Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T08:02:17.563Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2014

Daniel F. Spulber
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abernathy, W. J., and Utterback, J. M., 1978, “Patterns of Industrial Innovation,” Technology Review, 80, June/July, pp. 40–47.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., 1999, “Changes in Unemployment and Wage Inequality: An Alternative Theory and Some Evidence,” American Economic Review, 89, 5, pp. 1259–1278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D., 2002, “Technical Change, Inequality and the Labor Market,” Journal of Economic Literature, 40, 1, pp. 7–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D., 2008, “Innovation by Incumbents and Entrants,” MIT Economics Working Paper.
Acemoglu, D., and Linn, J., 2004, “Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119, 3, pp. 1049–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J., 2008, “The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development,” Working Paper No. 10, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
Acemoglu, D., and Zilibotti, F., 2001, “Productivity Differences,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, 2, May, pp. 563–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acs, Z. J., and Audretsch, D. B., 1987, “Innovation, Market Structure, and Firm Size,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 69, 4, November, pp. 567–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acs, Z. J., and Audretsch, D. B., 1988, “Innovation in Large and Small Firms: An Empirical Analysis,” American Economic Review, 78, 4, September, pp. 678–690.Google Scholar
Acs, Z. J., and Audretsch, D. B., 2003a, “Innovation and Technological Change,” in Acs, Z. J. and Audretsch, D. B., eds., The International Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 55–79.Google Scholar
Acs, Z. J., and Audretsch, D. B., 2003b, The International Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Acs, Z. J., and Audretsch, D. B., 2003c, “Introduction,” in Acs, Z. J. and Audretsch, D. B., eds., The International Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 3–20.Google Scholar
Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., and Carlsson, B., 2004, “The Missing Link: The Knowledge Filter and Entrepreneurship in Economic Growth,” CEPR Working Paper No. 4358.
Acs, Z., Desai, S., and Klapper, L., 2008, “What Does ‘Entrepreneurship’ Data Really Show? A Comparison of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and World Bank Group Datasets,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 4667, Washington, DC.
Adachi, T., 2008, “A Life-Cycle Model of Entrepreneurial Choice: Understanding Entry into and Exit from Self-Employment,” Working Paper, Tokyo Institute of Technology, October.
Aggarwal, R., and Dahiya, S., 2006, “Demutualization and Public Offerings of Financial Exchanges,” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 18, 3, Summer, pp. 96–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., and Howitt, P., 2005, “Competition and Innovation: An Inverted U Relationship,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120, 2, pp. 701–728.Google Scholar
Aghion, P., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., Howitt, P., and Prantl, S., 2009, “The Effects of Entry on Incumbent Innovation and Productivity,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 91 (1), February, pp. 20–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., and Rey, P., 1994, “Renegotiation Design with Unverifiable Information,” Econometrica, 62, pp. 257–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghion, P., Harris, C., Howitt, P., and Vickers, J., 2001, “Competition, Imitation and Growth with Step-by-Step Innovation,” Review of Economic Studies, 68, 3, July, pp. 467–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghion, P., and Howitt, P., 1992, “A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction,” Econometrica, 60, 2, March, pp. 323–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghion, P., and Howitt, P., 1998, Endogenous Growth Theory, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Aghion, P., and Howitt, P., 2009, The Economics of Growth, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Akerlof, G. A., 1970, “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84, pp. 488–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alchian, A. A., 2007, “Property Rights,” The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, 2nd ed., , accessed June 15, 2010.
Alchian, A. A., and Demsetz, H., 1972, “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization,” The American Economic Review, 62, 5, December, pp. 777–795.Google Scholar
Allen, D. W., and Lueck, D., 2002, The Nature of the Farm: Contracts, Risk, and Organization in Agriculture, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Allen, J. A., 1967, Scientific Innovation and Industrial Prosperity, Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Allison, J. R., and Hunter, S. D., 2006, “On the Feasibility of Improving Patent Quality One Technology at a Time: The Case of Business Methods,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 21, 2, pp. 729–794.Google Scholar
Allison, J. R., and Tiller, E. H., 2003, “The Business Method Patent Myth,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 18, 4, pp. 987–1084.Google Scholar
Alpern, S., and Snower, D. J., 1988, “High-Low Search in Product and Labor Markets,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the One-Hundredth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, 78, 2, May, pp. 356–362.Google Scholar
Alvarez, S. A., and Busenitz, L. W., 2001, “The Entrepreneurship of Resource-Based Theory,” Journal of Management, 27, pp. 755–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amato, J., and Shin, H. S., 2006, “Imperfect Common Knowledge and the Information Value of Prices,” Economic Theory, 27, 1, pp. 213–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anand, B., and Khanna, T., 2000, “The Structure of Licensing Contracts,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 48, 1, March, pp. 103–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ancori, B., Bureth, A., and Cohendet, P., 2000, “The Economics of Knowledge: The Debate about Codified and Tacit Knowledge,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 9, 2, pp. 255–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M., and Mohs, J., 2011, “The Information Technology Agreement: An Assessment of World Trade in Information Technology Products,” Journal of International Commerce and Economics, 3, 1, May, pp. 109–156.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. C. and Reeb, D. M., 2003, “Founding-Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500,” Journal of Finance, 58, 3, June, pp. 1301–1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K. R., 1971, The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Homewood, IL: Irwin.Google Scholar
Angelmar, R., 1985, “Market Structure and Research Intensity in High-Technological-Opportunity Industries,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 34, 1, September, pp. 69–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anton, J. J., and Yao, D. A., 1994, “Expropriation and Inventions: Appropriable Rents in the Absence of Property Rights,” American Economic Review, 84, 1, pp. 190–209.Google Scholar
Anton, J. J., and Yao, D. A., 1995, “Starts-Ups, Spin-Offs, and Internal Projects,” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 11, October, pp. 362–378.Google Scholar
Anton, J. J., and Yao, D. A., 2002, “The Sale of Ideas: Strategic Disclosure, Property Rights, and Contracting,” Review of Economic Studies, 69, 3, pp. 513–531S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anton, J. J., and Yao, D. A., 2003, “Patents, Invalidity, and the Strategic Transmission of Enabling Information,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 12, Summer, pp. 151–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anton, J. J., and Yao, D. A., 2004, “Little Patents and Big Secrets: Managing Intellectual Property,” Rand Journal of Economics, 35, Spring, pp. 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoki, M., 1986, The Co-operative Game Theory of the Firm, New York: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Arabsheibani, G. D., de Meza, D., Maloney, R. J., and Pearson, B., 2000, “And a Vision Appeared unto Them of a Great Profit: Evidence of Self-Deception among the Self-employed,” Economic Letters, 67, 1, pp. 35–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardagna, S., and Lusardi, A., 2010, “Explaining International Differences in Entrepreneurship: The Role of Individual Characteristics and Regulatory Constraints,” in Lerner, Josh and Schoar, Antoinette, eds., International Differences in Entrepreneurship, National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 17–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armendáriz, B., and Morduch, J., 2010, The Economics of Microfinance, 2nd edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Armour, J., and Cumming, D., 2008, “Bankruptcy Law and Entrepreneurship,” American Law and Economics Review, 10 (2), pp. 303–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., 1995, “Licensing Tacit Knowledge: Intellectual Property Rights and the Market for Know-How,” Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 4, 1, pp. 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., 1996, “Contracting for Tacit Knowledge: The Provision of Technical Services in Technology Licensing Contracts,” Journal of Development Economics, 50, 2, pp. 233–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., 1997, “Appropriating Rents from Innovation: Patents, Licensing and Market Structure in the Chemical Industry,” Research Policy, 27, pp. 391–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., Fosfuri, A., and Gambardella, A., 2001a, “Markets for Technology and Their Implications for Corporate Strategy,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 10, 2, pp. 419–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., Fosfuri, A., and Gambardella, A., 2001b, Markets for Technology: The Economics of Innovation and Corporate Strategy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Arora, A., Fosfuri, A., and Gambardella, A., 2001c, “Specialized Technology Suppliers, International Spillovers and Investment: Evidence from the Chemical Industry,” Journal of Development Economics, 65, pp. 31–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., and Gambardella, A., 1994, “The Changing Technology of Technological Change: General and Abstract Knowledge and the Division of Innovative Labour,” Research Policy, 23, 5, September, pp. 523–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., and Gambardella, A., 1998, “Evolution of Industry Structure in the Chemical Industry,” in Arora, A., Landau, R., and Rosenberg, N., eds., Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth, New York: Wiley, pp. 379–414.Google Scholar
Arora, A., and Gambardella, A., 2010, “Ideas for Rent: An Overview of Market for Technology,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 19, 3, pp. 775–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, A., and Merges, R. P., 2004, “Specialized Supply Firms, Property Rights and Firm Boundaries,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 13, pp. 451–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K. J., 1962a, “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing,” Review of Economic Studies, 29, 3, June, pp. 155–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K. J., 1962b, “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 609–626.Google Scholar
Arrow, K. J., 1969, “Classificatory Notes on the Production and Transmission of Technological Knowledge,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 59, 2, May, pp. 29–35.Google Scholar
Arrow, K. J., 1974, The Limits of Organization, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Arrow, K. J., and Hahn, F. H., 1971, General Competitive Analysis, San Francisco: Holden-Day.Google Scholar
Artle, R., and Varaiya, P., 1978, “Life Cycle Consumption and Homeownership,” Journal of Economic Theory, 18, pp. 38–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åstebro, T., and Bernhardt, I., 2003, “Start-up Financing, Owner Characteristics, and Survival,” Journal of Economics and Business, 55, 4, pp. 303–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åstebro, T., and Bernhardt, I., 2004, “The Winner's Curse of Human Capital,” Small Business Economics, 24, 1, pp. 63–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astrachan, J. H., and Shanker, M. C., 2003, “Family Businesses’ Contribution to the U.S. Economy: A Closer look,” Family Business Review, 16, 3, pp. 211–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atrostic, B. K., Boegh-Nielsen, P., Motohashi, K., and Nguyen, S., 2004, “IT, Productivity and Growth in Enterprises: New Results from International Micro Data,” in OECD, The Economic Impact of ICT – Measurement, Evidence and Implications, Paris: OECD, pp. 279–300.Google Scholar
Atrostic, B. K., Gates, J., and Jarmin, R., 2000, “Measuring the Electronic Economy: Current Status and Next Steps,” Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Working Paper No. CES-WP-00–10.
Attanasio, O., and Browning, M., 1995, “Consumption over the Life Cycle and over the Business Cycle,” American Economic Review, 85, pp. 1118–1137.Google Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., 1991, “New Firm Survival and the Technological Regime,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 73, pp. 441–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., 1995a, Innovation and Industry Evolution, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., 1995b, “Innovation, Growth and Survival: The Post-Entry Performance of Firms,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13, 4, December, pp. 441–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., 2001, “The Role of Small Firms in U.S. Biotechnology Clusters,” Small Business Economics, 17, pp. 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., and Keilbach, M., 2004, “Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Performance,” Regional Studies, 38, 8, November, pp. 949–959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. C., and Lehmann, E. E., 2006, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., and Thurik, A. R., 2000, “Capitalism and Democracy in the 21st Century: From the Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economy,” Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 10, 1, pp. 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audretsch, D. B., and Thurik, A. R., 2001, “What's New about the New Economy? From the Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economy,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 10, 1, pp. 267–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., and Kearney, M. S., 2008, “Trends in U.S. Wage Inequality: Revising the Revisionists,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 90, 2, pp. 300–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., and Murnane, R. J., 2003, “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 4, pp. 1279–1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayers, I., 2005, Optional Law: The Structure of Legal Entitlements, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayotte, K., 2007, “Bankruptcy and Entrepreneurship: The Value of a Fresh Start,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 23, 1, pp. 161–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayres, I., and Klemperer, P., 1999, “Limiting Patentees’ Market Power without Reducing Innovation Incentives: The Perverse Benefits of Uncertainty and Non-Injunctive Remedies,” Michigan Law Review, 97, pp. 985–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagwell, K., Ramey, G., and Spulber, D. F., 1997, “Dynamic Retail Price and Investment Competition,” Rand Journal of Economics, 28, Summer, pp. 207–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, J. B., and Bresnahan, T. F., 2006, “Economic Evidence in Antitrust: Defining Markets and Measuring Market Power,” Stanford Law School, Working Paper No. 328.
Balconi, M., Pozzali, A., and Viale, R., 2007, “The ‘Codification Debate’ Revisited: A Conceptual Framework to Analyze the Role of Tacit Knowledge in Economics,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 16, 5, October, pp. 823–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, J. S., 1992, “Monopoly Pricing and Regulatory Oversight,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 1, Spring, pp. 203–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, J. S., and Sobel, J., 1987, “Equilibrium Selection in Signaling Games,” Econometrica, 55, 3, May, pp. 647–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baptista, R., 1999, “The Diffusion of Process Innovations: A Selective Review,” International Journal of the Economics of Business, 6, 1, pp. 107–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, R., 1998, “Cognitive Mechanisms in Entrepreneurship: Why and When Entrepreneurs Think Differently than Other People,” Journal of Business Venturing, 13, pp. 275–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barseghyan, L., 2008, “Entry Costs and Cross-Country Differences in Productivity and Output,” Journal of Economic Growth, 13, 2, pp. 145–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartelsman, E. J., and Doms, M. E., 2000, “Understanding Productivity: Lessons from Longitudinal Microdata,” Journal of Economic Literature, 38, 3, pp. 569–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barzel, Y., 1968, “Optimal Timing of Innovations,” Review of Economics & Statistics, 50, 3, August, pp. 348–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barzel, Y., 1987, “The Entrepreneur's Reward for Self-Policing,” Economic Inquiry, 25, January, pp. 103–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumol, W. J., 1968, “Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 58, 2, May, pp. 64–71.Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J., 1986, “Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show,” American Economic Review, 76, 5, pp. 1072–1085.Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J., 1993, Entrepreneurship, Management, and the Structure of Payoffs, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J., 2002, The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumol, W. J., 2006, “Return of the Invisible Men: The Microeconomic Value Theory of Inventors and Entrepreneurs,” Special Session on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Growth I: Theoretical Approach, American Economic Association Meetings, (downloaded December 16, 2013).
