Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:23:26.823Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

62 - Complications of Assisted Reproductive Technology

from PART III - ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

By
Gamal I. Serour
Edited by
Botros R. M. B. Rizk ,
Juan A. Garcia-Velasco ,
Hassan N. Sallam  and
Antonis Makrigiannakis
Botros R. M. B. Rizk
Affiliation:
University of South Alabama
Juan A. Garcia-Velasco
Affiliation:
Rey Juan Carlos University School of Medicine,
Hassan N. Sallam
Affiliation:
University of Alexandria School of Medicine
Antonis Makrigiannakis
Affiliation:
University of Crete
Get access

Summary

To date nearly two million babies were born as a result of ART which is widely used all over the world for virtually all forms of infertility. The world collaboration report on ART, for the year 2000, included 460,000 in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles from forty-nine countries and total number of babies conceived through ART was between 197,000 and 220,000 (1). It is estimated that the figures in the world IVF report represent only approximately two-thirds of ART cycles performed in the world. The European registers on ART for the year 2002 by ESHRE reported 324,238 treatment cycles, which represented 12 percent increase since year 2001. In thirteen countries where all clinics reported to the register, a total of 177,429 cycles were performed in a population of 193.7 million, corresponding to 916 cycles per million inhabitants. The percentage of infants born after ART ranged from 1.3 to 4.2 percent of the total number of live births in the country (2). The long-term health consequences of this widely used technique have yet to be determined. At every stage of the procedure there is a potential for complications, some of which are dangerous and may be life threatening. Considering the magnitude and the continuous increase in the number of ART cycles IVF, ICSI performed every year, complications of ART is a worldwide iatrogenic health problem.

Keywords

assisted reproductive technologybreast cancerovarian cancerovarian hyperstimulation syndromepelvic infection
Type
Chapter
Information
Infertility and Assisted Reproduction , pp. 604 - 618
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, GD, Mouzon, J, Lancaster, P, Nygren, KG, Sullivan, E, Zegers-Hochs, Child F. World collaborative report on in vitro fertilization, 2000. Fertil Steril 2006;85:6:1586–1622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, AN, Gianaroli, L, Felberbaum, R, Mouzon, Jde, Nygren, KG. Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2000. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 2006;21:7:1680–1697.Google Scholar
Land, JA, Evers, JLH. Report of an ESHRE consensus meeting prepared. Risks and complications in assisted reproduction techniques. Hum Reprod 2003;18:2:455–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serour, GI, Rhodes, C, Sattar, MA, Aboulghar, MA, Mansour, R. Complications of assisted reproductive techniques. A review. Assist Reprod 1999;9:4:214–232.Google Scholar
Bergh, T, Lundkvist, O. Clinical complications during in-vitro fertilization treatment. Hum Reprod 1992;7:625–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roest, J. Mous, HV, Zeilmaker, GH, et al. The incidence of major complications in a Dutch transport IVF programme. Hum Reprod Update 1996;2:345–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serour, GI, Aboulghar, M, Mansour, R, et al. Complications of medically assisted conception in 3500 cycles. Fertil Steril 1998;70:638–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Govaerts, F, Devreker, F, Delbaere, A, Revelard, PH, Englert, Y. Short-term medical complications of 1500 Oocyte retrievals for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Eur J Obstet Gynec and Reprod Biol 1998;239–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemetti, R, Sevon, T, Gissler, M, Hemminki, E. Complication of IVF and ovulation induction. Hum Reprod 2005;20:12:3293–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broat, D, Bernardus, R, Gerris, J. Anonymous reports of lethal cases of ovarian Hyperstimulation syndrome. In (Eds) Gerris, J, Delvigne, A, Olivennes, F. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. Informa Health Care, 2006;59–70.Google Scholar
Serour, GI. Clinical manifestations of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. In (Eds) Gerris, J, Delvigne, A, Olivennes, F. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. Informa Health Care, 2006;25–40.Google Scholar
Bamford, PM, Steele, SJ. Uterine and ovarian carcinoma in a patient receiving gonadotropin therapy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1982;89:962–964.Google Scholar
Schenker, JG, Ezra, Y. Complications of assisted reproductive techniques. Fertil Steril 1994; 61:411–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, SC, Spirtas, R, Alexander, NJ. Do fertility drugs cause ovarian tumors?J Women's Health 1995;4:247–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heintz, AP, Hacker, NF, Lagasse, LD. Epidemiology and etiology of ovarian cancer: a review. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:127–135.Google ScholarPubMed
Nugent, D, Salha, O, Balen, AH, et al. Ovarian neoplasis subfertility treatments. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1998;105:584–591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fathalla, MF. Incessant ovulation: a factor in ovarian neoplasis?Lancet 1971;2:163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajicek, L. Prevention of ovarian cystomas by inhibition of ovulation: a new concept. J Reprod Med 1978;2:114.Google Scholar
