Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T23:23:31.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Electrically Driven Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2020

Laurence R. Weatherley
Laurence R. Weatherley
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Get access

Summary

The underlying theory of electrostatics, relating electric field strength, charge, and electrical forces, is summarized. The relationships between electrical forces, droplet size, and motion in liquid–liquid systems are discussed. The mechanisms controlling single charged drop size and motion are reviewed from relevant literature, demonstrating good prediction of drop size and motion trajectory. The phenomenon of electrostatic dispersion and interfacial disruption is discussed with a summary of cloud modeling techniques that enable theoretical description of drop number and size distribution to be performed. Theory of drop behavior is extended to describe mass transfer and reaction kinetics in liquid–liquid systems. The impact of interfacial disturbance, which is enhanced in the presence of electrical fields, is considered in some detail with presentation of the controlling relationships. Navier–Stokes and continuity equations are adapted to include terms for electrical field influence on interfacial tension and interfacial flows resulting from heterogeneous charge distribution. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of potential industry applications.

Keywords

electrostaticselectrokineticscharged dropsdrop sizemotion in electrical fieldsinterfacial disturbancemass transfer
Type
Chapter
Information
Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Processes , pp. 211 - 268
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, T. J., Javed, K. H., and Thornton, J. D. (1989). Surface phenomena and mass transfer rates in liquid–liquid systems: Part 2. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 35(7), 1125–1136.Google Scholar
Anderson, W. J. and Pratt, H. R. C. (1978). Wake shedding and circulatory flow in bubble and droplet-type contactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 33, 995–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, L. J., Bancyk, L., and Sawistowski, H. (1971). Effect of electric field on mass transfer across a plane interface. Chemical Engineering Science, 26, 2120–2121.Google Scholar
Bailes, P. J. (1981). Solvent extraction in an electrostatic field. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 20, 564–570.Google Scholar
Bailes, P. J. and Guymer, P. (1976). UK Patent application No. 1737/76.Google Scholar
Bailes, P. J. and Thornton, J. D. (1971). Proceedings of ISEC 71, April 19-23, The Hague, 1431-1439, Society of Chemical Industry, London.Google Scholar
Barletta, M. and Gisario, A. (2009). Electrostatic spray painting of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites. Progress in Organic Coatings, 64, 339–349.Google Scholar
Baxter, L. L. and Smith, P. J. (1993). Turbulent dispersion of particles: The STP model. Energy & Fuels, 7, 852–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs, M. K., Cheng, C. Y., and Ibana, D. C. (2000). An electrostatic solvent extraction contactor for nickel-cobalt recovery. Minerals Engineering, 13(12), 1281–1288.Google Scholar
Coffee, R. A. (1980). Electrodynamic spraying. In Walker, J. O., ed., Spraying Systems for the 1980s. London: BCPC Monographs, No. 24, pp. 95–107.Google Scholar
Cross, J. (1987). Electrostatics: Principles, Problems and Applications. Bristol: Adam Hilger.Google Scholar
Felici, N. J. (1984). Conduction and electrification in dielectric liquids: two related phenomena of the same electrochemical nature. Journal of Electrostatics, 15, 291–297.Google Scholar
Gangu, S. A. (2013).Towards in situ extraction of fine chemicals and biorenewable fuels from fermentation broths using Ionic liquids and the intensification of contacting by the application of electric fields. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Glitzenstein, A., Tamir, A., and Oren, Y. (1995). Mass transfer enhancement of acetic acid acoss a plane kerosene / water interface by an electric field. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 73, 95–102.Google Scholar
Gneist, G. and Bart, H. J (2002). Electrostatic drop formation in liquid–liquid systems. Chemical Engineering Technology, 25(9), 899–904.Google Scholar
Gneist, G. and Bart, H.-J. (2003). Influence of high-frequency AC fields on mass transfer in solvent extraction. Journal of Electrostatics, 59, 73–86.Google Scholar