Baumol, W. J., 2010, The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumol, W. J., Litan, R. E., and Schramm, C. J., 2007, Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Baye, M. R., and Hoppe, H. C., 2003, “The Strategic Equivalence of Rent-Seeking, Innovation, and Patent-Race Games,” Games and Economic Behavior, 44, pp. 217–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baye, M. R., Kovenock, D., and de Vries, C. G., 1994, “The Solution to the Tullock Rent-Seeking Game When R > 2: Mixed-Strategy Equilibria and Mean Dissipation Rates,” Public Choice, 81, pp. 363–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baye, M. R., Kovenock, D., and de Vries, C. G., 1996, “The All-Pay Auction with Complete Information,” Economic Theory, 8, pp. 291–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayh, B., Allen, J. P., and Bremer, H. W., 2009, “Universities, Inventors, and the Bayh-Dole Act,” Life Sciences Law & Industry Report, 3, 24, December 18, pp. 1–5.Google Scholar
Bayus, B. L., and Agarwal, R., 2007, “The Role of Pre-Entry Experience, Entry Timing, and Product Technology Strategies in Explaining Firm Survival,” Management Science, 53, December, pp. 1887–1902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebchuk, L. A., Fried, J. M., and Walker, D. I., 2002, “Managerial Power and Rent Extraction in the Design of Executive Compensation,” University of Chicago Law Review, 69, pp. 751–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. S., 1975, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, 2nd ed., New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Becker, G. S., and Murphy, K. M., 1995, “The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge,” in Febero, R. and Schwartz, P. S., eds., The Essence of Becker, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, pp. 608–632.Google Scholar
Benabou, R., and Tirole, J., 2004, “Willpower and Personal Rules,” Journal of Political Economy, 112, 4, pp. 848–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhabib, J., and Rustichini, A., 1991, “Vintage Capital, Investment, and Growth,” Journal of Economic Theory, 55, 2, December, pp. 323–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Porath, Y., 1980, “The F-connection: Families, Friends, and Firms in the Organization of Exchange,” Population and Development Review, 6, March, pp. 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkovitch, E., Israel, R., and Zender, J. F., 1997, “Optimal Bankruptcy Law and Firm-Specific Investments,” European Economic Review, 41, 3–5, April, pp. 487–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berle, A. A., and Means, G. C., 1932 [1967], The Modern Corporation and Private Property, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Besanko, D., and Spulber, D. F., 1992, “Sequential Equilibrium Investment by Regulated Firms,” Rand Journal of Economics, 23, Summer, pp. 153–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besen, S. M., and Raskind, L. J., 1991, “An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 1, Winter, pp. 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessen, J., and Hunt, R. M., 2007, “An Empirical Look at Software Patents,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16, Spring, pp. 157–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessen, J., and Meurer, M. J., 2008, Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats and Lawyers put Innovations at Risk, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bester, H., and Petrakis, E., 1993, “The Incentives for Cost Reduction in a Differentiated Industry,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 11, pp. 519–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhidé, A., 1994, “How Entrepreneurs Craft Strategies that Work,” Harvard Business Review, 72, pp. 150–161.Google Scholar
Bhidé, A., 1999, The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bitler, M. P., Moskowitz, T. J., and Vissing-Jørgensen, A., 2005, “Testing Agency Theory with Entrepreneur Effort and Wealth,” Journal of Finance, 60, 2, pp. 539–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, M. M., 1995, Ownership and Control: Rethinking Corporate Governance for the Twenty-First Century, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Blair, M. M., 2003, “Locking in Capital: What Corporate Law Achieved for Business Organizers in the Nineteenth Century,” UCLA Law Review, 51, pp. 387–455.Google Scholar
Blair, M. M., 2004, “The Neglected Benefits of the Corporate Form: Entity Status and the Separation of Asset Ownership from Control,” in Grandori, A., ed., Corporate Governance and Firm Organization: Microfoundations and Structural Forms, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, R. D., and Lafontaine, F., 2005, The Economics of Franchising, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchflower, D. G., and Oswald, A. J., 1998, “What Makes an Entrepreneur?,” Journal of Labor Economics, 16, January, pp. 26–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaug, M., 1962, Economic Theory in Retrospect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blonigen, B. A., and Taylor, C. T., 2000, “R&D Activity and Acquisitions in High Technology Industries: Evidence from the US Electronics Industry,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 48, pp. 47–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundell, R., Griffith, R., and Van Reenen, J., 1999, “Market Share, Market Value and Innovation in a Panel of British Manufacturing Firms,” Review of Economic Studies, 66, pp. 529–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodner, R., and Prelec, D., 2003, “Self-Signaling and Diagnostic Utility in Everyday Decision Making,” in Brocas, I. and Carrillo, J. D., eds., The Psychology of Economic Decisions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 105–123.Google Scholar
Bolton, P., and Dewatripont, M., 2004, Contract Theory, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bonaccorsi, A., and Giuri, P., 2000, “When Shakeout Doesn't Occur: The Evolution of the Turboprop Engine Industry,” Research Policy, 29, pp. 847–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J., and Lee, J.-W., 1998, “How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?,” Journal of International Economics, 45, pp. 115–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bork, R. H., 1993, The Antitrust Paradox, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Boroush, M., 2008, “New Estimates of National Research and Development Expenditures Show 5.8% Growth in 2007,” NSF 08–317, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, August.
Bosma, N., and Levie, J., 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2009 Executive Report, Babson College, Babson Park, MD: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association.Google Scholar
Bosworth, B. P., and Triplett, J. E., 2007a, “The Early 21st Century U.S. Productivity Expansion is Still in Services,” International Productivity Monitor, 14, pp. 3–19.Google Scholar
Bosworth, B. P., and Triplett, J. E., 2007b, “Services Productivity in the United States: Griliches’ Services Volume Revisited,” in Berndt, E. R. and Hulten, C. M., eds., Hard-to-Measure Goods and Services: Essays in Memory of Zvi Griliches, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 413–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourgeois, L. J., III, 1985, “Strategic Goals, Perceived Uncertainty, and Economic Performance in Volatile Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 28, 3, September, pp. 548–573.Google Scholar
Box, S., 2009, “OECD Work on Innovation – A Stocktaking of Existing Work,” Science and Technology Policy Working Paper 2009/2, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, February.
Bresnahan, T., Greenstein, S., and Henderson, R., 2011, “Schumpeterian Competition and Diseconomies of Scope; Illustrations from the Histories of Microsoft and IBM,” in Lerner, J. and Stern, S., eds., The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 203–276.Google Scholar
Bresnahan, T. F., and Raff, D. M. G., 1991, “Intra-Industry Heterogeneity and the Great Depression: The American Motor Vehicles Industry, 1929–1935,” Journal of Economic History, 51, June, pp. 317–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bris, A., Welch, I., and Zhu, N., 2006, “The Costs of Bankruptcy: Chapter 7 Liquidation versus Chapter 11 Reorganization,” Journal of Finance, 61, 3, June, pp. 1253–1303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brocas, I., and Carillo, J. D., 2004, “Entrepreneurial Boldness and Excessive Investment,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 13, pp. 321–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brocas, I., and Carillo, J. D., 2007, “Influence through Ignorance,” Rand Journal of Economics, 38, 4, Winter, pp. 931–947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brouwer, E., and Kleinknecht, A., 1996, “Firm Size, Small Business Presence and Sales of Innovative Products: A Micro-Econometric Analysis,” Small Business Economics, 8, 3, pp. 189–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brouwer, M. T., 1991, Schumpeterian Puzzles, Technological Competition and Economic Evolution, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Brouwer, M. T., 2002, “Weber, Schumpeter and Knight on Entrepreneurship and Economic Development,” Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 12, pp. 83–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, W. O., Jr., 2001, “Faculty Participation in University Governance and the Effects on University Performance,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 44, pp. 129–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, M., and Crossley, T. F., 2001, “The Life-Cycle Model of Consumption and Saving,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 3, Summer, pp. 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumfiel, G., 2010, “Andre Geim: in Praise of Graphene,” Nature, October 7, , (accessed December 23, 2013).
Brush, C. G., 1995, International Entrepreneurship: The Effects of Firm Age on Motives of Internationalization, New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Brynjolfsson, E., and Hitt, L. M., 2000, “Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, 4, pp. 23–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budd, C., Harris, C., and Vickers, J., 1993, “A Model of the Evolution of Duopoly: Does the Asymmetry between Firms Tend to Increase or Decrease?,” Review of Economic Studies, 60, pp. 543–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buera, F. J., 2009, “A Dynamic Model of Entrepreneurship with Borrowing Constraints,” Annals of Finance, 5, pp. 443–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buiter, W. H., 1988, “Death, Birth, Productivity Growth and Debt Neutrality,” Economic Journal, 98, pp. 279–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullard, J., and Feigenbaum, J., 2007, “A Leisurely Reading of the Life-Cycle Consumption Data,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 54, 8, November, pp. 2305–2320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2010, “U.S. International Transactions: First Quarter 2010,” news release, June 17.
Burk, D. L., and Lemley, M. A., 2009, Patent Crisis and How the Courts Can Solve It, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burstein, A. T., and Monge-Naranjo, A., 2009, “Foreign Know-How, Firm Control, and the Income of Developing Countries,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124, 1, February, pp. 149–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busenitz, L., and Barney, J., 1997, “Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations: Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-Making,” Journal of Business Venturing, 12, pp. 9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busenitz, L., and Lau, C., 1996, “A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model of New Venture Creation,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20, 4, pp. 25–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabral, L. M. B., 2003, “R&D Competition When Firms Choose Variance,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 12, 1, Spring, pp. 139–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabral, L. M. B., and Riordan, M. H., 1994, “The Learning Curve, Market Dominance, and Predatory Pricing,” Econometrica, 62, pp. 1115–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calabresi, G., and Melamed, A. D., 1972, “Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral,” Harvard Law Review, 85, pp. 1089–1128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campanale, C., 2009, “Private Equity Returns in a Model of Entrepreneurial Choice with Learning,” Working Paper, University of Alicante, March.
Campbell, J. Y., 2006, “Household Finance,” Journal of Finance, 61, 4, August, pp. 1553–1604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantillon, R., 1755 [2010], An Essay on Economic Theory, An English translation of Richard Cantillon's Essai sur la nature du commerce en général, C. Saucier, trans, Thornton, M., ed., Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. .Google Scholar
Carlsson, B., Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B. and Braunerhjelm, P., 2009, “Knowledge Creation, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth: a Historical Review,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 18, 6, pp. 1193–1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, B., and Fridh, A.-C., 2002, “Technology Transfer in United States Universities: A Survey and Statistical Analysis,” Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 12, 1–2, pp. 199–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, C., 1994, “How Does Future Income Affect Current Consumption?,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109, pp. 111–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casadesus-Masanell, R., and Ricart, J. E., 2010, “From Strategy to Business Model and onto Tactics,” Long Range Planning, 43, 2–3, pp. 195–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casadesus-Masanell, R., and Zhu, F., 2013, “Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models,” Strategic Management Journal, 34, 4, April, pp. 464–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cass, D., 1965, “Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation,” Review of Economic Studies, 32, July, pp. 233–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassiman, B., and Veugelers, R., 2002, “R&D Cooperation and Spillovers: Some Empirical Evidence from Belgium,” American Economic Review, 92, pp. 1169–1184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassiman, B., and Veugelers, R., 2006, “In Search of Complementarity in Innovation Strategy: Internal R&D and External Knowledge Acquisition,” Management Science, 52, 1, pp. 68–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casson, M., 1982, The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory, Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books.Google Scholar
Casson, M., 1987, The Firm and the Market, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Casson, M., 1997, Information and Organization: A New Perspective on the Theory of the Firm, New York: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Casson, M., 2003, The Entrepreneur; An Economic Theory, 2nd ed., Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Caulfield, T., Cook-Deegan, R. M., Kieff, F. S., and Walsh, J. P., 2006, “Evidence and Anecdotes: An Analysis of Human Gene Patenting Controversies,” Nature Biotechnology, 24, 9, pp. 1091–1094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ceccagnoli, M., Graham, S. J. H., Higgins, M. J., and Lee, J., 2010, “Productivity and the Role of Complementary Assets in Firms’ Demand for Technology Innovation,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 19, 3, pp. 839–869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, A. D., 1977, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chandler, A. D., 1990, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chaney, T., 2008, “Distorted Gravity: The Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade,” American Economic Review, 98, 4, pp. 1707–1721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Che, Y.-K., and Gale, I., 2003, “Optimal Design of Research Contests,” American Economic Review, 93, pp. 646–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chemla, G., 2003, “Downstream Competition, Foreclosure, and Vertical Integration,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 12, 3, Summer, pp. 261–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y., and Schwartz, M., 2009, “Product Innovation Incentives: Monopoly vs. Competition,” Working Paper, University of Colorado, Boulder, May.
Chia, R. C. H., and Holt, R., 2009, Strategy without Design: The Silent Efficacy of Indirect Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiappetta, V., 2000–2001, “Defining the Proper Scope of Internet Patents: If We Don't Know Where We Want to Go, We're Unlikely to Get There,” Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Review, 7, pp. 289–361.Google Scholar
Chiappetta, V., 2004, “TRIP-ping Over Business Method Patents,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 37, pp. 181–202.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, A., and Mavrotas, G., 2006, “FDI, and Growth: What Causes What?,” World Economy, 29, 1, January, pp. 9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, C. M., 1997, The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Chung, T.-Y., 1991, “Incomplete Contracts, Specific Investments, and Risk Sharing,” Review of Economic Studies, 58, pp. 1031–1042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J. B., 1894, “Insurance and Profits,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 7, pp. 40–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clausen, T., Pohjola, M., Sappraserty, K., and Verspagenz, B., 2012, “Innovation Strategies as a Source of Persistent Innovation,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 21, 3, pp. 553–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, T., Criscuolo, C., Goodridge, P., and Waldron, K., 2004, “Enterprise E-Commerce: Measurement and Impact,” in OECD, The Economic Impact of ICT – Measurement, Evidence and Implications, Paris: OECD, pp. 241–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemens, C., 2008, “Imperfect Competition and Growth with Entrepreneurial Risk,” German Economic Review, 9, pp. 180–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemens, C., and Heinemann, M., 2006, “On the Effects of Redistribution on Growth and Entrepreneurial Risk–Taking,” Journal of Economics, 88, 2, pp. 131–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clower, R., and Leijonhufvud, A., 1975, “The Coordination of Economic Activities: A Keynesian Perspective,” American Economic Review, 65, pp. 182–188.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H., 1937, “The Nature of the Firm,” Economica, 4, 16, pp. 386–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coase, R. H., 1960, “The Problem of Social Cost,” Journal of Law and Economics, 3, pp. 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coase, R. H., 1988, “The Nature of the Firm: Origin, Meaning, Influence,” Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 4, 1, pp. 3–47. (Reprinted 1991, in Williamson, O. E. and Winter, S. G., eds., The Nature of the Firm: Origin, Meaning, Influence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 34–74.)Google Scholar
Coase, R. H., 1994a, Essays on Economics and Economists, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coase, R. H., 1994b, “The Institutional Structure of Production,” the 1991 Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize Lection in Economic Sciences, in Coase, R. H., Essays on Economics and Economists, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocco, J. F., Gomes, F. J., and Maenhout, P. J., 2005, “Consumption and Portfolio Choice over the Life Cycle,” Review of Financial Studies, 18, 2, pp. 491–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coeurderoy, R., and Murray, G., 2008, “Regulatory Environments and the Location Decision: Evidence from the Early Foreign Market Entries of New-Technology-Based Firms,” Journal of International Business Studies, 39, pp. 670–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. E., and Lemley, M. A., 2001, “Patent Scope and Innovation in the Software Industry,” California Law Review, 89, 1, pp. 1–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, W. M., 2010, “Fifty Years of Empirical Studies of Innovative Activity and Performance, in Hall, B. H. and Rosenberg, N., eds., Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Vol. 1, Chapter 4, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 129–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, W. M., and Levin, R., 1989, “Empirical Studies of Innovation and Market Structure,” in Schmalensee, R. and Willig, R., eds., The Handbook of Industrial Organization, Vol. I, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 1059–1107.Google Scholar
Cohen, W. M., and Levinthal, D. A., 1989, “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R & D,” Economic Journal, 99, 397, September, pp. 569–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, W. M., and Levinthal, D. A., 1990, “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Motivation,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 1, March, pp. 128–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, J. S., 1964, Introduction to Mathematical Sociology, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Collins, H. M., 1974, “The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks,” Science Studies, 4, 2, April, pp. 165–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comanor, W. S., 1965, “Research and Technical Change in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 47, 2, May, pp. 182–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comanor, W. S., 1967, “Market Structure, Product Differentiation and Industrial Research,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 81, 4, November, pp. 639–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commons, J. R., 1931, “Institutional Economics,” American Economic Review, 21, pp. 648–657.Google Scholar
Cooper, A., Woo, C., and Dunkelberg, W., 1988, “Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Chances for Success,” Journal of Business Venturing, 3, pp. 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, R. W., and Haltiwanger, J. C., 2006, “On the Nature of Capital Adjustment Costs,” Review of Economic Studies, 73, 3, July, pp. 611–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, R., David, P., and Foray, D., 2000, “The Explicit Economics of Codification and Tacitness,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 9, pp. 211–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, R., and Foray, D., 1997, “Quandaries in the Economics of Dual Technologies and Spillovers from Military to Civilian Research and Development,” Research Policy, 24, pp. 851–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, R., and Jonard, N., 2003, “The Dynamics of Collective Invention,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 52, pp. 513–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craswell, R., and Fratrik, M. R., 1985–1986, “Predatory Pricing Theory Applied: The Case of Supermarkets vs. Warehouse Stores,” Case Western Reserve Law Review, 36, pp. 49–87.Google Scholar
Crawford, V. P., and Sobel, J., 1982, “Strategic Information Transmission,” Econometrica, 50, 6, November, pp. 1431–1451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creane, A., 1996, “An Informational Externality in a Competitive Market,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 14, 3, May, pp. 331–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crémer, J., Garicano, L., and Prat, A., 2007, “Language and the Theory of the Firm,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, 1, February, pp. 373–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cugno, F., and Ottoz, E., 2006, “Trade Secret vs. Broad Patent: The Role of Licensing,” Review of Law and Economics, 2, 2, pp. 209–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cyert, R. M., and March, J. G., 1963, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Danaher, P. J., Wilson, I. W., and Davis, R. A., 2003, “A Comparison of Online and Offline Consumer Brand Loyalty,” Marketing Science, 22, 4, Autumn, pp. 461–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasgupta, P., and Stiglitz, J., 1980a, “Industrial Structure and the Nature of Innovative Activity,” Economic Journal, 90, June, pp. 266–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasgupta, P., and Stiglitz, J., 1980b, “Uncertainty, Industrial Structure, and the Speed of R&D,” Bell Journal of Economics, 11, Spring, pp. 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, R. M., and Ou, C. X., 2008, “Guanxi, Knowledge and Online Intermediaries in China,” Chinese Management Studies, 2, 4, pp. 281–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deardorff, A. V., 1992, “Welfare Effects of Global Patent Protection,” Economica, 59, February, pp. 35–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deaton, A., 1991, “Saving and Liquidity Constraints,” Econometrica, 59, 5, September, pp. 1221–1248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deaton, A., 2005, “Franco Modigliani and the Life Cycle Theory of Consumption,” Working Paper, Princeton University, March.
