactor for extractive fermentation. Biotechnology Progress, 2, 53–60.Google Scholar
Delgado-Povedano, M. M. and Luque de Castro, M. D. (2013). Trends in ultrasound-assisted analytical emulsification-extraction. Analytical Chemistry, 45, 1–13.Google Scholar
Duan, H., Wang, Z., Yuan, X., et al. (2017). A novel sandwich supported liquid membrane system for simultaneous separation of copper, nickel and cobalt in ammoniacal solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 173, 323–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, A. R., Neves, L. A., Ribeiro, J. C., et al. (2014). Removal of thiols from model jet-fuel streams assisted by ionic liquid membrane extraction. Chemical Engineering Journal, 256, 144–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, L. C., Ferreira, L. C., Cardoso, V. C., and Filho, U. C. (2019). Mn(II) removal from water using emulsion liquid membrane composed of chelating agents and biosurfactant produced in loco. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 29, 00792.Google Scholar
Fouad, E. A. and Bart, H.-J. (2007). Separation of zinc by a non-dispersion solvent extraction process in a hollow fiber contactor. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 25, 857–877.Google Scholar
Frankenfeld, J. W., Cahn, R. P., and Li, N. N. (1981). Extraction of copper by liquid membranes. Separation Science and Technology, 16(4), 385–402.Google Scholar
Friesen, D. T., Babcock, W. C., and Chambers, A. R. (1986). Separation of citric acid from fermentation beer using supported-liquid membranes. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 191, 194–195.Google Scholar
Fryde, M. M. and Mason, T. G. (2012). Advanced nanoemulsions. Annual Reviews in Physical Chemistry, 63, 493–518.Google Scholar
Gabelman, A., Hwang, S.-T., and Krantz, W. B. (2005). Dense gas extraction using a hollow fiber membrane contactor: experimental results versus model predictions. Journal of Membrane Science, 257, 11–36.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, J. A. O., Fernandez-Torres, R., Bello-Lopez, M. A., and Ramos-Pay, M. (2016). New developments in microextraction techniques in bioanalysis – A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 905, 8–23.Google Scholar
Grobben, N. G., Eggink, G., Cuperus, F. P., and Huizing, H. J. (1993). Production of acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) from potato wastes – Fermentation with integrated membrane extraction. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39, 494–498.Google Scholar
Groot, W. J., Vanderlans, R. G. J. M., and Luyben, K. C. A. M. (1992). Technologies for butanol recovery integrated with fermentations. Process Biochemistry, 27, 61–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, D., et al. (2012). Preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene)-based polymer inclusion membrane using bifunctional ionic liquid extractant for Cr(VI) transport. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 51, 2714–2722.Google Scholar
Hano, T., Matsumoto, M., Hirata, M., et al. (1996). Extraction of fermentation organic acids with hollow fiber membranes. Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, 2, 1387–1392.Google Scholar
Hathout, R. M., Woodman, T. J., Mansour, S., et al. (2010). Microemulsion formulations for the transdermal delivery of testosterone. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 40, 188–196.Google Scholar
Kang, W. K., Shukla, R., and Sirkar, K. K. (1990). Ethanol production in a microporous hollow-fiber-based extractive fermenter with immobilized yeast. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 36, 826–833.Google Scholar
Karbstein, H. and Schubert, H. (1995). Developments in the continuous mechanical production of oil-in-water macro-emulsions. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 34(3), 205–211.Google Scholar
Kaya, A., Alpoguz, H. K., and Yilmaz, A. (2013). Application of Cr(VI) transport through the polymer membrane with a new synthesized calix[4] arene derivative. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 52, 5428–5436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaya, A., Onac, C., Alpoguz, H. K., Yilmaz, A., and Atar, A. (2016). Removal of Cr(VI) through calixarene based polymer inclusion membrane from chrome plating bath water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 283, 141–149.Google Scholar
Kiss, N., Brenn, G., Pucher, H., et al. (2011). Formation of O/W emulsions by static mixers for pharmaceutical applications. Chemical Engineering Science, 66, 5084–5094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konzen, C., Araújo, E. M. R., Balarini, J. C., Miranda, T. L. S., and Salum, A. (2014). Extraction of citric acid by liquid surfactant membranes: bench experiments in single and multistage operation. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 28(3), 289–299.Google Scholar
Lazarova, Z., and Peeva, L., (1994) Facilitated transport of lactic acid in a stirred transfer cell. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 43(10), 907–912.Google Scholar
Li, N. N. (1968). Separating hydrocarbons with liquid membranes. US Patent 3,410,794.Google Scholar