Stadel, BV. The etiology and prevention of ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;123:772–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, MB. The epidemiology of ovarian cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:729–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bengtsson, M, Rydstrom, J. Regulation of carcinogen metabolism in the rat ovary by the estrous cycle and gonadotropin. Science 1983;219:1437–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bengtsson, M, Hamberger, L, Rydstrom, J. Metabolism of 17,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene by different types of cells in human ovary. Xenobiotica 1988;18:1255–1270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ron, E, Lunenfeld, B, Menczer, J, et al. Cancer incidence in a cohort of infertile women. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125:780–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shu, XO, Brinton, , Gao, YT, et al. Population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer in Shanghai. Cancer Res 1989;49:3670–3674.Google ScholarPubMed
Whittemore, AS, Harris, R, Itnyre, J, et al. The Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 U.S. case-control studies. I. Methods. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1175–1183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittemore, AS, Harris, R, Itnyre, J. The Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 U.S. case-control studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1184–1203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, R, Whittemore, AS, Itnyre, J. The Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 U.S. Case-control studies. III. Epithelial tumors of low malignant potential in white women. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1204–1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossing, MA, Daling, JR, Weiss, NS, et al. Ovarian tumors in a cohort of infertile women. N Engl J Med 1994;331:771–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shushan, A, Paltiel, O, Iscovich, J, et al. Human menopausal gonadotropin and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Fertil Steril 1996;65:13–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venn, A, Watson, L, Lumley, J, et al. Breast and ovarian cancer incidence after infertility and in vitro fertilization. Lancet 1995; 346:995–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parazzini, F, Negri, E, Vecchia, C, et al. treatment for infertility and risk of invasive epithelial cancer. Hum Reprod 1997; 12:2159–2161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosgaard, BJ, Lidegaard, O, Kjaer, SK, et al. Infertility, fertility drugs, and invasive ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Fertil Steril 1997;67:1005–1012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klip, H, Burger, CW, Kenemans, P, Leeuween, V. Cancer risk associated with subfertility and ovulation induction: a review. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:319–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahdavi, A, Pejovic, T, Nezhat, F. Induction of ovulation and ovarian cancer: A critical review of the literature. Fertil Steril 2006;85:4:819–826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braga, C, Negri, E, Vecchia, C, et al. Fertility treatment and risk of breast cancer. Hum Reprod 1996;11:300–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venn, A, Watson, L, Bruinsma, F, Giles, G, Healy, D. Risk of cancer after use of fertility drugs with in vitro fertilization. Lancet 1999;354:1586–1590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, L, Scoccia, B, Moghissi, KS, Westhoff, CL, Althuis, MD, Mabie, JE, Lamb, EJ. Breast cancer risk associated with ovulation stimulation drugs. Hum Reprod 2004;19(9):2005–2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannes, CB, Caro, JJ, Hartz, SC, et al. Adverse effects of ovulatory stimulants – a review. Assist Reprod Rev 1993;3: 68–74.Google Scholar
Flam, F, Lundstrom, V, Lindstedt, J, et al. Choriocarcinoma of the fallopian tube associated with induced superovulation in an IVF program: a case report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989;33:183–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, TC, Hindle, JE. Adverse local reaction to intramuscular injections of urinary-derived gonadotrophins. Hum Reprod 1993; 8:1835–1836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harika, G, Gabriel, R, Quereux, C, et al. Hypersensitization to human menopausal gonadotropins with anaphylactic shock syndrome during a fifth in vitro fertilization cycle. J Assist Reprod Genet 1994;11:51–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redfearn, A, Hughes, EG, O'Connor, M, et al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to human gonadotropin: case report. Fertil Steril 1995;64:855–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, AW. Optic neuropathy associated with clomiphene citrate therapy. Fertil Steril 1994;61:390–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, JC, Guarnaccia, M, Weiss, SF, Sauer, MV, Choi, JM. Initial presentation of undiagnosed acute intermittent porphyria as a rare complication of ovulation induction. Fertil Steril 2006; 86:2:462–e1–e3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steptoe, PC, Edwards, RG. Reimplantation of a