De Backer, K., Lopez-Bassols, V., and Martinez, C., 2008, “Open Innovation in a Global Perspective – What Do Existing Data Tell Us?,” SRI Working Paper 2008/4 Statistical Analysis of Science, Technology and Industry, OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry.
Deily, M. E., 1991, “Exit Strategies and Plant-Closing Decisions: The Case of Steel,” Rand Journal of Economics, 22, Summer, pp. 250–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Meza, D., and Southey, C., 1996, “The Borrower's Curse: Optimism, Finance, and Entrepreneurship,” Economic Journal, 106, pp. 375–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demsetz, H., 1968, “The Cost of Contracting,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87, February, pp. 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demsetz, H., 1983, “The Structure of Ownership and the Theory of the Firm,” Journal of Law and Economics, 26, pp. 375–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demsetz, H., 1991, “The Theory of the Firm Revisited,” in Williamson, O. E. and Winter, S. G., eds., The Nature of the Firm, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 159–178.Google Scholar
Demsetz, H., and Lehn, K., 1985, “The Structure of Corporate Ownership: Causes and Consequences,” Journal of Political Economy, 93, pp. 1155–1177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denicolò, V., and Franzoni, L. A., 2004, “The Contract Theory of Patents,” International Review of Law and Economics, 23, pp. 365–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dessein, W., 2002, “Authority and Communication in Organizations,” Review of Economic Studies, 69, 4, October, pp. 811–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dessein, W., and Santos, T., 2006, “Adaptive Organizations,” Journal of Political Economy, 114, 5, pp. 956–995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, C. H., 1995, “For Law Firms, the Shakeout in the Business World Has Finally Hit,” New York Times, February 17, p. B13.
Devlin, A., and Sukhatme, N., 2009, “Self-Realizing Inventions and the Utilitarian Foundation of Patent Law,” William & Mary Law Review, 51, pp. 897–955.Google Scholar
Dewatripont, M., 2006, “Presidential Address Costly Communication and Incentives,” Journal of the European Economic Association, Papers and Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Congress of the European Economic Association, 4, 2/3, April–May, pp. 253–268.Google Scholar
Díaz-Giménez, J., Quadrini, V., and Ríos-Rull, J. V., 1997, “Dimensions of Inequality: Facts on the U.S. Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 21, 2, pp. 3–21.Google Scholar
Dixit, A. K., 1980, “The Role of Investment in Entry-Deterrence,” Economic Journal, 90, pp. 95–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixit, A. K., and Stiglitz, J. E., 1977, “Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity,” American Economic Review, 67, June, pp. 297–308.Google Scholar
Djankov, S., Ganser, T., McLiesh, C., Ramalho, R., and Shleifer, A., 2008, “The Effect of Corporate Taxes on Investment and Entrepreneurship,” NBER Working Paper No. 13756, January.
Djankov, S., Glaeser, E., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., and Shleifer, A., 2003, “The New Comparative Economics,” Journal of Comparative Economics, 31, 4, December, pp. 595–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domar, E. D., 1946, “Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment,” Econometrica, 14, 2, April, pp. 137–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domar, E. D., 1957, Essays in the Theory of Economic Growth, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dow, G., 2003, Governing the Firm: Workers’ Control in Theory and Practice, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dratler, J., Jr., 2003, “Does Lord Darcy Yet Live? The Case against Software and Business-Method Patents,” Santa Clara Law Review, 43, pp. 823–899.Google Scholar
Dratler, J., Jr., 2005, “Alice in Wonderland Meets the U.S. Patent System,” Akron Law Review, 38, pp. 299–336.Google Scholar
Dreyfuss, R. C., 2000, “Are Business Method Patents Bad for Business?,” Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal, 16, 2, pp. 263–280.Google Scholar
Dunlop, J. T., and Rivkin, J. W., 1997, “Introduction,” in Brown, S. A., Revolution at the Checkout Counter: The Explosion of the Bar Code, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 5–9.Google Scholar
Dunn, T., and Holtz-Eakin, D., 2000, “Financial Capital, Human Capital, and the Transition to Self Employment: Evidence from Inter-generational Links,” Journal of Labor Economics, 18, 2, pp. 282–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durham, A. L., 1999, “‘Useful Arts’ in the Information Age,” BYU Law Review, 4, pp. 1419–1528.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, F. H., and Fischel, D. R., 1989, “The Corporate Contract,” Columbia Law Review, 89, pp. 1416–1448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterbrook, F. H., and Fischel, D. R., 1991, The Economic Structure of Corporate Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Eaton, J., and Kortum, S., 1996, “Trade in Ideas: Patenting and Productivity in the OECD,” Journal of International Economics, 40, pp. 251–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, J., and Kortum, S., 1999, “International Technology Diffusion: Theory and Measurement,” International Economic Review, 40, pp. 537–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, J., and Kortum, S., 2001, “Technology, Trade, and Growth: A Unified Framework,” European Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 45, pp. 742–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, J., and Kortum, S., 2002, “Technology, Geography and Trade,” Econometrica, 70, 5, September, pp. 1741–1779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, J., Kortum, S., and Kramarz, F., 2004, “Dissecting Trade: Firms, Industries, and Export Destinations,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 94, 2, May, pp. 150–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgeworth, F. Y., 1881, Mathematical Psychics, An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences, London: C. Kegan Paul & Co. (Reprinted 1967, New York: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers.)Google Scholar
Edlin, A. S., and Reichelstein, S., 1996, “Holdups, Standard Breach Remedies and Optimal Investment,” American Economic Review, 86, pp. 478–501.Google Scholar
Frontier, Efficient, 2009, “U.S. Search Engine Performance Report: Q4 2008,” January, White Paper.
Eisner, R., and Strotz, R. H., 1963, “Determinants of Business Investment,” in Commission on Money and Credit, Impacts of Monetary Policy, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. 60–138.Google Scholar
Ekelund, R. B., Jr., Hébert, R. F., Tollison, R. D., Anderson, G. M., and Davidson, A. B., 1996, Sacred Trust: The Medieval Church as an Economic Firm, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ellam, A., 2003, “Overture and Google: Internet Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising Auctions,” Case Study CS-03–022, London Business School, March.
Ellis, H. S., and Fellner, W., 1943, “External Economies and Diseconomies,” American Economic Review, 33, 3, September, pp. 493–511.Google Scholar
Epstein, R. A., 1997, “A Clear View of the Cathedral: The Dominance of Property Rules,” Yale Law Journal, 106, pp. 2091–2120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, R. J., and Malherbe, P., 2011, “Reasonable Royalty Patent Infringement Damages After Uniloc,” AIPLA Quarterly Journal, 39, 1, Winter, pp. 3–33.Google Scholar
Erutku, C., and Richelle, Y., 2007, “Optimal Licensing Contracts and the Value of a Patent,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16, 2, Summer, pp. 407–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, D. S., and Jovanovic, B., 1989, “An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints,” Journal of Political Economy, 97, 4, August, pp. 808–827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, D. S., and Leighton, L. S., 1989, “Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship,” American Economic Review, 79, June, pp. 519–535.Google Scholar
Evans, G. H., Jr., 1944, “A Theory of Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Economic History, 2, December, Supplement: The Tasks of Economic History, pp. 142–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, G. H., Jr., 1949, “The Entrepreneur and Economic Theory: A Historical and Analytical Approach,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 39, 3, May, pp. 336–348.Google Scholar
Evenson, R. E., and Westphal, L. E., 1995, “Technological Change and Technology Strategy,” in Behrman, J. and Srinivansan, T. N., eds., Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. III, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 2209–2299.Google Scholar
Fagerberg, J., 1994, “Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates,” Journal of Economic Literature, 32, 3, September, pp. 1147–1175.Google Scholar
Fairlie, R., 1999, “The Absence of African-American Owned Business: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-employment,” Journal of Labor Economics, 17, 1, pp. 80–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, J., and Rabin, M., 1996, “Cheap Talk,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10, 3, Summer, pp. 103–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauli-Oller, R., and Sandonis, J., 2002, “Welfare Reducing Licensing,” Journal of Games and Economic Behavior, 41, pp. 192–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, A. J., 1998, “Understanding Evolutionary Processes in Non-Manufacturing Industries: Empirical Insights from the Shakeout in Pharmaceutical Wholesaling,” Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 8, pp. 231–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinstein, C. H., 1998, “Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution,” Journal of Economic History, 58, 3, pp. 625–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, M. P., 1996, “R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production,” American Economic Review, 86, 3, June, pp. 630–640.Google Scholar
Ferrier, G. D., and Knox Lovell, C. A., 1990, “Measuring Cost Efficiency in Banking: Econometric and Linear Programming Evidence,” Journal of Econometrics, 46, pp. 229–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischel, D. R., 1982, “The Corporate Governance Movement,” Vanderbilt Law Review, 35, pp. 1259–1292.Google Scholar
Fisher, F. M., and Temin, P., 1973, “Returns to Scale in Research and Development: What Does the Schumpeterian Hypothesis Imply?,” Journal of Political Economy, 81, 1, January-February, pp. 56–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, I., 1906, The Nature of Capital and Income, New York: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Fisher, I., 1907, Rate of Interest: Its Nature, Determination and Relation to Economic Phenomena, New York: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Fisher, I., 1930, The Theory of Interest: As Determined by Impatience to Spend Income and Opportunity to Invest It, New York: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Fisher, I., 1933, “The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions,” Econometrica, 1, October, pp. 337–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaherty, T. M., 1980, “Industry Structure and Cost-Reducing Investment,” Econometrica, 48, pp. 1187–1209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, D. P., 1999, “Cognitive Approaches to New Venture Creation,” International Journal of Management Review, 1, pp. 415–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, V. R., 1968, The Service Economy, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Furman, J. L., and MacGarvie, M., 2009, “Academic Collaboration and Organizational Innovation: The Development of Research Capabilities in the US Pharmaceutical Industry, 1927–1946,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 18, 5, pp. 929–961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galambos, L., and Sturchio, J. L., 1998, “Pharmaceutical Firms and the Transition to Biotechnology: A Study in Strategic Innovation,” Business History Review, 72, 2, Summer, pp. 250–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallini, N. T., 1992, “Patent Policy and Costly Imitation,” Rand Journal of Economics, 23, pp. 52–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallini, N. T., 2002, “The Economics of Patents: Lessons from Recent U.S. Patent Reform,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 2, Spring, pp. 131–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallini, N. T. and Scotchmer, S., 2002, “Intellectual Property: When Is It the Best Incentive System?,” Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2, pp. 51–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallini, N. T. and Wright, B. D., 1990, “Technology Transfer under Asymmetric Information,” Rand Journal of Economics, 21, 1, Spring, pp. 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galison, P., 2003, Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Ganguly, C., and Ray, I., 2008, “On Mediated Equilibria of Cheap-Talk Games,” Working Paper 05–08, University of Birmingham, May.
Gans, J. S., Hsu, D. H., and Stern, S., 2002, “When Does Start-Up Innovation Spur the Gale of Creative Destruction?,” Rand Journal of Economics, 33, Winter, pp. 571–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gans, J. S., and Stern, S., 2000, “Incumbency and R&D Incentives: Licensing the Gale of Creative Destruction,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 9, 4, pp. 485–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gans, J. S., and Stern, S., 2003, “The Product Market and the Market for ‘Ideas’: Commercialization Strategies for Technology Entrepreneurs,” Research Policy, 32, 2, pp. 333–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, R., and Calantone, R., 2002, “A Critical Look at Technological Innovation Typology and Innovativeness Terminology: A Literature Review,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19, pp. 110–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentry, W. M., and Hubbard, G. R., 2000, “Tax Policy and Entrepreneurial Entry,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 90, 2, May, pp. 283–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentry, W. M., and Hubbard, G. R., 2001, “Entrepreneurship and Household Saving,” NBER Working Paper No. 7894.
Gentry, W. M., and Hubbard, G. R., 2004, “Entrepreneurship and Household Saving,” Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy, 4, 1, August, DOI: 10.2202/1538-0637.1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, G., Wiklund, J., and Zahra, S., 2005, “Ownership and Internationalization of Small Firms,” Journal of Management, 31, 2, April, pp. 210–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geroski, P. A., 1995, “What Do We Know about Entry?,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13, pp. 421–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gertler, M. S., 2003, “Tacit Knowledge and the Economic Geography of Context, or the Undefinable Tacitness of Being (There),” Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 1, pp. 75–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghemawat, P., and Nalebuff, B., 1985, “Exit,” Rand Journal of Economics, 16, pp. 184–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giarratana, M. S., 2004, “The Birth of a New Industry: Entry by Start-ups and the Drivers of Firm Growth: The Case of Encryption Software,” Research Policy, 33, 5, pp. 787–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, R., 2006, “Looking for Mr. Schumpeter: Where Are We in the Competition-Innovation Debate?,” NBER Innovation Policy and the Economy, 6, pp. 159–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, R. J., and Newbery, D. M. G., 1982, “Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly,” American Economic Review, 72, 3, June, pp. 514–526.Google Scholar
Gilbert, R. J., and Sunshine, S. C., 1995, “Incorporating Dynamic Efficiency Concerns in Merger Analysis: The Use of Innovation Markets,” Antitrust Law Journal, 63, pp. 569–601.Google Scholar
Gilligan, T. W., Smirlock, M. L., and Marshall, W., 1984, “Scale and Scope Economies in the Multi-Product Banking Firm,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 13, pp. 393–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaeser, E. L., and Kerr, W. R., 2009, “Local Industrial Conditions and Entrepreneurship: How Much of the Spatial Distribution Can We Explain?,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 18, 3, Fall, pp. 626–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaeser, E. L., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., and Shleifer, A., 2004, “Do Institutions Cause Growth?,” Journal of Economic Growth, 9, 3, pp. 271–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, C., and Katz, L. F., 1998, “The Origins of Technology-Skill Complementarity,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113, 3, pp. 693–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, P., 1992, “Copyright,” Law & Contemporary Problems, 55, Spring, pp. 79–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gompers, P. A., Kovner, A., Lerner, J., and Scharfstein, D. S., 2008, “Performance Persistence in Entrepreneurship,” Finance, Entrepreneurial Management Working Paper No. 09–028, September.
Gourinchas, P.-O., and Parker, J. A., 2002, “Consumption over the Life-Cycle,” Econometrica, 70, 1, pp. 47–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabowski, H., and Mueller, D., 1970, “Industrial Organization: The Role and Contribution of Econometrics,” American Economic Review, 60, 2, May, pp. 100–104.Google Scholar
Graham, S. J. H., Merges, R. P., Samuelson, P., and Sichelman, T., 2009, “High Technology Entrepreneurs and the Patent System: Results of the 2008 Berkeley Patent Survey,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 24, 4, Fall, pp. 1255–1328.Google Scholar
Green, J. R., and Stokey, N. L., 2007, “A Two-Person Game of Information Transmission,” Journal of Economic Theory, 135, 1, pp. 90–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenstein, S., and Ramey, G., 1998, “Market Structure, Innovation and Vertical Product Differentiation,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 16, 3, May, pp. 285–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, A., 1989, “Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: Evidence on the Maghribi Traders,” Journal of Economic History, 49, pp. 857–882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, A., 1993, “Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders’ Coalition,” American Economic Review, 83, pp. 525–548.Google Scholar
Gries, T., and Naudé, W., 2010, “Entrepreneurship and Structural Economic Transformation,” Small Business Economics, 34, pp. 13–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griliches, Z., 1957, “Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change,” Econometrica, 25, 4, October, pp. 501–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griliches, Z., 1969, “Capital-Skill Complementarity,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 51, 4, pp. 465–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griliches, Z., 1979, “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth,” Bell Journal of Economics, 10, Spring, pp. 92–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griliches, Z., 1992, “The Search for R&D Spillovers,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94, Supplement, Proceedings of a Symposium on Productivity Concepts and Measurement Problems: Welfare, Quality and Productivity in the Service Industries, pp. S29–S47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grindley, P. C., and Teece, D. J., 1997, “Managing Intellectual Capital: Licensing and Cross-Licensing in Semiconductors and Electronics,” California Management Review, 39, Winter, pp. 8–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gromb, D., and Scharfstein, D., 2005, “Entrepreneurship in Equilibrium,” Working Paper, London Business School, London, March.