Luque de Castro, M. D., and Priego-Capote, F. (2006). Analytical Applications of Ultrasound. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Luque de Castro, M. D. and Priego-Capote, F. (2007). Ultrasound-assisted preparation of liquid samples. Talanta, 72(2), 321–334.Google Scholar
Lye, G. J. and Stuckey, D. C.(1994). Extraction of macrolide antibiotics using colloidal liquid aphrons (CLAs). In Separations for Biotechnology – Volume 3, Pyle, D.L., ed. SCI Publishing, 539–545.Google Scholar
Lye, G.J. and Stuckey, D.C. (1996). Predispersed solvent extraction of erythromycin using colloidal liquid aphrons. In Stevens, G., ed., Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, pp. 1399–1404.Google Scholar
Marr, R. and Kopp, A. (1982). Liquid membrane technology – a survey of phenomena, mechanisms, and models. International Chemical Engineering, 22(1), 44–60.Google Scholar
Matsumura, M. and Markl, H. (1986). Elimination of ethanol inhibition by pertraction. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 28, 534–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsushita, K., Mollah, A. H., Stuckey, D. C., Delcerro, C., and Bailey, A. I. (1992). Predispersed solvent extraction of dilute products using colloidal gas aphrons – Aphron preparation, stability and size. Colloids and Surfaces, 69, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middleman, S. (1974). Drop size distributions produced by turbulent pipe flow of immiscible fluids through a static mixer. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 13(1), 78–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mlynek, Y., and Resnick, R. (1972). Drop sizes in an agitated liquid–liquid system. AIChE Journal, 18, 122–127.Google Scholar
Moinard-Chécot, D., Chevalier, Y., Briançon, S., Beney, L., and Fessi, H. (2008). Mechanism of nanocapsules formation by the emulsion-diffusion process. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 317(2), 458–468.Google Scholar
Nghiem, L. D., Mornane, P., Potter, I. D., et al. (2006). Extraction and transport of metal ions and small organic compounds using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs). Journal of Membrane Science, 281(1–2), 7–41.Google Scholar
Nosrati, S., Jayakumar, N. S., Hashim, M. A., and Mukhopadhyay, S. (2013). Performance evaluation of vanadium (IV) transport through supported ionic liquid membrane. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44, 337–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunez, M. E., de San Miguel, R., Mercader-Trejo, F., Aguilar, J.C., and de Gyves, J. (2006). Gold(III) transport through polymer inclusion membranes: efficiency factors and pertraction mechanism using Kelex 100 as carrier. Separation and Purification Technology, 51, 57–63.Google Scholar
Onac, C., Kaya, A., Ataman, D., Gunduz, N. A. and Alpoguz, H. K. (2019). The removal of Cr(VI) through polymeric supported liquid membrane by using calix[4]arene as a carrier. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27, 85–91.Google Scholar
Pabby, A. K. and Sastre, A. M. (2013). State-of-the-art review on hollow fibre contactor technology and membrane-based extraction processes. Journal of Membrane Science, 430, 263–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pabby, A. K., Swain, B., and Sastre, A. M. (2017). Recent advances in smart integrated membrane assisted liquid extraction technology. Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification, 120, 27–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parhi, P. K. (2013). Supported liquid membrane principle and its practices: a short review. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, ID 618236, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/618236.Google Scholar
Patnaik, P. R. (1995) Liquid emulsion membranes – principles, problems and applications in fermentation processes. Biotechnology Advances, 13(2), 175–208.Google Scholar
Pospiech, B. (2014). Synergistic solvent extraction and transport of Zn and Cu across polymer inclusion membrane with a mixture of TOPO and Aliquat 336. Separation Science and Technology, 49, 1706–1712.Google Scholar
Regueiro, J., Llompart, M., Garcia-Jares, C., Garcia-Monteagudo, J. C., and Cela, R. (2008). Ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction of emergent contaminants and pesticides in environmental waters. Journal of Chromatography A, 1190, 27–38.Google Scholar
Ren, Y. Z. Q., Zhang, W. D., Liu, Y.M., Dai, Y., Cui, C. H. (2007). New liquid membrane technology for simultaneous extraction and stripping of copper(II) from wastewater. Chemical Engineering Science, 62, 6090–6101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, Z., Meng, H., Zhang, W., Liu, J., and Cui, C. (2009). The transport of copper(II) through hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane and hollow fiber supported liquid membrane. Separation Science and Technology, 44, 1181–1197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, W. Z., Zhang, M. J., and Shuguang, L. (2010). Extraction separation of Cu(II) and Co(II) from sulfuric solutions by hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 365, 260–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockman, J. T., Kehat, E., and Lavie, R. (1996). Thermally enhanced liquid–liquid extraction of citric acid using supported liquid membranes. In Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, Melbourne, Vol. 2, pp. 857–862.Google Scholar