human embryo with subsequent tubal pregnancy. Lancet 1976;1:880–882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dellenbach, P, Nisand, I, Moreau, L, et al. Transvaginal sonographically controlled ovarian follicle puncture for egg retrieval. Lancet 1984;1:1467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feichtinger, W, Kemeter, P. Laparoscopic or ultrasonically guided follicle aspiration for in vitro fertilization?J In Vitro Fertil Embryo Transfer 1984;1:244–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ludwig, AK, Glawatz, M, Griesinger, G, Diedrich, K, Ludwig, M. Perioperative and postoperative complications transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval. Prospective of study of >1000 oocyte retrievals. Hum Reprod 2006;21:12:3235–3240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, RS, Wheeler, C, Mastroianni, L, et al. Pelvic infection after transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum retrieval. Fertil Steril 1988;49:726–728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennet, SJ, Waterstone, JJ, Cheng, WC, et al. Complications of transvaginal ultrasound-directed follicle aspiration. A review of 2670 consecutive procedures. J Assist Reprod Genet 1993;10:72–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoccia, B, Marcovici, I, Brandt, T. Uterine abscess after ultrasound guided ovum retrieval in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program: case report and review of the literature. J Assist Reprod Genet 1992;9:285–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coccia, ME, Becattini, C, Bracco, GL, et al. Acute abdomen following dermoid cyst rupture during transvaginal ultrasonographically guided retrieval of oocytes. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1897–1899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, WR, Haines, CJ, Matthews, CD, et al. Traumatic ureteric obstruction secondary to oocyte recovery for in vitro fertilization: a case report. J In Vitro Fertil Embryo Transfer 1989;6:186–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuwinger, J, Todorow, S, Wildt, L. Ureteral obstruction: a complication of oocyte retrieval. Fertil Steril 1994;61:787 (Letter).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coroleu, B, Lopez Mourelle, FL, Hereter, L, et al. Ureteral lesion secondary to vaginal ultrasound follicular puncture for oocyte recovery in in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 1997; 12:948–950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, PB, Price, T, Nichols, JE Jr., Hill, L. Acute ureteral obstruction following transvaginal oocyte retrieval for IVF. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1:137–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, JG, Huchko, MJ, Kavic, S, Sauer, MV. Rectus sheath hematoma after transvaginal follicle aspiration: a rare complication of in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2005;84(1):217.e1–e3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayestaran, C, Matorras, R, Gomez, S, Arce, D, Rodriguez- Escudero, F. Severe bradycardia and bradypnea following vaginal oocyte retrieval: a possible toxic effect of paracervical mepivacaine. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol 2000;91:71–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azem, F, Wolf, Y, Botchan, A, Amit, A, Lessing, JB, Kluger, Y. Massive retroperitoneal bleeding: a complication of transvaginal ultrasonography-guided oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 2000;74:2:405–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cho, MM, McGovern, PG, Colon, JM. Vaginal perforation during transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in a woman undergoing multiple cycles of assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 2004;81(6):1695–1696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almog, B, Rimon, E, Yovel, I, Bar-Am, A, Amit, A, Azem, F. Vertebral osteomyelitis: a rare complication of transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval. Fertil Steril 2000;73(6):1250–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wehner-Caroli, J, Schreiner, T, Schippert, W, Lischka, G, Fierlbeck, G, Rassner, G. Anaphylactic reaction to bovine serum albumin after embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 1998;70:4:771–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupka, MS, Dorn, C, Richter, O, Felderbaum, R, Ven, H. Impact of reproductive history on in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome: evidence from the German IVF Registry. Fertil Steril 2003;80:508–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schieve, , Tatham, L, Peterson, HB, Tones, J, Jeng, G. Spontaneous abortion among pregnancies conceived using assisted reproductive technology in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:959–967.Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, JX, Norman, RJ, Wilcox, AJ. Incidence of spontaneous abortion among pregnancies produced by assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod 2004;19:272–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, J, Sullivan, EA, Dean, JH. Supplement to assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand. Assist Reproductive Technology Series. Number 8. Publication of AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit, no. PER 26, Sydney, Australia, 2004.Google Scholar