Gros, D., 2006, “Foreign Investment in the US (II): Being Taken to the Cleaners?,” CEPS Working Document No. 243, Brussels, Belgium: Centre for European Policy Studies, April.
Grossman, G. M., 1984, “International Trade, Foreign Investment, and the Formation of the Entrepreneurial Class,” American Economic Review, 74, 4, pp. 605–614.Google Scholar
Grossman, G. M., and Helpman, E., 1990, “Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth,” American Economic Review, 80, September, pp. 796–815.Google Scholar
Grossman, G. M., and Helpman, E., 1991a, Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Grossman, G. M., and Helpman, E., 1991b, “Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, 58, 1, January, pp. 43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, S. J., 1981, “The Informational Role of Warranties and Private Disclosure about Product Quality,” Journal of Law and Economics, 24, 3, pp. 461–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, S. J., and Hart, O. D., 1986, “The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration,” Journal of Political Economy, 94, August, pp. 691–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grout, P. A., 1984, “Investment and Wages in the Absence of Binding Contracts: A Nash Bargaining Approach,” Econometrica, 52, March, pp. 449–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, J., Lam, I. H., Lei, I., Guan, X., Iong, P. H., and Ieong, M. C., 2006, “Alibaba International: Building a Global Electronic Marketplace,” e-Business Engineering, ICEBE ‘06, IEEE International Conference, October, pp. 545–548.
Gurnick, D., and Vieux, S., 1999, “Case History of the American Business Franchise,” Oklahoma City University Law Review, 24, pp. 37–65.Google Scholar
Hahn, F. H., and Matthews, R. C. O., 1964, “The Theory of Economic Growth: A Survey,” Economic Journal, 74, December, pp. 779–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, B. H., 2009, “Business and Financial Method Patents, Innovation, and Policy,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 56, s1, pp. 443–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, B. H., Thoma, G., and Torrisi, S., 2009, “Financial Patenting in Europe,” European Management Review, 6, 1, pp. 45–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, B. H., and Ziedonis, R. H., 2001, “The Patent Paradox Revisited: An Empirical Study of Patenting in the U.S. Semi-conductor Industry, 1979–1995,” Rand Journal of Economics, 32, 1, pp. 101–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, R., and Jones, C. I., 1999, “Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others?,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, pp. 83–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamberg, D., 1964, “Size of Firm, Oligopoly, and Research: The Evidence,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 30, 1, February, pp. 62–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, B. H., 2000, “Does Entrepreneurship Pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Returns to Employment,” Journal of Political Economy, 108, 3, pp. 604–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton Consultants, Inc., Deighton, J., and Quelch, J., 2009, “Economic Value of the Advertising-Supported Internet Ecosystem,” Cambridge, MA: The Interactive Advertising Bureau, (accessed December 23, 2013).
Hansmann, H., 1980, “The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise,” Yale Law Journal, 89, 5, April, pp. 835–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansmann, H., 1981, “The Rationale for Exempting Nonprofit Organizations from Corporate Income Taxation,” Yale Law Journal, 91, 1, November, pp. 54–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrigan, K. R., 1980, Strategies for Declining Businesses, Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.Google Scholar
Harris, L., 2003, Trading and Exchanges: Market Microstructure for Practitioners, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harrod, R. F., 1939, “An Essay in Dynamic Theory,” Economic Journal, 49, March, pp. 14–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, O., and Holmström, B., 1986, “The Theory of Contracts,” in Bewley, T. F., ed., Advances in Economic Theory Fifth World Congress, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71–155.Google Scholar
Hart, O., and Moore, J., 1988, “Incomplete Contracts and Renegotiation,” Econometrica, 56, July, pp. 755–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, O., and Moore, J., 1990, “Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm,” Journal of Political Economy, 98, 6, December, pp. 1119–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, R., Holmes, P., and Reid, J., 2000, “The Economic Impact of Patentability of Computer Programs, Report to the European Commission,” OECD.
Hartog, J., Van der Sluis, J., and Van Praag, M., 2007, “Returns to Intelligence: Entrepreneurs versus Employees,” University of Amsterdam Working Paper, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Hartwell, R. M., 1967, “Editor's Introduction,” in Hartwell, R. M., ed., The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England, London: Methuen & Co., pp. 1–30.Google Scholar
Hawley, F. B., 1893, “The Risk Theory of Profit,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 7, July, pp. 459–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawley, F. B., 1901, “Final Objections to the Risk Theory of Profit: A Reply,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 15, August, pp. 603–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawley, F. B., 1907, Enterprise and the Productive Process, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A., 1945, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” American Economic Review, 35, 4, September, pp. 519–530.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A., 1960, The Constitution of Liberty, Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A., 1973, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 1: Rules and Order, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A., 1977, “The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization,” in Morley, F., ed., Essays on Individuality, Indianapolis, IN: The Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A., 1991, “Spontaneous (‘Grown’) Order and Organized (‘Made’) Order,” in Thompson, G., Francis, J., Levacic, R., and Mitchell, J., eds., Market, Hierarchies & Networks: The Coordination of Social Life, London: Sage Publications, pp. 293–301.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A., 2002, “Competition as a Discovery Procedure,” M. S. Snow, trans., The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 5, 3, Fall, pp. 9–23.Google Scholar
Heald, P. J., 2005, “A Transaction Costs Theory of Patent Law,” Ohio State Law Journal, 66, 3, pp. 473–509.Google Scholar
Heaton, J., and Lucas, D., 2000, “Portfolio Choice and Asset Prices: The Importance of Entrepreneurial Risk,” Journal of Finance, 55, 3, pp. 1163–1198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman, J., 1974, “Life Cycle Consumption and Labor Supply: An Explanation of the Relationship Between Income and Consumption over the Life Cycle,” American Economic Review, 64, pp. 188–194.Google Scholar
Heidrun, C., and Ozdenoren, E., 2005, “Intermediation in Innovation,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 23, pp. 483–503.Google Scholar
Hellmann, T., 2005, “When Do Employees Become Entrepreneurs?,” Working Paper, University of British Columbia, April.
Hellmann, T., 2007, “Entrepreneurs and the Process of Obtaining Resources,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16, 1, Spring, pp. 81–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellmann, T., and Puri, M., 2000, “The Interaction Between Product Market and Financing Strategy: The Role of Venture Capital,” Review of Financial Studies, 13, Winter, pp. 959–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helpman, E., 1981, “International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation, Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition: A Chamberlin–Heckscher–Ohlin Approach,” Journal of International Economics, 11, pp. 305–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helpman, E., 1984, “A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations,” Journal of Political Economy, 92, pp. 451–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helpman, E., Melitz, M. J., and Yeaple, S. R., 2004, “Export versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms,” American Economic Review, 94, 1, March, pp. 300–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, M. T., 2009, “The Story of Dodge v. Ford Motor Company: Everything Old is New Again,” in Ramseyer, J. M., ed., Corporate Law Stories, New York: Foundation Press, pp. 37–75.Google Scholar
Henderson, R., 1993, “Underinvestment and Incompetence as Responses to Radical Innovation – Evidence from the Photolithographic Alignment Equipment Industry,” Rand Journal of Economics, 24, 2, pp. 248–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, R., and Clark, K., 1990, “Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, pp. 9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernandez-Murillo, R., and Llobet, G., 2006, “Patent Licensing Revisited: Heterogeneous Firms and Product Differentiation,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24, 1, pp. 149–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, A. R., 2008, “Controlling a Ray Bundle with a Free-Form Reflector,” Optics Letters, 33, 15, August, pp. 1672–1674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollander, S., 1991, “On the Endogeneity of the Margin and Related Issues in Ricardian Economics,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 13, 2, pp. 159–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, T. J., and Schmitz, J. A., Jr., 1990, “A Theory of Entrepreneurship and Its Application to the Study of Business Transfers,” Journal of Political Economy, 98, 2 April, pp. 265–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, T. J., and Schmitz, J. A., Jr., 1995, “On the Turnover of Business Firms and Business Managers,” Journal of Political Economy, 103, 5, October, pp. 1005–1038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, T. J., and Schmitz, J. A., Jr., 1996, “Managerial Tenure, Business Age, and Small Business Turnover,” Journal of Labor Economics, 14, 1, January, pp. 79–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmström, B., and Roberts, J., 1998, “The Boundaries of the Firm Revisited,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12, 4, Fall, pp. 73–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtz-Eakin, D., 2000, “Public Policy toward Entrepreneurship,” Small Business Economics, 15, 4, December, pp. 283–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtz-Eakin, D., Joulfaian, D., and Rosen, H. S., 1994a, “Entrepreneurial Decisions and Liquidity Constraints,” Rand Journal of Economics, 25, Summer, pp. 334–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtz-Eakin, D., Joulfaian, D., and Rosen, H. S., 1994b, “Sticking It Out: Entrepreneurial Survival and Liquidity Constraints,” Journal of Political Economy, 102, February, pp. 53–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopenhayn, H., 1992, “Entry, Exit, and Firm Dynamics in Long Run Equilibrium,” Econometrica, 60, pp. 1127–1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopenhayn, H., 1993, “The Shakeout,” University of Pompeu Fabra, Working Paper No. 33.
Hopkins, E., 1982, “Working Hours and Conditions during the Industrial Revolution: A Re-Appraisal,” Economic History Review, 35, 1, pp. 52–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppe, H. C., 2002, “The Timing of New Technology Adoption: Theoretical Models and Empirical Evidence,” The Manchester School, 70, 1, January, pp. 56–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horstmann, I., MacDonald, G. M., and Slivinski, A., 1985, “Patent as Information Transfer Mechanisms: To Patent or (Maybe) Not To Patent,” Journal of Political Economy, 93, pp. 837–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvath, M., Schivardi, F., and Woywode, M., 2001, “On Industry Life-Cycles: Delay, Entry, and Shakeout in Beer Brewing,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 19, July, pp. 1023–1052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hotelling, H., 1929, “Stability in Competition,” Economic Journal, 39, 153, March, pp. 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hounshell, D. A., 1985, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hu, Q., Wu, X., Wang, C. K., 2004, “Lessons from Alibaba.com: Government's Role in Electronic Contracting,” info, 6, 5, pp. 298–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, R. G., and Kashyap, A., 1992, “Internal Net Worth and the Investment Process: An Application to U.S. Agriculture,” Journal of Political Economy, 100, June, pp. 506–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, R. G., Skinner, J., and Zeldes, S., 1994, “Precautionary Savings and Social Insurance,” Journal of Political Economy, 103, pp. 360–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckman, R. S., 2003, “The Utilization of Competing Technologies within the Firm: Evidence from Cardiac Procedures,” Management Science, 49, 5, May, pp. 599–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, R. M., 2010, “Business Method Patents and U.S. Financial Services,” Contemporary Economic Policy, 28, 3, July, pp. 322–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, E., and Lusardi, A., 2004, “Liquidity Constraints, Wealth Accumulation and Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Political Economy, 112, 2, pp. 319–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingham, G., 2003, “Schumpeter and Weber on the Institutions of Capitalism: Solving Swedberg's ‘Puzzle’,” Journal of Classical Sociology, 3, 3, pp. 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingham, G., 2008, Capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, T., 1997, Inside Intel: Andy Grove and the Rise of the World's Most Powerful Chip Company, New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Jackson, T. H., and Kronman, A. T., 1979, “Secured Financing and Priorities Among Creditors,” Yale Law Journal,88, pp. 1143–1182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, A. B., and Lerner, J., 2006, “Innovation and Its Discontents,” Capitalism and Society, 1, 3, pp. 1–36, (accessed December 23, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, S., 1999, “Symbiosis vs. Crowding-out: the Interaction of Formal and Informal Credit Markets in Developing Countries,” Journal of Development Economics, 59, pp. 419–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M., and Meckling, W., 1976, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics, 3, pp. 305–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, R., 1983, “Innovation, Adoption and Diffusion When There Are Competing Innovations,” Journal of Economic Theory, 29, pp. 161–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, R., Thursby, J. G., and Thursby, M., 2001, “Objectives, Characteristics and Outcomes of University Licensing: A Survey of Major U.S. Universities,” Journal of Technology Transfer, 26, pp. 59–72.Google Scholar
Jensen, R., Thursby, J. G., and Thursby, M., 2003, “The Disclosure and Licensing of University Inventions: The Best We Can Do With the S**t We Get To Work With,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21, pp. 1271–1300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, R., and Thursby, M., 2001, “Proofs and Prototypes for Sale: The Licensing of University Inventions,” American Economic Review, 91, pp. 240–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jewkes, J., Sawers, D., and Stillerman, R., 1958, The Sources of Invention, New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Johansen, L., 1959, “Substitution versus Fixed Production Coefficients in the Theory of Economic Growth: A Synthesis,” Econometrica, 27, 2, April, pp. 157–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, D., 2004, “Economics without Entrepreneurship or Institutions: A Vocabulary Analysis of Graduate Textbooks,” Econ Journal Watch, Atlas Economic Research Foundation, 1, 3, December, pp. 515–538, (accessed December 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Johnson, B., Lorenz, E., and Lundvall, B.-A., 2002, “Why All This Fuss About Codified and Tacit Knowledge?,Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, pp. 245–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, B., 2007, Brilliant!: Shuji Nakamura and the Revolution in Lighting Technology, New York: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Jorda, K. F., 2007, “Trade Secrets and Trade-Secret Licensing,” in Krattiger, A., Mahoney, R. T., Nelson, L., et al., eds., Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, Davis, CA: PIPRA, pp. 1043–1057.Google Scholar
Jovanovic, B., 1982a, “Selection and the Evolution of Industry,” Econometrica, 50, pp. 649–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jovanovic, B., 1982b, “Truthful Disclosure of Information,” Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 1, pp. 36–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jovanovic, B., and MacDonald, G. M., 1994, “The Life Cycle of a Competitive Industry,” Journal of Political Economy, 102, April, pp. 322–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaldor, N., and Mirrlees, J. A., 1962, “A New Model of Economic Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, 29, 3, June, pp. 174–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalnins, A., and Lafontaine, F., 2004, “Multi-Unit Ownership in Franchising: Evidence from the Fast-food Industry in Texas,” RAND Journal of Economics, 35, pp. 747–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamenica, E., and Gentzkow, M., 2009, “Bayesian Persuasion,” Working Paper, University of Chicago.
Kamien, M. I., and Schwartz, N. L., 1976, “On the Degree of Rivalry for Maximum Innovative Activity,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90, 2, May, pp. 245–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanbur, S. M. R., 1982, “Entrepreneurial Risk Taking, Inequality, and Public Policy: An Application of Inequality Decomposition Analysis to the General Equilibrium Effects of Progressive Taxation,” Journal of Political Economy, 90, February, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S., Sensoy, B. A., and Strömberg, P., 2005, “What are Firms? Evolution from Birth to Public Companies,” Center for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper No. 5224, September.
Karlson, S. H., 1986, “Adoption of Competing Inventions by United States Steel Producers,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 68, 3, August, pp. 415–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kato, A., 2007, “Chronology of Lithography Milestones Version 0.9,” May, , accessed August 31, 2010.
Katz, M. L., and Shapiro, C., 1986, “How to License Intangible Property,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101, 3, August, pp. 567–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, M. L., and Shapiro, C., 1987, “R&D Rivalry with Licensing or Imitation,” American Economic Review, 77, pp. 402–420.Google Scholar
Katz, M. L., and Shelanski, H. A., 2005, “‘Schumpeterian’ Competition and Antitrust Policy in High-Tech Markets,” Competition, 14, pp. 47–67.Google Scholar
Keller, W., and Yeaple, S. R., 2005, “Multinational Enterprises, International Trade, and Productivity Growth: Firm-Level Evidence from the United States,” Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies No 07/2005.