He, W., Chang, J. S., and Baird, M. H. I. (1997). Enhancement of interphase mass transfer by a pulsed electric field. Journal of Electrostatics, 40 –41, 259–264.Google Scholar
Hendricks, C. D. and Schneider, J. M. (1963). Stability of a conducting droplet under the influence of surface tension and electrostatic forces. American Journal of Physics, 31, 450–453.Google Scholar
Hume, A. P., Petera, J., and Weatherley, L. R. (2003).Trajectories of charge drops in a liquid–liquid system. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 95, 171–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, A. P., Petera, J., and Weatherley, L. R. (2004). Trajectories of charge drops in a liquid–liquid system – the effect of geometrical scale-up. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 43, 2264–2270.Google Scholar
Iyer, P. V. R. and Sawistowski, H. (1974). Effect of Electric Field Across a Plane Interface. Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, Lyon, France. SCI, London, pp. 1029–1046.Google Scholar
Kamiński, K., Krawczyk, M., Augustyniak, J., Weatherley, L. R., and Petera, J. (2014). Electrically induced liquid–liquid extraction from organic mixtures with the use of ionic liquids. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 235, 109–123.Google Scholar
Kamiński, K., Weatherley, L.R., and Petera, J. (2016) Application of numerical modelling to scaling-up of electrically induced extraction from an organic mixture using an ionic liquid. Polish Academy of Sciences, Chemical and Process Engineering, 37(1), 133–148.Google Scholar
Kowalski, W. and Ziolowski, Z. (1981). Increase in mass transfer in extraction columns by means of an electric field. International Chemical Engineering, 21(2), 323–327.Google Scholar
Laughland, G. J., Millar, M. K., and Weatherley, L. R. (1987). Electrostatically enhanced recovery of ethanol from fermentation liquor by solvent extraction. IChemE Symposium Series, 103, 263–279.Google Scholar
Law, S. E. (2001). Agricultural electrostatic spray application a review of significant research and development during the 20th century. Journal of Electrostatics, 51 –52, 25–42.Google Scholar
Levich, V. G. (1962). Physicochemical Hydrodynamics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. B. and Pratt, H. R. C. (1953). Oscillating droplets. Nature, 171, 1155.Google Scholar
Litchford, R. J. and Jeng, S. M. (1991). Efficient statistical transport model for turbulent particle dispersion in sprays. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 29, 1443.Google Scholar
Martin, L. and Vignet, P. (1983). Electrical field contactor for solvent extraction. Separation Science and Technology, 18(14/15), 1455–1471.Google Scholar
McGranaghan, G. J. and Robinson, A. J. (2014). The mechanisms of heat transfer during convective boiling under the influence of AC electric fields. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 73, 376–388.Google Scholar
Mehner, W., Mueller, E., and Hoehfeld, G. (1971). The Lurgi multi-stage liquid–liquid extractor. In Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, The Hague, London: SCI, Vol. 2, 1265–1276.Google Scholar
Nijdam, J. J., Baoyu, G., Fletcher, D. F., Langrish, T. A. G. (2003). Lagrangian and Eulerian models for simulating turbulent dispersion and agglomeration of droplets within a spray. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 10–12 December 2003, pp. 377–382.Google Scholar
Panofsky, W. K. and Phillips, M. (1969). Classical Electricity and Magnetism, 2nd ed., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Petera, J., Rooney, D., and Weatherley, L. R. (1998). Particle and droplet trajectories in a non-linear electrical field. Chemical Engineering Science, 53(22), 3781–3792.Google Scholar
Petera, J., Strzelecki, W., Agrawal, D., and Weatherley, L. R. (2005) Charged droplet and particle-mixing studies in liquid–liquid systems in the presence of non-linear electrical fields. Chemical Engineering Science, 60(1), 135–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petera, J., Weatherley, L. R., Hume, A. P., and Gawrysiak, T. A. (2007). A finite element algorithm for particle/droplet trajectory tracking tested in a liquid–liquid system in the presence of an external electric field. Computers in Chemical Engineering, 31, 1369–1388.Google Scholar
Petera, J., Weatherley, L. R., Rooney, D., and Kaminski, K. (2009). A finite element model of enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis in an electrostatic spray reactor. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 33, 144–161.Google Scholar