Dubuisson, JB, Aubriot, FX, Mathieu, L, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in 556 pregnancies after in vitro fertilization: implications for preventive management. Fertil Steril 1991; 56:686–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asung, E, Cuckle, HS, Dirnfeld, M, Grudzinskas, GJ. Ectopic pregnancy following IVF/ICSI-ET in the United Kingdom, HFEA Register (1991–1999). Abstracts of the 19th Annual meeting of ESHRE, Madrid, Spain, 2003:xviii34–xviii35.Google Scholar
Rebic-Pucelj, M, Tomazevic, T, Vogler, A, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 1995;12:594–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agarwal, SK, Wisot, AL, Garzo, G, et al. Cornual pregnancies in patients with prior salpingectomy undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 1996;65:659–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbab, F, Boulieu, D, Bied, V, et al. Uterine rupture in first or second trimester of pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1120–1122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus, SF, Macnamee, M, Brinsden, P. The prediction of ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1995;10:2165–2168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mol, BWJ, Venn, F, Hajenius, PJ, et al. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 1997;68:1027–1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dicken, D, Goldman, F, Felding, D, et al. Heterotopic pregnancy after IVF-ET: report of a case and a review of the literature. Hum Reprod 1989;4:335–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vroe, RW, Pratt, JH. Simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1948;56:1119–1123.Google Scholar
Tal, J, Haddad, S, Gordon, N, et al. Heterotopic pregnancy after ovulation induction and assisted reproductive technologies: a literature review from 1971 to 1993. Fertil Steril 1996; 66:1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Westergaard, HB, Tranberg Johansen, AE, Erb, K, Nyboe Andersen, A. Danish National IVF Registry 1994 and 1995. Treatment pregnancy outcome and complications during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:384–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tummon, IS, Whitmore, NA, Daniel, SA, et al. Transferring more embryos increases risk of heterotopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1994;61:1065–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasum, M, Grizelj, V, Simunic, V. Simultaneous bilateral tubal pregnancy following in vitro-fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1998;13:465–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, C-C, Wu, T-H, Tsai, H-D, et al. Bilateral simultaneous tubal sextuples: pregnancy after in-vitro fertilization- embryo transfer following salpingectomy. Hum Reprod 1998;13:762–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, LS, Kiely, JL, Melvin, CL, et al. Assisted reproduction technologies: estimates of their contribution to multiple births and newborn hospital days in the United States. Fertil Steril 1996;65:361–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seoud, MA, Toner, JP, Kruithoff, C, Muasher, SJ. Outcome of twin, triple and quadruplet in in-vitro fertilization pregnancies: the Nor Folk experience. Fertil Steril 1992;57:825–834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, Y, Shimizu, T, Hayakawa, K. Incidence of handicaps in multiple births and associated factors. Acta Genet Med Gemellol 1995;44:81–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergh, T, Ericson, A, Hillensjo, T, et al. Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilization in Sweden 1982-95: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 1999;354:1579–1585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, OK. Elective single-embryo transfer. Has its time arrived?N Engl J Med 2004;351:2440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldfarb, J, Kinzer, DJ, Boyle, M, Kurit, D. Attitudes of in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination couples towards multiple gestation pregnancy and multifetal pregnancy reduction. Fertil Steril 1996;65:815–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ESHRE Campus Report. Prevention of twin pregnancies after IVF/ICSI by single embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 2001;16:4:790–800.
Vayena, E, Rowe, P, Griffin, P. Current practices and controversies in assisted reproduction. WHO Report of a meeting on Medical, Ethical and Social Aspects of Assisted Reproduction 17–21 September 2001. WHO, 2002, Geneva.Google Scholar
Templeton, A. Avoiding multiple pregnancies in ART. Replace as many embryos as you like – one at a time. Hum Reprod 2000;15:8:1662–1665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunault, CC, Eijkemans, MJC, Pieters, MHEC, te Velde, ER, Habbema, JDF, Fasuer, BCJM, Macklon, N. A prediction model for selecting patients undergoing in vitro fertilization for elective single embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 2002;77(4):725–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panadian, Z, Bhattacharya, S, Ozturk, O, Serour, GI, Templeton, A. Number of embryos for transfer following in-vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Cochrane Review 25/8/2004. Human Reprod 2005;20(10):2681–2687.Google Scholar