Kennedy, C., and Thirlwall, A. P., 1972, “Surveys in Applied Economics: Technical Progress,” Economic Journal, 82, 325, March, pp. 11–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R., and Nanda, R., 2009, “Democratizing Entry: Banking Deregulations, Financing Constraints, and Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Financial Economics, 94, 1, October, pp. 124–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R., and Nanda, R., 2010, “Banking Deregulations, Financing Constraints and Firm Entry Size,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 8, 2–3, April–May, pp. 582–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, W. R., and Nanda, R., 2011, “Financing Constraints and Entrepreneurship,” in Audretsch, D., Falck, O., Heblich, S., and Lederer, A., eds., Handbook of Research on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Kesan, J. P., 2002, “Carrots and Sticks to Create a Better Patent System,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 17, 2, Spring, pp. 763–797.Google Scholar
Kesan, J. P., and Banik, M., 2000, “Patents as Incomplete Contracts: Aligning Incentives for R&D Investment with Incentives to Disclose Prior Art,” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, 2, pp. 23–54.Google Scholar
Keynes, J. M., 1936, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, McMillan: London. (Reprinted, 1962, New York: Harcourt, Brace.)Google Scholar
Khanna, T., 2008, Billions of Entrepreneurs: How China and India Are Reshaping Their Futures – and Yours, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Khanna, T., and Singh, J., 2002, “What Drives Innovation by Foreign Multinationals?,” Harvard Business School, Working Paper, July.
Kieff, F. S., 2001, “Property Rights and Property Rules for Commercializing Inventions,” Minnesota Law Review, 85, pp. 697–754.Google Scholar
Kieff, F. S., 2003, “The Case for Registering Patents and the Law and Economics of Present Patent-Obtaining Rules,” Boston College Law Review, 45, 1, pp. 55–123.Google Scholar
Kieff, F. S., 2006, “Coordination, Property, and Intellectual Property: An Unconventional Approach to Anticompetitive Effects and Downstream Access,” Emory Law Journal, 56, 2, pp. 327–438.Google Scholar
Kieff, F. S., 2007, “On Coordinating Transactions in Intellectual Property: A Response to Smith's Delineating Entitlements in Information,” Yale Law Journal Pocket Part, 117, pp. 101–109.Google Scholar
Kieff, F. S., 2009, “The Case for Preferring Patent-Validity Litigation over Second-Window Review and Gold-Plated Patents: When One Size Doesn't Fit All, How Could Two Do the Trick?,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 157, pp. 1937–1963.Google Scholar
Kienle, H., German, D., Tilley, S., and Muller, H. A., 2004, “Intellectual Property Aspects of Web Publishing,” ACM Special Interest Group for Design of Communication, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Design of Communication: The Engineering of Quality Documentation, New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 136–144.Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, R. E., and Laffont, J.-J., 1979, “A General Equilibrium Entrepreneurial Theory of Firm Formation Based on Risk Aversion,” Journal of Political Economy, 87, August, pp. 719–748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kihlstrom, R. E., and Laffont, J.-J., 1982, “A Competitive Entrepreneurial Model of a Stock Market,” in McCall, J. J., ed., The Economics of Information and Uncertainty, NBER Conference Report No. 32, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kim, D. D., Lindberg, B. M., and Monaldo, J. M., 2009, “Annual Industry Accounts: Advance Statistics on GDP by Industry for 2008,” Survey of Current Business, 89, 5, pp. 22–37.Google Scholar
Kimes, B. R., and Clark, H. A., 1996, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805 to 1942, 3rd ed., Iola, WI: Krause Publications.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, C. P., 1996, Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, C., 2000, “Abort, Retry, Fail: Protection for Software-Related Inventions in the Wake of State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc.,” Cornell Law Review, 85, 4, pp. 1118–1180.Google Scholar
King, R. G., and Levine, R., 1993, “Finance, Entrepreneurship, and Growth: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, pp. 513–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, S., and Timmins, G., 2001, Making Sense of the Industrial Revolution: English Economy and Society, 1700–1850, Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
King, S. R., 1998, “Staying in Vogue,” New York Times, November 4, p. C1.
Kinneckell, A. B., 2000, “Wealth Measurement in the Survey of Consumer Finances: Methodology and Directions for Future Research,” Working Paper, Federal Reserve Board of Governors, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, DC.
Kirzner, I. M., 1973, Competition and Entrepreneurship, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kirzner, I. M., 1979, Perception, Opportunity, and Profit, Studies in the Theory of Entrepreneurship, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kirzner, I. M., 1997, “Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach,” Journal of Economic Literature, 35, March, pp. 60–85.Google Scholar
Kitch, E. W., 1977, “The Nature and Function of the Patent System,” Journal of Law and Economics, 20, 2, October, pp. 265–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitch, E. W., 2000, “Elementary and Persistent Errors in the Economic Analysis of Intellectual Property,” Vanderbilt Law Review, 53, pp. 1727–1741.Google Scholar
Klapper, L., Amit, R., and Guillen, M. F., 2010, “Entrepreneurship and Firm Formation Across Countries,” in Lerner, J. and Shoar, A., eds., NBER Volume on International Differences in Entrepreneurship, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Klein, B. H., 1977, Dynamic Economics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, B., Crawford, R. G., and Alchian, A. A., 1978, “Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process,” Journal of Law and Economics, 21, October, pp. 297–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemperer, P., 1995, “Competition When Consumers Have Switching Costs: An Overview with Applications to Industrial Organization, Macroeconomics, and International Trade,” Review of Economic Studies, 62, 4, October, pp. 515–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klette, T. J., and Kortum, S., 2004, “Innovating Firms and Aggregate Innovation,” Journal of Political Economy, 112, 5, pp. 986–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, S. J., and Rosenberg, N., 1986, “An Overview of Innovation,” in Landau, R. and Rosenberg, N., eds., The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 275–306.Google Scholar
Knight, F. H., 1921, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Houghton, Mifflin. (Reprinted Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971).Google Scholar
Knight, F. H., 1924, “Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 38, August, pp. 582–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, M., and Scott, J. T., 1982, “Scale Economics in Research and Development: The Schumpeterian Hypothesis,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 30, 3, pp. 239–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koolman, G., 1971, “Say's Conception of the Role of the Entrepreneur,” Economica, New Series, 38, 151, August, pp. 269–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koopmans, T. C., 1965, “On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth,” in The Econometric Approach to Development Planning, Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Kovacic, W. E., and Shapiro, C., 2000, “Antitrust Policy: A Century of Economic and Legal Thinking,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, pp. 43–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, K., 1993, “Auctions with Endogenous Valuations: The Persistence of Monopoly Revisited,” American Economic Review, 83, 1, March, pp. 147–160.Google Scholar
Krishna, V., 2002, Auction Theory, San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Krishna, V., and Morgan, J., 2004, “The Art of Conversation: Eliciting Information from Experts Through Multi-stage Communication,” Journal of Economic Theory, 117, pp. 147–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krugman, P. R., 1979, “Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition, and International Trade,” Journal of International Economics, 9, November, pp. 469–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuemmerle, W., 1999, “The Drivers of Foreign Direct Investment into Research and Development: An Empirical Investigation,” Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 1, pp. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laffont, J.-J., 1989, Economics of Uncertainty and Information, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lafontaine, F., 2009, “The Evolution of Franchising and Franchise Contracts: Evidence from the United States,” Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal, 3, pp. 381–434.Google Scholar
Lafontaine, F., and Shaw, K. L., 1999, “The Dynamics of Franchise Contracting: Evidence from Panel Data,” Journal of Political Economy, 107, pp. 1041–1080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafontaine, F., and Shaw, K. L., 2005, “Targeting Managerial Control: Evidence from Franchising,” RAND Journal of Economics, 36, pp. 131–150.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, N. R., and Sokoloff, K. L., 2002, “Intermediaries in the U.S. Market for Technology, 1870–1920,” NBER Working Paper No. 9017.
Lancaster, K., 1980, “Intra-Industry Trade under Perfect Monopolistic Competition,” Journal of International Economics, 10, pp. 151–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landes, D. S., 1969, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Landes, D. S., 1998, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Landes, W. M., and Posner, R. A., 2003, The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Landier, A., and Thesmar, D., 2005, “Financial Contracting with Optimistic Entrepreneurs: Theory and Evidence,” Working Paper, NYU.
Landier, A., and Thesmar, D., 2009, “Financial Contracting with Optimistic Entrepreneurs,” Review of Financial Studies, 22, 1, pp. 117–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudon, K. C., and Traver, C. G., 2010, E-Commerce: Business, Technology, Society, 6th ed., Boston: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Laursen, K., Leone, M. I., and Torrisiy, S., 2010, “Technological Exploration Through Licensing: New Insights from the Licensee's Point of View,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 19, 3, pp. 871–897, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazear, E. P., 2004, “Balanced Skills and Entrepreneurship,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 94, 2, May, pp. 208–211.
Lazear, E. P., 2005, “Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Labor Economics, 23, 4, pp. 649–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, T., and Wilde, L. L., 1980, “Market Structure and Innovation: A Reformulation,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, March, 94, pp. 429–436.
Leibenstein, H., 1968, “Entrepreneurship and Development,” American Economic Review, May, 58, 2, pp. 72–83.
Lemley, M. A., 2001, “Rational Ignorance at the Patent Office,” Northwestern University Law Review, 95, pp. 1495–1532.Google Scholar
Lemley, M. A., and Burk, D. L., 2003, “Policy Levers in Patent Law,” Virginia Law Review, 89, 7, pp. 1575–1696.Google Scholar
Lemley, M. A., and Lessig, L., 2001, “The End of End-to-End: Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era,” UCLA Law Review, 48, 4, April, pp. 925–972.Google Scholar
Lerner, J., 2006, “The New New Financial Thing: The Origins of Financial Innovations,” Journal of Financial Economics, 79, 2, pp. 223–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, J., 2009, Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Why Public Efforts to Boost Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital Have Failed – and What to Do About It, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lerner, J., and Merges, R., 1998, “The Control of Strategic Alliances: An Empirical Analysis of the Biotechnology Industry,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 46, pp. 125–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lessig, L., 2001, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World, New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Levie, J., and Autio, E., 2008, “A Theoretical Grounding and Test of the GEM Model,” Small Business Economics, 31, 3, pp. 235–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, R. C., Cohen, W. M., and Mowery, D. C., 1985, “R&D Appropriability, Opportunity, and Market Structure: New Evidence on Some Schumpeterian Hypotheses,” American Economic Review, 75, 2, May, pp. 20–24.Google Scholar
Levitt, T., 1960, “Marketing Myopia,” Harvard Business Review, 38, July–August, pp. 24–47.Google Scholar
Levy, F., and Murnane, R. J., 1996, “With What Skills Are Computers a Complement?,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 86, 2, pp. 258–262.Google Scholar
Lewis, T., and Sappington, D. E. M., 1989, “Countervailing Incentives in Agency Problems,” Journal of Economic Theory, 49, pp. 294–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, W. A., 1954, “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour,” The Manchester School, 22, 2, pp. 139–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, M. B., 1990, “Exit from Declining Industries: ‘Shakeout’ or ‘Stakeout’?,” Rand Journal of Economics, 21, Winter, pp. 538–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebowitz, S. J., and S. E. Margolis, 1994, “Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8, pp. 133–150.
Liebowitz, S. J., and Margolis, S. E., 2002, “Network Effects,” in Cave, M. E., Majumdar, S. K., and Vogelsang, I., eds., Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Vol. 1, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.Google Scholar
Lin, L., Geng, X., and Whinston, A. B., 2005, “A Sender-Receiver Framework for Knowledge Transfer,” MIS Quarterly, 29, 2, June, pp. 197–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, B. M., and Monaldo, J. M., 2008, “Annual Industry Accounts: Advance Statistics on GDP by Industry for 2007,” Survey of Current Business, 88, 5, pp. 38–50, Washington, DC: Bureau of Economic Analysis.Google Scholar
Lindert, P. H., and Williamson, J. G., 1983, “English Workers’ Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: A New Look,” Economic History Review, 36, 1, pp. 1–25.Google Scholar
Link, A. N., 1980, “Firm Size and Efficient Entrepreneurial Activity: A Reformulation of the Schumpeter Hypothesis,” Journal of Political Economy, 88, 4, August, pp. 771–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litt, M. D., Tennen, H., Affleck, G., and Klock, S., 1992, “Coping and Cognitive Factors in Adaptation to In Vitro Fertilization Failure,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, pp. 171–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, J., 2007, Founders at Work: Stories of Startups Early Days, Berkeley, CA: Apress.Google Scholar
Loayza, N. V., 1996, “The Economics of the Informal Sector: A Simple Model and Some Empirical Evidence from Latin America,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 45, pp. 129–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López, R. E., 1984, “Estimating Labor Supply and Production Decisions of Self-Employed Producers,” European Economic Review, 24, pp. 61–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López, R. E., 1986, “A Structural Non-Recursive Model of the Farm-Household,” in Singh, I. J., Squire, L., and Strauss, J., eds., Agricultural Household Models: Extensions and Applications, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 306–325.Google Scholar
Lowe, R. A., 2006, “Who Develops a University Invention? The Impact of Tacit Knowledge and Licensing Policies,” Journal of Technology Transfer, 31, pp. 415–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, R. A., and Ziedonis, A., 2006, “Overoptimism and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms,” Management Science, 52, 2, pp. 173–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, J. W., and Beamish, P. W., 2001, “The Internationalization and Performance of SMEs,” Strategic Management Journal, 22, 6/7, June–July, pp. 565–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, R. E., 1973, “Some International Evidence on Output-Inflation Tradeoffs,” American Economic Review, 63, 3, pp. 326–334.Google Scholar
Lucas, R. E., 1978, “On the Size Distribution of Business Firms,” Bell Journal of Economics, 9, Autumn, pp. 508–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, R. E., 1988, “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, pp. 3–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, R. E., 1990, “Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 80, 2, May, pp. 92–96.Google Scholar
Lucking-Reiley, D., and Spulber, D. F., 2001, “Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, Winter, pp. 55–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundstrom, A., and Stevenson, L. A., 2005, Entrepreneurship Policy: Theory and Practice, Springer.Google Scholar
MacAvoy, P. W., and Millstein, I. M., 2003, The Recurrent Crisis in Corporate Governance, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, G. M., 1988, “The Economics of Rising Stars,” American Economic Review, 78, March, pp. 155–166.Google Scholar
Mach, T. L., and Wolken, J. D., 2006, “Financial Services Used by Small Businesses: Evidence from the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, October, pp. A167–A195.
Machlup, F., 1962, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Machlup, F., and Taber, M., 1960, “Bilateral Monopoly, Successive Monopoly, and Vertical Integration,” Economica, New Series, 27, 106, May, pp. 101–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macho-Stadler, I., and Pérez-Castrillo, J. D., 1991, “Contrats de Licences et Asymétrie d’Information,” Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 24, October–December, pp. 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macho-Stadler, I., Martínez-Giralt, X., and Pérez-Castrillo, J. D., 1996, “The Role of Information in Licensing Contract Design,” Research Policy, 25, 1, January, pp. 43–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macho-Stadler, I., and Pérez-Castrillo, J. D., 2001, An Introduction to the Economics of Information: Incentives and Contracts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacLeod, B., and Malcomson, J., 1993, “Investments, Hold-up, and the Form of Market Contracts,” American Economic Review, 83, pp. 811–837.Google Scholar
Macneil, I. R., 1974, “The Many Futures of Contracts,” Southern California Law Review, 47, pp. 691–816.Google Scholar
Macneil, I. R., 1978, Contracts: Exchange Transactions and Relations; Cases and Materials, Mineola, NY: Foundation Press.Google Scholar
Macneil, I. R., 1980, The New Social Contract: An Inquiry into Modern Contractual Relations, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Maggi, G., and Rodriguez-Clare, A., 1995, “On Countervailing Incentives,” Journal of Economic Theory, 66, pp. 238–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malerba, F., 2007, “Innovation and the Dynamics and Evolution of Industries: Progress and Challenges,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 25, pp. 675–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malerba, F., and Orsenigo, L., 1997, “The Dynamics and Evolution of Industries,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 6, pp. 51–87.Google Scholar
Malerba, F., and Orsenigo, L., 2002, “Innovation and Market Structure in the Dynamics of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Towards a History Friendly Model,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, 4, pp. 667–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maney, K., 1995, Megamedia Shakeout: The Inside Story of the Leaders and the Losers in the Exploding Communications Industry, New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Mankiw, N. G., and Reis, R., 2002, “Sticky Information versus Sticky Prices: A Proposal to Replace the New Keynesian Phillips Curve,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, 4, pp. 1295–1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manne, H. G., 1965, “Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control,” Journal of Political Economy, 73, 2, April, pp. 110–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manne, H. G., 1966, Insider Trading and the Stock Market, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Manne, H. G., 1967, “Our Two Corporation Systems: Law & Economics,” University of Virginia Law Review, 53, March, pp. 259–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, E., 1962, “Entry, Gibrat's Law, Innovation, and the Growth of Firms,” American Economic Review, 52, pp. 1025–1051.Google Scholar
Mansfield, E., 1964, “Industrial Research and Development Expenditures: Determinants, Prospects, and Relation of Size of Firm and Inventive Output,” Journal of Political Economy, 72, 4, August, pp. 319–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, E., 1994, “Intellectual Property Protection, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology Transfer,” International Finance Corporation, Discussion Paper 19, Washington, DC.