Qiu, J. (2010). Intensification of liquid–liquid contacting processes. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Quan, X., Gao, M., Cheng, P., and Li, J. (2015). An experimental investigation of pool boiling heat transfer on smooth/rib surfaces under an electric field. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 85, 595–608.Google Scholar
Quincke, G. (1888). Ueber periodische Ausbreitung von Flüssigkeitsoberflächen und dadurch hervorgerufene Bewegungsercheinungen. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 35, 593.Google Scholar
Rayleigh, J. W. S. (1882). The equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity. Philosophical Magazine (Series 5), 14, 184–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheele, G. F. and Meister, B. J. (1968). Drop formation at low velocities in liquid–liquid systems: prediction of drop volume. AlChE Journal, 14(1), 9–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serway, R. A. (1996). Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 4th ed., p. 687.Google Scholar
Singh, M., Ghanshyam, C., Mishra, P.K., and Chak, R. (2013). Current status of electrostatic spraying technology for efficient crop protection. AMA – Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 44(2), 46–53.Google Scholar
Stewart, G. and Thornton, J. D. (1967a) Charge and velocity characteristics of electrically charged droplets. Part I. Theoretical considerations. Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, 26, 29–36.Google Scholar
Stewart, G. and Thornton, J. D. (1967b) Charge and velocity characteristics of electrically charged droplets. Part II. Preliminary measurements of droplet charge and velocity. Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, 26, 37–41.Google Scholar
Takamatsu, T., Hashimoto, Y., Yamaguchi, M., and Katayma, T. (1981). Theoretical and experimental studies of charged drop formation in a uniform electric-field. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 14(3), 178–182.Google Scholar
Takamatsu, T., Yamaguchi, M., and Katayma, T. (1982). Formation of single charged drops in liquid media under a uniform electric field. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 15(5), 349–355.Google Scholar
Takamatsu, T., Yamaguchi, M., and Katayma, T. (1983). Formation of single charged drops in liquid media in a non-uniform electric field. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 16(4), 267–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, G. I. (1964). Disintegration of water drops in an electric field. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A280, 383–397.Google Scholar
Taylor, G. I. (1966). Studies in electrohydrodynamics. I. The circulation produced in a drop by electrical field. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Ser. A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 291, 159–166.Google Scholar
Thomson, J. (1855). On certain curious motions observable at the surfaces of wine and other alcoholic liquors. Philosophical Magazine, 10, 330–333.Google Scholar
Thornton, J. D. (1976). Electrically enhanced liquid–liquid extraction. Birmingham University Chemical Engineering Journal, 27, 6–13.Google Scholar
Thornton, J. D. and Batey, W. (1989). Partial mass-transfer coefficients and packing performance in liquid–liquid extraction. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 28, 1096–1101.Google Scholar
Thornton, J. D. and Brown, B. A. (1966). Liquid/fluid extraction process. UK patent 1,205,562.Google Scholar
Warren, K. W. and Prestridge, F. L. (1979). US Patent 4,161,439, July 1979.Google Scholar
Warren, K. W., Prestridge, F.L., and Sinclair, B. L. (1978). Electrostatic separators may supplant mixer settlers. Mining Engineering, 30(4), 355–357.Google Scholar
Weatherley, L.R. (1993). Electrically enhanced mass transfer. Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 13, 515–537.Google Scholar
Weatherley, L. R., Petera, J., and Qiu, Z. (2017). Intensification of mass transfer and reaction in electrically disturbed liquid–liquid systems. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 322, 115–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wham, R. M. and Byers, C. H. (1987). Mass transfer from single droplets in imposed electric fields. Separation Science and Technology, 22, 447–466.Google Scholar
Yang, Q., Ben, Q., Li, B. Q., and Ding, Y. (2013). 3D phase field modeling of electrohydrodynamic multiphase flows. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 57, 1–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×