Rynkowska, E., Fatyeyeva, K., and Kujawski, W. (2018). Application of polymer-based membranes containing ionic liquids in membrane separation processes: A critical review. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 34(3), 341–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, J., Vladisavljevic, G. T., Holdich, R. G., Dragosavac, M. M., and José Munoz, J. (2015). Controlled production of eco-friendly emulsions using direct and premix membrane emulsification. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 98, 59–69.Google Scholar
Scholler, C., Chaudhuri, J. B., and Pyle, D. L. (1993). Emulsion liquid membrane extraction of lactic-acid from aqueous-solutions and fermentation broth. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 42(1), 50–58.Google Scholar
Sebba, F. (1987). Foams and Biliquid Foams – Aphrons. New York: Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Sengupta, B., Sengupta, R., and Subrahmanyam, N. (2006). Process intensification of copper extraction using emulsion liquid membranes: Experimental search for optimal conditions. Hydrometallurgy, 84, 43–53.Google Scholar
Shukla, R., Kang, W., and Sirkar, K. K. (1989). Acetone butanol ethanol (abe) production in a novel hollow fiber fermenter extractor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 34, 1158–1166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strzelbicki, J. and Charewicz, W. (1980). The liquid surfactant membrane separation of copper, cobalt and nickel from multi-component aqueous solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 5, 243–254.Google Scholar
Stuckey, D. C. (1996). Solvent extraction in biotechnology. In Stevens, G., ed., Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference. University of Melbourne, pp. 25–34.Google Scholar
Takhistov, P. and Paul, S. (2006). Formation of oil/water emulsions due to electrochemical instability at the liquid/liquid interface. Food Biophysics, 1, 57–73.Google Scholar
Tauer, K. (2005). Emulsions – Part 2: A little (theory): Emulsion stability www.mpikg.mpg.de/886743/Emulsions_-2.pdf.Google Scholar
Teramoto, M., Sakai, T., Yanagawa, K., Oshuga, M., and Miyake, Y. (1983). Modeling of the permeation of copper through liquid surfactant membranes. Separation Science and Technology, 18(8), 735–764.Google Scholar
Turgut, H. I., Eyupoglu, V., Kumbasar, R.A., and Sisman, I. (2017). Alkyl chain length dependent Cr(VI) transport by polymer inclusion membrane using room temperature ionic liquids as carrier and PVDF-co-HFP as polymer matrix. Separation and Purification Technology, 175, 406–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulewicz, M., Lesinska, U., Bochenska, M., and Walkowiak, W. (2007). Facilitated transport of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions through polymer inclusion membranes with calix[4]-crown-6-derivatives. Separation and Purification Technology, 54, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbina-Villalba, G. (2004). Effect of dynamic surfactant adsorption on emulsion stability. Langmuir, 20, 3872–3881.Google Scholar
Urrutia, P. I (2006). Predicting water-in-oil emulsion coalescence from surface pressure isotherm. MSc Thesis, University of Calgary.Google Scholar
Venkatesan, S., Meera, K. M., and Begum, M. S. (2009). Emulsion liquid membrane pertraction of benzimidazole using a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) carrier. Chemical Engineering Journal, 148, 254–262.Google Scholar
Verbeken, B. K., Pinoy, L. V., and Verhaege, M. (2009). Cobalt removal from waste-water by means of supported liquid membranes. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84, 711–715.Google Scholar
Volkel, W., Halwachs, W., and Schugerl, K. (1980). Copper extraction by means of a liquid surfactant membrane process. Journal of Membrane Science, 6, 19–31.Google Scholar
Wang, J., Luo, J., Feng, S., Li, H., and Zhang, X. (2016). Recent development of ionic liquid membranes. Green Energy & Environment, 1, 43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilde, P., Mackie, A., Husband, F., Gunning, P., and Morris, V. (2004). Proteins and emulsifiers at liquid interfaces. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 108 –109, 63–71.Google Scholar
Yang, X., Caoa, Y.-M., Wang, R., and Yuan, Q. (2007). Study on highly hydrophilic cellulose hollow fiber membrane contactors for thiol sulfur removal. Journal of Membrane Science, 305, 247–256.Google Scholar
Yoshida, W., Baba, Y., Kubota, F., Kamiya, N., and Goto, M. (2017). Extraction and stripping behavior of platinum group metals using an amic-acid-type extractant. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 50, 521–526.Google Scholar
Yoshida, W., Baba, Y., Kubota, F., Kolev, S. D., and Goto, M. (2019). Selective transport of scandium(III) across polymer inclusion membranes with improved stability which contain an amic acid carrier. Journal of Membrane Science, 572, 291–299.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×