March, J. G., and Simon, H. A., 1958, Organizations, New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Mariger, R. P., 1987, “A Life-Cycle Consumption Model with Liquidity Constraints: Theory and Empirical Results,” Econometrica, 55, 3, May, pp. 533–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marin, P. L., and Siotis, G., 2001, “Innovation and Market Structure: An Empirical Evaluation of the ‘Bounds Approach’ in the Chemical Industry,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 55, pp. 93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markham, J., 1965, “Market Structure, Business Conduct and Innovation,” American Economic Review, 55, 1/2, March, pp. 323–332.Google Scholar
Marschak, J., and Radner, R., 1972, Economic Theory of Teams, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, A., 2008, “Endogenous Credit Cycles,” Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Working Paper, August.
Martin, S., 1993, “Endogenous Firm Efficiency in a Cournot Principal-Agent Model,” Journal of Economic Theory, 59, 2, April, pp. 445–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marx, K., 1867 [1992], Capital: Volume 1: A Critique of Political Economy, New York: Penguin Classics.Google Scholar
Marx, T. G., 1985, “The Development of the Franchise Distribution System in the U.S. Automobile Industry,” Business History Review, 59, 3, Autumn, pp. 465–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maskin, E., and Riley, J., 1984, “Optimal Auctions with Risk Averse Buyers,” Econometrica, 52, pp. 1473–1518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masten, S., 2006, “Authority and Commitment: Why Universities, Like Legislatures, Are Not Organized as Firms,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 15, 3, Fall, pp. 648–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClellan, S. T., 1984, The Coming Computer Industry Shakeout: Winners, Losers, and Survivors, New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
McCloskey, D. N., 2006, The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, R. E., and Meiners, R., 1989, “University Governance: A Property Rights Perspective,” Journal of Law and Economics, 31, pp. 423–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCraw, T. K., 2007, Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McDonough, J. F., 2006, “The Myth of the Patent Troll: An Alternative View of the Function of Patent Dealers in an Idea Economy,” Emory Law Journal, 56, pp. 189–228.Google Scholar
Meh, C. A., 2005, “Entrepreneurship, Wealth Inequality and Taxation,” Review of Economic Dynamics, 8, 3, pp. 688–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melitz, M. J., 2003, “The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity,” Econometrica, 71, 6, November, pp. 1695–1725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merges, R. P., 1994, “Of Property Rules, Coase, and Intellectual Property,” Columbia Law Review, 94, pp. 2655–2673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merges, R. P., 1999, “As Many as 6 Impossible Patents Before Breakfast: Property Rights for Business Concepts and Patent System Reform,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 14, 2, pp. 577–615.Google Scholar
Merrill, T. W., and Smith, H. E., 2001a, “The Property/Contract Interface,” Columbia Law Review, 101, pp. 773–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrill, T. W., and Smith, H. E., 2001b, “What Happened to Property in Law and Economics?,” Yale Law Journal, 111, pp. 357–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, R. C., 1992, “Financial Innovation and Economic Performance,” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 4, pp. 12–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meurer, M. J., 2002, “Business Method Patents and Patent Floods,” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 8, pp. 309–339.Google Scholar
Michael, S. C., 2003, “First Mover Advantage through Franchising,” Journal of Business Venturing, 18, pp. 61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Microsoft Corporation, “Taking Business Web Sites to the Next Level,” , Accessed March 6, 2014.
Microsoft Corporation, 1997, “Microsoft Internet Commerce Strategy: A Foundation for Doing Business on the Internet,” , Accessed March 6, 2014.
Milgrom, P. R., 1979, “A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information,” Econometrica, 47, pp. 679–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milgrom, P. R., and Roberts, J., 1986, “Relying on the Information of Interested Parties,” Rand Journal of Economics, 17, 1, pp. 18–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milgrom, P. R., and Roberts, J., 1990a, “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization,” American Economic Review, 80, pp. 511–528.Google Scholar
Milgrom, P. R., and Roberts, J., 1990b, “Rationalizability, Learning, and Equilibrium in Games with Strategic Complementarities,” Econometrica, 58, 6, November, pp. 1255–1277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milgrom, P. R., and Roberts, J., 1994, “Comparing Equilibria,” American Economic Review, 84, 3, June, pp. 441–459.Google Scholar
Milgrom, P. R., and Weber, R. J., 1982, “A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding,” Econometrica, 50, 5, September, pp. 1089–1122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, M. H., 1986, “Financial Innovation: The Last Twenty Years and the Next,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 21, pp. 459–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintzberg, H., and Waters, J. A., 1985, “Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent,” Strategic Management Journal, 6, 3, pp. 257–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirrlees, J. A., 1971, “An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation.” Review of Economic Studies, 38, pp. 175–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mises, L., 1949 [1998], Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute.Google Scholar
Modigliani, F., 1976, “Life-Cycle, Individual Thrift, and the Wealth of Nations,” American Economic Review, 76, 3, pp. 297–313.Google Scholar
Modigliani, F., 1998, “The Role of Intergenerational Transfers and Life-Cycle Saving in the Accumulation of Wealth,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2, 2, pp. 15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modigliani, F., and Brumberg, R. H., 1954, “Utility Analysis and the Consumption Function: An Interpretation of Cross-Section Data,” in Kurihara, K. K., ed., Post-Keynesian Economics, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 388–436.Google Scholar
Modiglinai, F., and Brumberg, R. H., 1990, “Utility Analysis and Aggregate Consumption Functions: An Attempt at Integration,” in Abel, A., ed., The Collected Papers of Franco Modigliani: Volume 2, The Life Cycle Hypothesis of Saving, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 128–197.Google Scholar
Mondragón-Vélez, C., 2009, “The Probability of Transition to Entrepreneurship Revisited: Wealth, Education, and Age,” Annals of Finance Special Issue on Entrepreneurship, 5, pp. 421–441.Google Scholar
Mondragón-Vélez, C., 2010, “The Transition to Entrepreneurship: Human Capital, Wealth and the Role of Liquidity Constraints,” Working Paper, International Finance Corporation, World Bank.
Moriwaki, L., 1996, “Shakeout Brewing,” Seattle Times, November 3.
Morris, S., and Shin, H. S., 2002, “The Social Value of Public Information,” American Economic Review, 92, 5, pp. 1521–1534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, S., and Shin, H. S., 2006, “Information Diffusion in Macroeconomics, Inertia of Forward-Looking Expectations,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 96, 2, May, pp. 152–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, S. A., and Winston, C., 1995, The Evolution of the Airline Industry, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Moskowitz, T. J., and Vissing-Jorgensen, A., 2002, “The Returns to Entrepreneurial Investment: A Private Equity Premium Puzzle?,” American Economic Review, 92, 4, pp. 745–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowery, D. C., 1983, “The Relationship between Intrafirm and Contractual Forms of Industrial Research in American Manufacturing, 1900–1940,” Explorations in Economic History, 20, October, pp. 351–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowery, D. C., 1990, “The Development of Industrial Research in US Manufacturing,” American Economic Review, 80, 2, pp. 345–349.Google Scholar
Mowery, D. C., 1995, “The Boundaries of the U.S. firm in R&D,” in Lamoreaux, N. R. and Raff, D. M. G., eds., Coordination and Information: Historical Perspectives on the Organization of Enterprise, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 147–176.Google Scholar
Mowery, D. C., and Rosenberg, N., 1991, Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muto, S., 1993, “On Licensing Policies in Bertrand Competition,” Journal of Games and Economic Behavior, 5, pp. 257–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S. C., 1984, “The Capital Structure Puzzle,” Journal of Finance, Papers and Proceedings, American Finance Association, San Francisco, 39, 3, July, pp. 575–592.Google Scholar
Myers, S. C., 1999, “Financial Architecture,” European Financial Management, 5, 2, pp. 133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S. C., 2000, “Outside Equity,” Journal of Finance, 55, 3, June, pp. 1005–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S. C., and Majluf, N. S., 1984, “Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have,” Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 2, June, pp. 187–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myerson, R., 1981, “Optimal Auction Design,” Mathematics of Operations Research, 6, pp. 58–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, S., Pearton, S. J., and Fasol, G., 2000, The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story, Berlin: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naudé, W., 2010, “Entrepreneurship, Developing Countries, and Development Economics: New Approaches and Insights,” Small Business Economics, 34, pp. 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, P., 1970, “Information and Consumer Behavior,” Journal of Political Economy, 78, 2, pp. 311–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. R., 1961, “Uncertainty, Learning, and the Economics of Parallel Research and Development Efforts,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 43, pp. 351–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. R., 1964, “Aggregate Production Functions and Medium-Range Growth Projections,” American Economic Review, 54, 5, September, pp. 575–606.Google Scholar
Nelson, R. R., and Winter, S. G., 1977, “In Search of Useful Theory of Innovation,” Research Policy, 6, 1, pp. 36–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. R., and Winter, S. G., 1982, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nickell, S., 1996, “Competition and Corporate Performance,” Journal of Political Economy, 104, pp. 724–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nightingale, P., 1998, “A Cognitive Model of Innovation,” Research Policy, 27, 7, November, pp. 689–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nonaka, I., and Takeuchi, H., 1995, The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
North, D., 1990, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donoghue, T., Scotchmer, S., and Thisse, J.-F., 1998, “Patent Breadth, Patent Life, and the Pace of Technological Progress,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 7, 1, pp. 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2002, Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2008a, Compendium of Patent Statistics, Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2008b, The Internationalization of Business R&D: Evidence, Impacts and Implications, June, Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2008c, Open Innovation in Global Networks, October, Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2008d, Science, Technology, and Industry Outlook, Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
Olsen, S., 2004, “Google, Yahoo Bury the Legal Hatchet,” CNET News, August 9, 2004, (accessed December 23, 2013).
Orsenigo, L., 1991, The Emergence of Biotechnology: Institutions and Markets in Industrial Innovation, London: Pinter.Google Scholar
O’Shea, R., Allen, T., Chevalier, A., and Roche, F., 2005, “Entrepreneurial Orientation, Technology Transfer and Spinoff Performance of U.S. Universities,” Research Policy, 34, 7, pp. 994–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oviatt, B. M., and McDougall, P. P., 2005, “Toward a Theory of International New Ventures,” Journal of International Business Studies, 36, 1, January, pp. 29–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., .
Page, W. H., 1989, “The Chicago School and the Evolution of Antitrust: Characterization, Antitrust Injury, and Evidentiary Sufficiency,” Virginia Law Review, 75, pp. 1221–1308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pareja, S., 2008, “Sales Gone Wild: Will the FTC's Business Opportunity Rule Put an End to Pyramid Marketing Schemes,” McGeorge Law Review, 39, pp. 83–130.Google Scholar
Parker, S. C., 2009, The Economics of Entrepreneurship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, A., 2009, “Patent Eligibility and Computer-Related Processes: A Critique of in re Bilski and the Machine-or-Transformation Test,” Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, 14, 3, pp. 181–211.Google Scholar
Pellegrino, G., Pivaa, M., and Vivarelli, M., 2012, “Young Firms and Innovation: A Micro-econometric Analysis,” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 23, 4, pp. 329–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, E. T., 1959, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Perez-Gonzalez, F., 2006, “Inherited Control and Firm Performance,” American Economic Review, 96, 5, December, pp. 1559–1588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, B. S., and Glab, J., 1994, Rapid Descent: Deregulation and the Shakeout in the Airlines, New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Phelps, E. S., 1966, “Models of Technical Progress and the Golden Rule of Research,” Review of Economic Studies, 33, 2, April, pp. 133–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, E. S., 1970, “Introduction,” in Phelps, E. S. et al., eds., Microeconomic Foundations of Employment and Inflation Theory, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar
Pigou, A. C., 1912, Wealth and Welfare, London: Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Pigou, A. C., 1924, “Comment,” Economic Journal, 34, p. 31.Google Scholar
Pigou, A. C., 1932, The Economics of Welfare, 4th edition, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Pilat, D., 2004, “The ICT Productivity Paradox: Insights from Micro Data,” OECD Economic Studies, 1, pp. 37–64.Google Scholar
Pisano, G. P., 1990, “The R&D Boundaries of the Firm: An Empirical Analysis,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 1, March, Special Issue: Technology, Organizations, and Innovation, pp. 153–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plehn-Dujowich, J. M., 2009, “The Impact of Innovation and Information Risk on Endogenous Growth,” Temple University, Working Paper.
Poblete, J., and Spulber, D. F., 2007, “Entrepreneurs, Partnerships, and Corporations: Incentives, Investment and the Financial Structure of the Firm,” Northwestern University Working Paper.
Poblete, J., and Spulber, D. F., 2012, “The Form of Incentive Contracts: Agency with Moral Hazard, Limited Liability, and Risk Neutrality,” Rand Journal of Economics, 43, 2, Summer, pp. 215–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poblete, J., and Spulber, D. F., 2013, “Managing Innovation: Optimal Agency Contracts for Delegated R&D,” Northwestern University Working Paper.
Polanyi, K., 1944 [2001], The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M., 1962, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M., 1967, The Tacit Dimension, Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Pollack, M., 2002, “The Multiple Unconstitutionality of Business Method Patents,” Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal, 28, 1, pp. 61–96.Google Scholar
Posner, R. A., 1979, “The Chicago School of Antitrust,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 127, pp. 925–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, R. A., 2005, “The Summers Controversy and University Governance,” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 27, , accessed May 16, 2011.
Pound, A., 1934, The Turning Wheel; The Story of General Motors through Twenty-Five Years, 1908–1933, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Pozen, D. E., 2008, “We Are All Entrepreneurs Now,” Wake Forest Law Review, 43, pp. 283–340.Google Scholar
Pozzali, A., and Viale, R., 2007, “Cognition, Types of ‘Tacit Knowledge’ and Technology Transfer,” in Topol, R. and Walliser, B., eds., Cognitive Economics: New Trends, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 205–224.Google Scholar
Prevezer, M., 1997, “The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in Biotechnology,” Small Business Economics, 9, 3, pp. 255–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, A., 2004, “The Last Instance: Are Institutions the Primary Cause of Economic Development?,” European Journal of Sociology, 45, 2, pp. 165–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puri, M., and Robinson, D. T., 2007, “Optimism and Economic Choice,” Journal of Financial Economics, 86, 1, October, pp. 71–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puri, M., and Robinson, D. T., 2013, “The Economic Psychology of Entrepreneurship and Family Business,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 22, 2, Summer, pp. 423–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quadrini, V., 1999, “The Importance of Entrepreneurship for Wealth Concentration and Mobility,” Review of Income and Wealth, 45, pp. 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quadrini, V., 2000, “Entrepreneurship, Saving and Social Mobility,” Review of Economic Dynamics, 3, pp. 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, L., 1997, “On the Dynamic Efficiency of Bertrand and Cournot Equilibria,” Journal of Economic Theory, 75, pp.213–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, E. R., 2002, “The Proliferation of Electronic Commerce Patents: Don't Blame the PTO,” Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal, 28, 1, pp. 121–154.Google Scholar
Rai, A. K., 2000, “Addressing the Patent Gold Rush: The Role of Deference to PTO Patent Denials,” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, 2, pp. 199–227.Google Scholar
Ramondo, N., and Rodríguez-Clare, A., 2009, “Trade, Multinational Production, and the Gains from Openness,” NBER Working Paper No. 15604, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December.
Rapport, M., 2009, 1848: Year of Revolution, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rasmusen, E., 1988, “Entry for Buyout,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 36, 3, March, pp. 281–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravetz, J., 1971, Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reinganum, J. F., 1981, “Dynamic Games of Innovation,” Journal of Economic Theory, 25, pp. 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinganum, J. F., 1982, “A Dynamic Game of R and D: Patent Protection and Competitive Behavior,” Econometrica, 50, pp. 671–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinganum, J. F., 1989, “The Timing of Innovation: Research, Development, and Diffusion,” in Schmalensee, R. and Willig, R. D., eds., Handbook of Industrial Organization, Vol. 1, New York: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 849–908.Google Scholar
Reynolds, P. D., 1997a, “New and Small Firms in Expanding Markets,” Small Business Economics, 9, 1, pp. 79–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, P. D., 1997b, “Who Starts New Firms? Preliminary Explorations of Firms-in-Gestation,” Small Business Economics, 9, 5, October, pp. 449–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, P. D., 2000, “National Panel Study of U. S. Business Startups: Background and Methodology,” Databases for the Study of Entrepreneurship, 4, pp. 153–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, P. D., Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., and Greene, P. G., 2004, “The Prevalence of Nascent Entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, Small Business Economics,” 23, 4, November, pp. 263–284.
Reynolds, R. L., 1952, “Origins of Modern Business Enterprise: Medieval Italy,” Journal of Economic History, 12, pp. 350–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, S. S., 1988, “Plant Closings and Exit Behavior in Declining Industries,” Economica, 55, pp. 493–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rialp, A., Rialp, J., and Knight, G. A., 2005, “The Phenomenon of Early Internationalizing Firms: What Do We Know After a Decade (1993–2003) of Scientific Enquiry?,” International Business Review, 14, 2, pp. 147–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribstein, L. E., 2009a, “Partnership Governance of Large Firms,” University of Chicago Law Review, 76, pp. 289–310.Google Scholar
Ribstein, L. E., 2009b, The Rise of the Uncorporation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ribstein, L. E., 2009c, “The Uncorporation and Corporate Indeterminacy,” University of Illinois Law Review, 2009, pp. 131–166.Google Scholar
Rich, B. R., and Janos, L., 1994, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed, Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Richards, H., 1999, Life and Worklife Expectancies, Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Rivera-Batiz, L., and Romer, P., 1991, “Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 2, pp. 531–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivette, K. G., and Kline, D., 2000, Rembrandts in the Attic: Unlocking the Hidden Value of Patents, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Rogers, E., 1962, Diffusion of Innovations, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Rogerson, W. P., 1992, “Contractual Solutions to the Hold-Up Problem,” Review of Economic Studies, 59, 4, October, pp. 777–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romer, P. M., 1986, “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 94, 5, October, pp. 1002–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romer, P. M., 1990, “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy, 98, 5, October, Part 2: The Problem of Development: A Conference of the Institute for the Study of Free Enterprise Systems, pp. S71–S102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ropera, S., Dub, J., and Loveb, J. H., 2008, “Modelling the Innovation Value Chain,” Research Policy, 37, pp. 961–977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, S., 1981, “The Economics of Superstars,” American Economic Review, 71, December, pp. 845–858.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, J. B., 1976, “Research and Market Share: A Reappraisal of the Schumpeter Hypothesis,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 25, 2, December, pp. 101–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, N., 1963, “Technological Change in the Machine Tool Industry, 1840–1910,” Journal of Economic History, 23, 4, pp. 414–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, N., 1972a, “Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Technology,” Explorations in Economic History, 10, 1, pp. 3–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, N., 1972b, Technology and American Economic Growth, New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, N., 1992, “Economic Experiments,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 1, pp. 181–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rostocker, M., 1983, “PTC Research Report: A Survey of Corporate Licensing,” IDEA – Journal of Law and Technology, 24, pp. 59–92.Google Scholar
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 2010, Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010: Graphene, Stockholm, Sweden, October 5.Google Scholar
Ruback, R. S., and Jensen, M. C., 1983, “The Market for Corporate Control: The Scientific Evidence,” Journal of Financial Economics, 11, pp. 5–50.Google Scholar
Rubinstein, A., 1982, “Perfect Equilibrium in a Bargaining Model,” Econometrica, 50, 1, January, pp. 97–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, B., 1911, “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, 11, 1910–1911, pp. 108–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, B., 2000, Theory of Knowledge: The 1913 Manuscript, in The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, Vol. 7, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ryle, G., 1949 [2002], The Concept of Mind, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sah, R. K., and Stiglitz, J. E., 1986, “The Architecture of Economic Systems: Hierarchies and Polyarchies,” American Economic Review, 76, 4, September, pp. 716–727.Google Scholar
Salant, S. W., 1984, “Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly: Comment,” American Economic Review, 74, pp. 247–250.Google Scholar
Samphantharak, K., and Townsend, R. M., 2010, Households as Corporate Firms: An Analysis of Household Finance Using Integrated Household Surveys and Corporate Financial Accounting, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Samuelson, P. A., 1954a, “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 36, pp. 387–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, P. A., 1954b, “The Transfer Problem and Transport Costs, II: Analysis of Effects of Trade Impediments,” Economic Journal, 64, June, pp. 264–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandelands, L. E., and Stablein, R. E., 1987, “The Concept of Organization Mind,” Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 5, pp. 135–161.Google Scholar
Sarada, 2013, “The Unobserved Returns from Entrepreneurship,” Working paper, Duke University.
Say, J.-B., 1841, Traité d’Économie Politique, 6th ed. (Reprinted 1982, Geneva: Slatkine.)Google Scholar
Say, J.-B., 1852, Cours Complet d’Économie Politique: Pratique, Vols. I and II, 3rd ed., Paris: Guillaumin et Ce.Google Scholar
SBA (United States Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy), 2001, Small Business Economic Indicators: 2000, Washington, DC: SBA.Google Scholar
SBA (United States Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy), 2009, The Small Business Economy: A Report to the President, Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Scarpetta, S., Hemmings, P., Tressel, T., and Woo, J., 2002, “The Role of Policy and Institutions for Productivity and Firm Dynamics: Evidence From Micro and Industry Data,” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Working Paper No. 320.
Scheier, M. F., and Carver, C. S., 1985, “Optimism, Coping and Health: Assessment and Implications of Generalized Outcome Expectancies,” Health Psychology, 4, pp. 219–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., and Bridges, M. W., 1994, “Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem): A Re-Evaluation of the Life Orientation Test,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, pp. 1063–1078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, F. M., 1965a, “Size of Firm, Oligopoly, and Research: A Comment,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 31, 2, May, pp. 256–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, F. M., 1965b, “Firm Size, Market Structure, Opportunity, and the Output of Patented Inventions,” American Economic Review, 55, 5, December, pp. 1097–1125.Google Scholar
Schiesel, S., 1997, “Web Publishers Start to Feel Lack of Advertising, an On-line Shakeout Has Affected Mainstream Media and Start-Ups,” New York Times, March 25, p. C1.
Schlicher, J. W., 2000, “Measuring Patent Damages by the Market Value of Inventions – The Grain Processing, Rite-Hite, and Aro Rules,” Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, 82, pp. 503–535.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. M., 1997, “Managerial Incentives and Product Market Competition,” Review of Economic Studies, 64, 2, April, pp. 191–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmookler, J., 1959, “Bigness, Fewness, and Research,” Journal of Political Economy, 67, 6, December, pp. 628–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmookler, J., 1962, “Economic Sources of Inventive Activity,” Journal of Economic History, 22, pp. 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmookler, J., 1966, Invention and Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, P. H., 2005, “International Trade, Economic Growth and Intellectual Property Rights: A Panel Data Study of Developed and Developing Countries,” Journal of Development Economics, 78, pp. 529–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schonfeld, E., 2007, “The Startup King's New Gig,” Business 2.0 Magazine, September 26, , accessed April 9, 2009.
Schramm, C. J., 2006a, “Entrepreneurial Capitalism and the End of Bureaucracy: Reforming the Mutual Dialog of Risk Aversion,” presented at the American Economic Association meetings, Boston, MA.
Schramm, C. J., 2006b, The Entrepreneurial Imperative: How American's Economic Miracle Will Reshape the World (and Change Your Life), New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Schramm, C. J., 2006c, “Law Outside the Market: The Social Utility of the Private Foundation,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 30, pp. 355–415.Google Scholar
Schramm, C. J., Litan, R., and Stangler, D., 2009, “New Business, Not Small Business, Is What Creates Jobs,” Wall Street Journal, November 6, , accessed January 4, 2010.
Schultz, T. W., 1975, “The Value of the Ability to Deal with Disequilibria,” Journal of Economic Literature, 13, 3, pp. 827–846.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A., 1912, Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humbolt.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A., 1934 [1997], The Theory of Economic Development, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A., 1939, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, Vol. 1 and 2, New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A., 1942 [1975], Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A., 1946, “John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946,” American Economic Review, 36, 4, September, pp. 495–518.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A., 1947, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 2nd ed., London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Schweikart, L., and Doti, L. P, 2010, American Entrepreneur: The Fascinating Stories of the People Who Defined Business in the United States, New York: Amacom.Google Scholar
Science Watch Interview, 2000, “Nichia ‘s Shuji Nakamura: Dream of the Blue Laser Diode,” Science Watch, 11, 1, January/February, (accessed December 23, 2013).Google Scholar
Scotchmer, S., 1991, “Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cumulative Research and the Patent Law,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 1, Winter, pp. 29–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott Morton, F. M., 1999, “Entry Decisions in the Generic Drug Industry,” Rand Journal of Economics, 30, 3, Fall, pp. 421–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott Morton, F. M., 2002, “Horizontal Integration between Brand and Generic Firms in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 11, 1, Spring, pp. 135–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sealey, C. W., and Lindley, J. T., 1977, “Inputs, Outputs, and a Theory of Production and Cost at Depository Financial Institutions,” Journal of Finance, 32, pp. 1251–1266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Search Engine History, (accessed December 23, 2013).
Segal, I., and Whinston, M. D., 2007, “Antitrust in Innovative Industries,” American Economic Review, 97, 5, December, pp. 1703–1730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seltzer, L. H., 1928, A Financial History of the American Automobile Industry; A Study of the Ways in Which the Leading American Producers of Automobiles Have Met Their Capital Requirements, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Shaffer, S., 1997, “Network Diseconomies and Optimal Structure,” Working Paper No. 97–19, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, July.
Shaked, A., and Sutton, J., 1982, “Relaxing Price Competition through Product Differentiation,” Review of Economic Studies, 49, 1, pp. 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaked, M., and Shanthikumar, J. G., 2007, Stochastic Orders, New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shan, W., 1990, “An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Strategies by Entrepreneurial High-Technology Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 11, 2, February, pp. 129–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shane, G., and Ramey, G., 1998, “Market Structure, Innovation and Vertical Product Differentiation,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 16, 3, May, pp. 285–311.Google Scholar
Shane, S., 2001, “Technological Opportunities and New Firm Creation,” Management Science, 47, February, pp. 205–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shane, S., 2003, A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelanski, H. A., 2000, “Competition and Deployment of New Technology in U.S. Telecommunications,” University of Chicago Legal Forum, 2000: Antitrust in the Information Age, pp. 85–118.Google Scholar
Shell, K., 1967, “A Model of Inventive Activity and Capital Accumulation,” in Shell, K., ed., Essays on the Theory of Optimal Growth, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 67–85.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R., 1989, “Management Entrenchment: The Case of Manager-Specific Investments,” Journal of Financial Economics, 25, pp. 123–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R., 1997, “A Survey of Corporate Governance,” Journal of Finance, 52, pp. 737–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, D., Waldman, D., and Link, A., 2000, “Assessing the Impact of Organizational Practices on the Productivity of University Technology Transfer Offices: An Exploratory Study,” NBER Working Paper 7256.
Sidak, J. G., and Spulber, D. F., 1996, Protecting Competition from the Postal Monopoly, Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar
Sidak, J. G., and Teece, D., 2009, “Dynamic Competition in Antitrust Law,” Journal of Competition Law & Economics 5: 581–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sikander, J., and Sarma, V., 2010, “A Prescriptive Architecture for Electronic Commerce and Digital Marketing,” Microsoft Corporation White Paper, , accessed July 17, 2010.
Silk, A. J., and Berndt, E. R., 1994, “Costs, Institutional Mobility Barriers, and Market Structure: Advertising Agencies as Multiproduct Firms,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 3, 3, Fall, pp. 437–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simcoe, T. S., Graham, S. J., and Feldman, M. P., 2009, “Competing on Standards? Entrepreneurship, Intellectual Property and Platform Technologies,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 18, 3, Fall, pp. 775–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A., 1945, Administrative Behavior, 3rd ed., New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A., 1955, “A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, pp. 99–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A., 1972, “Theories of Bounded Rationality,” in McGuire, C. B. and Radner, R., eds., Decisions and Organizations, Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 161–176.Google Scholar
Sims, C. A., 2003, “Implications of Rational Inattention,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 50, 3, pp. 665–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, N., and Vives, X., 1984, “Price and Quantity Competition in a Differentiated Duopoly,” Rand Journal of Economics, 15, pp. 546–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., 1776 [1998], An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, H. E., 2003, “The Language of Property: Form, Context, and Audience,” Stanford Law Review, 55, pp. 1105–1191.Google Scholar
Smith, H. E., 2007, “Intellectual Property as Property: Delineating Entitlements in Information,” Yale Law Journal, 116, pp. 1742–1822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobel, R., and Sicilia, D. B., 1986, The Entrepreneurs: An American Adventure, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Sokoloff, K. L., 1988, “Inventive Activity in Early Industrial America: Evidence from Patent Records, 1790–1846,” Journal of Economic History, 48, 4, pp. 813–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, R. M., 1956, “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 1, February, pp. 65–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, R. M., 1957, “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 39, 3, August, pp. 312–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, R. M., 1960, “Investment and Technical Progress,” in Arrow, K. J., Karlin, S., and Suppes, P., eds., Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences, Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 89–104.Google Scholar
Solow, R. M., 1962, “Technical Progress, Capital Formation, and Economic Growth,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 52, 2, May, pp. 76–86.Google Scholar
Solow, R. M., 1970, Growth Theory: An Exposition, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sowell, T., 2009, Intellectuals and Society, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Spence, A. M., 1973, “Job Market Signaling,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87, 3, pp. 355–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, A. M., 1974, Market Signaling, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Spence, A. M., 1977, “Entry, Investment and Oligopolistic Pricing,” Bell Journal of Economics, 8, Autumn, pp. 534–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, A. M., 1984, “Cost Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance,” Econometrica, 52, pp. 101–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spender, J. C., 1994, “Organizational Knowledge, Collective Practice and Penrose Rents,” International Business Review, 3, pp. 353–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spender, J. C., 1996, “Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 17, pp. 45–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1977, “Research, Development and Technological Change in a Growing Economy,” Center for Mathematical Studies, Northwestern University, Discussion Paper No. 282, June.
Spulber, D. F., 1980, “Research and Development of a Backstop Energy Technology in a Growing Economy,” Energy Economics, 2, 4, October, pp. 199–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1981, “Capacity, Output, and Sequential Entry,” American Economic Review, 71, pp. 503–514.Google Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1989, Regulation and Markets, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1995, “Bertrand Competition When Rivals’ Costs Are Unknown,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 43, pp. 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1996a, “Market Making by Price Setting Firms,” Review of Economic Studies, 63, pp. 559–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1996b, “Market Microstructure and Intermediation,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10, Summer, pp. 135–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1998, The Market Makers: How Leading Companies Create and Win Markets, New York: McGraw Hill/ Business Week Books.Google Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 1999, Market Microstructure: Intermediaries and the Theory of the Firm, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2002a, “Market Microstructure and Incentives to Invest,” Journal of Political Economy, 110, April, pp. 352–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2002b, “Transaction Innovation and the Role of the Firm,” in Baye, M. R., ed., The Economics of the Internet and E-commerce, Advances in Applied Micro-Economics, Vol. 11, Oxford: Elsevier Science, pp. 159–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2003, “The Intermediation Theory of the Firm: Integrating Economic and Management Approaches to Strategy,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 24, pp. 253–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2006, “Firms and Networks in Two-Sided Markets,” in Hendershott, T., ed., The Handbook of Economics and Information Systems, Vol. 1, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 137–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2008a, “Competition Policy and the Incentive to Innovate: The Dynamic Effects of Microsoft v. Commission,” Yale Journal on Regulation, 25, 2, Summer, pp. 247–301.Google Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2008b, “Consumer Coordination in the Small and in the Large: Implications for Antitrust in Markets with Network Effects,” Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 4, 2, pp. 207–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2008c, “Innovation and International Trade in Technology,” Journal of Economic Theory, 138, January, pp. 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2008d, “Unlocking Technology: Innovation and Antitrust,” Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 4, 4, December, pp. 915–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2009a, The Theory of the Firm: Microeconomics with Endogenous Entrepreneurs, Firms, Markets, and Organizations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2009b, “Discovering the Role of the Firm: The Separation Criterion and Corporate Law,” Berkeley Business Law Journal, 6, 2, Spring, pp. 298–347.Google Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2010a, “Competition among Entrepreneurs,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 19, 1, February, pp. 25–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2010b, “The Quality of Innovation and the Extent of the Market,” Journal of International Economics, 80, 2, pp. 260–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2011a, “The Role of the Entrepreneur in Economic Growth,” in Litan, Robert, ed., Handbook of Law, Innovation, and Growth, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, pp. 11–44.Google Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2011b, “Should Business Method Inventions Be Patentable?,” Journal of Legal Analysis, 3, 1, Spring, pp. 265–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2011c, “The Innovator's Decision: Entrepreneurship versus Technology Transfer,” in Audretsch, David, Falck, O., Heblich, Stephan, and Lederer, Adam, eds., Handbook of Research on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, pp. 315–336.Google Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2011d, “Intellectual Property and the Theory of the Firm,” in Kieff, F. S. and Paredes, T., eds., Perspectives on Commercializing Innovation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.9–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2012a, “Tacit Knowledge and Innovative Entrepreneurship,” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 30, 6, November, pp. 641–653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2012b, “How Entrepreneurs Affect the Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity,” in Lerner, Josh and Stern, Scott, eds., The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited, National Bureau of Economic Research Conference, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 277–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2013a, “Competing Inventors and the Incentive to Invent,” Industrial and Corporate Change, 22, 1, pp. 33–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., 2013b, “How Do Competitive Pressures Affect Incentives to Innovate When There Is a Market for Inventions?,” Journal of Political Economy, 121, 6, pp. 1007–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spulber, D. F., and Becker, R. A., 1983, “Regulatory Lag and Deregulation with Imperfectly Adjustable Capital,” Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 6, pp. 137–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stangler, D., 2010, High-Growth Firms and the Future of the American Economy, Kansas City, MO: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.Google Scholar
Stangler, D., and Kedrosky, P., 2010a, Exploring Firm Formation: Why Is the Number of New Firms Constant?, Kansas City, MO: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.Google Scholar
Stangler, D., and Kedrosky, P., 2010b, Neutralism and Entrepreneurship: The Structural Dynamics of Startups, Young Firms, and Job Creation, Kansas City, MO: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.Google Scholar
Steil, B., 2002, “Changes in the Ownership and Governance of Securities Exchanges: Causes and Consequences,” in Herring, R. and Litan, R. E., eds., Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services: 2002, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 61–91.Google Scholar
Stein, J. C., 1989, “Efficient Capital Markets, Inefficient Firms: A Model of Myopic Corporate Behavior,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104, 4, November, pp. 655–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, S., 1995, “Incentives and Focus in University and Industrial Research: The Case of Synthetic Insulin,” in Rosenberg, N. and Gelijns, A., eds., Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 157–187.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. E., 1999, “Knowledge as a Global Public Good,” in Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., and Stern, M. A., eds., Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 308–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiglitz, J. E., and Weiss, A., 1981, “Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information,” American Economic Review, 71, June, pp. 393–410.Google Scholar
Stinchcombe, A. L., 1990, Information and Organization, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stoll, H. R., 2002, “Comment and Discussion,” in Herring, R. and Litan, R. E., eds., Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services: 2002, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 83–90.Google Scholar
Stoneman, P., and Toivanen, O., 1997, “The Diffusion of Multiple Technologies: An Empirical Study,” Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 5, 1, pp. 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suarez, F. F., and Utterback, J. M., 1995, “Dominant Designs and the Survival of Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 16, September, pp. 415–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, J., 1996, “Schumpeter Lecture: Technology and Market Structure,” European Economic Review, 40, pp. 511–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, J., 1998, Technology and Market Structure: Theory and History, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Swedberg, R., 2002, “The Economic Sociology of Capitalism: Weber and Schumpeter,” Journal of Classical Sociology, 2, 3, pp. 227–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. R., 1995, “Digging for Golden Carrots: An Analysis of Research Tournaments,” American Economic Review, 85, September, pp. 872–890.Google Scholar
Taylor, C., and Silberston, Z., 1973, The Economic Impact of the Patent System, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. S., 1994, “Trips, Trade and Growth,” International Economic Review, 35, May, pp. 361–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedeshi, B., 2000, “E-Commerce Report,” New York Times, May 1, p. C10.
Teece, D. J., 1986, “Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration, Collaboration, Licensing, and Public Policy,” Research Policy, 15, 6, pp. 285–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teece, D. J., 1988, “Technological Change and the Nature of the Firm,” in Dosi, G., Freeman, C., Nelson, R., and Soete, L., eds., Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Frances Pinter, pp. 256–281.Google Scholar
Teece, D. J., 2006, “Reflections on ‘Profiting from Innovation,’Research Policy, 35, pp. 1131–1146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teece, D. J., 2010, “Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation,” Long Range Planning, 43, 2–3, pp. 172–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temple, J., 2010, “Google Instant Predicts What Users Are Searching For,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 8.
Thomas, J. R., 1999, “The Patenting of the Liberal Professions,” Boston College Law Review, 40, 5, pp. 1139–1186.Google Scholar
Thompson, P., 2001, “The Microeconomics of an R&D-Based Model of Endogenous Growth,” Journal of Economic Growth, 6, December, pp. 263–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, P., 2012, “The Relationship between Unit Cost and Cumulative Quantity and the Evidence for Organizational Learning-by-Doing,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26, 3, Summer, pp. 203–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurik, A. R., Carree, M. A., van Stel, A., and Audretsch, D. B., 2008, “Does Self-Employment Reduce Unemployment?,” Journal of Business Venturing, 23, pp. 673–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilton, J. E., 1971, International Diffusion of Technology: The Case of Semiconductors, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Tobin, J., 1967, “Life Cycle Savings and Balanced Growth,” in Fellner, W. et al., eds., Ten Economic Studies in the Tradition of Irving Fisher, New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Tobin, J., 1972, “Wealth, Liquidity, and the Propensity to Consume,” in Strumpel, E., Morgan, J., and Zahn, E., eds., Human Behavior in Economic Affairs, Essays in Honor of George S. Katona, New York: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Topkis, D. M., 1978, “Minimizing a Submodular Function on a Lattice,” Operations Research, 26, March-April, pp. 305–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topkis, D. M., 1998, Supermodularity and Complementarity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Torrisi, S., 1998, Industrial Organisation and Innovation: An International Study of the Software Industry, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Triplett, J. E., and Bosworth, B. P., 2004, Services Productivity in the United States: New Sources of Economic Growth, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Triplett, J. E., and Bosworth, B. P., 2006, “‘Baumol's Disease’ Has Been Cured: IT and Multifactor Productivity in U.S. Services Industries,” in Jansen, D. W., ed., The New Economy and Beyond: Past, Present, and Future, Cheltenham, UK: Edgar Elgar, pp. 34–71.Google Scholar
Tufano, P., 2003, “Financial Innovation,” in Constantinides, G., Harris, M., and Stulz, R., eds., Handbook of the Economics of Finance, Vol. 1A, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 307–336.Google Scholar
Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D., 1974, “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science, 185, September 27, pp. 1124–1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tybout, J. R., 2000, “Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries: How Well Do They Do, and Why?,” Journal of Economic Literature, 38, 1, March, pp. 11–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), 2009, World Investment Report 2009: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development, Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau, 2006, Annual Survey of Manufactures, Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries: 2005, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
United States Department of Commerce, 1994, U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
United States Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration and the United States Patent and Trademark Office, 2012, Intellectual Property and the U.S. Economy: Industries in Focus, March, Washington, DC: Department of Commerce.Google Scholar
United States Department of Justice, Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section, 2013, Prosecuting Intellectual Property Crimes, 4th ed., September, Washington, DC: Office of Legal Education, Executive Office for United States Attorneys, (accessed December 23, 2013).Google Scholar
United States Department of Justice (and Federal Trade Commission), 1995, Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property, §§ 2.0, 2.2 (1995), reprinted in 4 Trade Reg. Rep. (CCH) ¶ 13,132, at 20, pp. 734–735.
United States Patent and Trademark Office, “Patent Full-Text Databases,” (accessed December 23, 2013).
United States Patent and Trademark Office, “Patent Technology Monitoring Team, Patenting in Technology Classes,” 2009, (accessed July 12, 2010).
United States Patent and Trademark Office, 2009, “Data Processing: Financial, Business Practice, Management, or Cost/Price Determination,” USPTO Patent Class 705, Section II, 705–1–705–3.
United States Patent and Trademark Office, 2010a, “Automated Financial or Management Data Processing Methods,” USPTO White Paper, , accessed June 3, 2010.
United States Patent and Trademark Office, 2010b, “Patent Counts by Class by Year,” Washington, DC, (accessed June 3, 2010).
Utterback, J. M., and Abernathy, W., 1975, “A Dynamic Model of Process and Product Innovation,” Omega, 33, pp. 639–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utterback, J. M., and Suarez, F. F., 1993, “Innovation, Competition, and Industry Structure,” Research Policy, 22, 1, pp. 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzawa, H., 1965, “Optimum Technical Change in an Aggregative Model of Economic Growth,” International Economic Review, 6, 1, January, pp. 18–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., and Van Witteloostuijn, A., 2006, “Why Are the Returns to Education Higher for Entrepreneurs than for Employees?,” University of Amsterdam Working Paper, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., and Vijverberg, W., 2008, “Education and Entrepreneurship Selection and Performance: A Review of the Empirical Literature,” Journal of Economic Surveys, 22, 5, pp. 795–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Gelderen, M., Thurik, R., and Bosma, N., 2005, “Success and Risk Factors in the Pre-Startup Phase,” Small Business Economics, 24, pp. 365–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Praag, C. M., and Versloot, P. H., 2007, “What is the Value of Entrepreneurship? A Review of Recent Research,” Small Business Economics, 29, pp. 351–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Stel, A., Carree, M., and Thurik, R., 2005, “The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth,” Small Business Economics, 24, pp. 311–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Zanden, J. L., 1993, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labour Market, Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Vereshchagina, G., and Hopenhayn, H., 2009, “Risk Taking by Entrepreneurs,” American Economic Review, 99, 5, December, pp. 1808–1830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veugelers, R., and Cassiman, B., 1999, “Make and Buy in Innovation Strategies: Evidence from Belgian Manufacturing Firms,” Research Policy, 28, pp. 63–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veyne, P., 1987, The Roman Empire, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vickrey, W., 1962, “Auctions and Bidding Games,” in Recent Advances in Game Theory, (Conference Proceedings), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 15–27.Google Scholar
Villard, H., 1958, “Competition, Oligopoly and Research,” Journal of Political Economy, 66, 6, December, pp. 483–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vives, X., 2008, “Innovation and Competitive Pressure,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 56, 3, September, pp. 419–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vohora, A., Wright, M., and Lockett, A., 2004, “Critical Junctures in the Development of University High-Tech Spinout Companies,” Research Policy, 33, pp. 147–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, S., 2008, “Business Method Patents in Europe and Their Strategic Use – Evidence from Franking Device Manufacturers,” Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 17, 3, pp. 173–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallison, P. J., and Calomiris, C. W., 2008, “The Last Trillion-Dollar Commitment: The Destruction of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,” Financial Services Outlook, AEI Online, September 30, (accessed December 23, 2013).
Weber, M., 1968, Economy and Society, Roth, G. and Wittich, C., eds., New York: Bedminster Press.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E., and Roberts, K. H., 1993, “Collective Mind in Organizations: Heedful Interrelating on Flight Decks,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, pp. 357–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, N., 1980, “Unrealistic Optimism about Future Life Events,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 5, pp. 806–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wennekers, A. R. M., and Thurik, A. R., 1999, “Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth,” Small Business Economics, 13, pp. 27–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyl, G. E., and Fabinger, M., 2012, “Pass-Through as an Economic Tool: Principles of Incidence Under Imperfect Competition,” Journal of Political Economy, 121, 3, June, pp. 528–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, O. E., 1975, Markets and Hierarchies, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E., 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Winkler, R. L., 1968, “The Consensus of Subjective Probability Distributions,” Management Science, 15, 2, Application Series, October, pp. B61–B75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, S. G., 1984, “Schumpeterian Competition in Alternative Technological Regimes,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 5, 3–4, September–December, pp. 287–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank and International Finance Corporation, 2012, Doing Business 2012: Doing Business in a More Transparent World, Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Worley, J. S., 1961, “Industrial Research and the New Competition,” Journal of Political Economy, 69, 2, April, pp. 183–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaari, M. E., 1964. “On the Consumer's Lifetime Allocation Process,” International Economic Review, 5, pp. 304–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaari, M. E., 1965, “Uncertain Lifetime, Life Insurance, and the Theory of the Consumer,” Review of Economic Studies, 32, pp. 137–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yao, R., and Zhang, H., 2005, “Optimal Consumption and Portfolio Choices with Risky Housing and Borrowing Constraints,” Review of Financial Studies, 18, 1, pp. 197–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoo, C. S., 2002, “Vertical Integration and Media Regulation in the New Economy,” Yale Journal on Regulation, 19, pp. 171–300.Google Scholar
Yoo, C. S., 2004, “Copyright and Product Differentiation,” New York University Law Review, 79, April, pp. 212–280.Google Scholar
Yunus, M., 2003, Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty, New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Yuskavage, R. E., 1994, “Gross Product by Industry, 1991–92,” Survey of Current Business, 74, 10, pp. 30–34.Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A., 2005, “Theory of International New Ventures: A Decade of Research,” Journal of International Business Studies, 36, 1, January, pp. 20–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A., and George, G., 2002, “International Entrepreneurship: The Current Status of the Field and Future Research Agenda,” in Hitt, M., Ireland, D., Sexton, D. and Camp, M., eds., Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating an Integrated Mindset, Strategic Management Series, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 255–288.Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A., Ireland, R. D., and Hitt, M. A., 2000, “International Expansion by New Venture Firms: International Diversity, Mode of Market Entry, Technological Learning, and Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, 43, 5, October, pp. 925–950.Google Scholar
Zanchettin, P., 2006, “Differentiated Duopoly with Asymmetric Costs,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 15, 4, Winter, pp. 999–1015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeckhauser, R., 1996, “The Challenge of Contracting for Technological Information,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, November, pp. 12743–12748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeira, J., 1987, “Investment as a Process of Search,” Journal of Political Economy, 95, 1, February, pp. 204–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeira, J., 1994, “Informational Cycles,” Review of Economic Studies, 61, pp. 31–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziedonis, R. H., 2004, “Don't Fence Me in: Fragmented Markets for Technology and the Patent Acquisition Strategies of Firms,” Management Science, 50, 6, June, pp. 804–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, L., and Darby, M., 2001, “Capturing Technological Opportunity via Japan's Star Scientists: Evidence from Japanese Firms’ Biotech Patents and Products,” Journal of Technology Transfer, 26, 1–2, January, pp. 37–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, L., Darby, M., and Armstrong, J., 1998, “Geographically Localized Knowledge: Spillovers or Markets?,” Economic Inquiry, 36, pp. 65–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, L., Darby, M., and Armstrong, J., 2002, “Commercializing Knowledge: University Science, Knowledge Capture, and Firm Performance in Biotechnology,” Management Science, 48, 1, pp. 138–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zucker, L., Darby, M., and Brewer, M. B., 1998, “Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises,” American Economic Review, 88, 1, March, pp. 290–306.Google Scholar
Zucker, L., Darby, M., and Torero, M., 2002, “Labor Mobility from Academe to Commerce,” Journal of Labor Economics, 20, 3, pp. 629–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Daniel F. Spulber, Northwestern University, Illinois
  • Book: The Innovative Entrepreneur
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107239012.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Daniel F. Spulber, Northwestern University, Illinois
  • Book: The Innovative Entrepreneur
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107239012.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Daniel F. Spulber, Northwestern University, Illinois
  • Book: The Innovative Entrepreneur
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107239012.012
Available formats
×