Gerris, J, Neubourg, D, Mangelschots, K, et al. Prevention of twin pregnancy after in-vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection based on strict embryo criteria: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2581–2587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martikainen, H, Tiitinen, A, Candido, T, et al. One versus two embryo transfer after IVF and ICSI: a randomised study. Hum Reprod 2001;16(9):1900–1903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiitinen, A, Halttunen, M, Harkki, P. Elective single embryo transfer: the value of cryopreservation. Hum Reprod 2001;16(6):1140–1144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thurin, A, et al. Elective single embryo transfer versus double-embryo transfer in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helmerhorst, FM, Perquin, DA, Donker, D, Keirse, MJ. Perinatal outcome of singletons and twins after assisted conception: a systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2004;328:261–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, RA, Gibson, KA, Wu, YW, Croughan, MS. Perinatal outcomes in singletons following in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:551–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draper, ES, Kurinczuk, JJ, Abrams, KR, Clarke, M. Assessment of separate contributions to perinatal mortality of infertility history and treatment: a case-control analysis. Lancet 1999;353:1746–1749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapiteijn, K, Bruijn, CS, Boer, E, Craen, AJM, Burger, CW, Leeuwen, FE, Helmerhost, FM. Does subfertility explain the risk of poor perinatal outcome after IVF and ovarian hyperstimulation?Hum Reprod 2006;21(12):3228–3234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, MP, Friedman, BE, Shen, S, Dobson, AT, Shaline, LK, Cedars, MI. UCSF, San Francisco, CA. The effect of a vanishing twin on perinatal outcomes. Fertil Steril 2005;84(1):1–2.Google Scholar
Neubourg, D, Gerris, J, Mangelschots, K, Royen, E, Vercruyssen, M, Steylemans, A, Elseviers, M. The obstetrical and neonatal outcome of babies born after single-embryo transfer in IVF/ICSI compares favourably to spontaneously conceived babies. Hum Reprod 2006;21(4):1041–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO. Recent advances in medically assisted conception. Report of WHO Scientific Group (Co-Rapporteur) Geneva (820). 1992.
Ludwig, M, Schopper, B, Katalinic, A, et al. Experience with the elective transfer of two embryos under the conditions of the German embryo protection law: results of a retrospective data analysis of 2573 transfer cycles. Hum Repord 2000;1(5):319–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serour, GI. Multiple pregnancy. An ongoing epidemic. What can we do about it?Egyptian J Fertil Steril 2006;10(2):1–4.Google Scholar
FIGO Ethics Committee guidelines. Ethical recommendations on multiple pregnancy and multifetal reduction. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2006;92(3):331–332.CrossRef
Goldman, JA, Ashkenazi, J, Ben-David, M, Feldberg, D, Dicker, D, Voliovitz, I. First trimester bleeding in clinical IVF pregnancies. Hum Reprod 1988;3:807–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dantas, ZN, Singh, AP, Karachalios, P, Asch, RH, Balmaceda, JP, Stone, SC. Vaginal bleeding and early pregnancy outcome in an infertile population. J Assist Reprod Genet 1996;13:212–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, G, Gundrun, C, Drake, L, Bertsche, A. Frequency and effect of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy outcome during the first 3 weeks after positive B-hCG test results following IVF-ET. Fertil Steril 2000;74:609–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pezeshki, K, Feldman, J, Stein, , Lobel, SM, Grazi, RV. Bleeding and spontaneous abortion after therapy for infertility. Fertil Steril 2000;74:504–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everett, C. Incidence and outcome of bleeding before the 20th week of pregnancy: prospective study from general practice. BMJ 1997;315:32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutter, PD, Bontinck, J, Schutysers, V, Elst J, , Gerris, J, Dhont, M. First-trimester bleeding and pregnancy outcome in singletons after assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod 2006; 21(7):1907–1911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallo, CP, Vohr, B, Oh, W, Rubin, LP, Seifer, DB, Haning, VR Jr. Maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with in vitro fertilization. J Pediatr 1995;127(5):794–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romundstad, LB, Romundstad, PR, Sunde, A, During, VV, Skjaerven, R, Vatten, LJ. Increased risk of placenta previa in pregnancies following IVF/ICSI; a comparison of ART and non-ART pregnancies in the same mother. Hum Reprod 2006;21(9):2353–2358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, SL, Doyle, P, Campbell, S, et al. Obstetric outcome of in vitro fertilization pregnancies compared with normally conceived pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:778–784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinsden, PR, Rizk, B. The obstetric outcome of assisted conception treatment. Assist Reprod Rev 1992;2:116–125.Google Scholar
Tallo, CP, Vohr, B, Oh, W, et al. Maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with in vitro fertilization. J Pediatr 1995;127:794–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivennes, F, Rufat, P, Andre, B, et al. The increased risk of complication observed in singleton pregnancies resulting from in-vitro fertilization (IVF) does not seem to be related to the IVF method itself. Hum Reprod 1993;8:1297–1300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanbo, T, Dale, PO, Lunde, O, et al. Obstetric outcome in singleton pregnancies after assisted reproduction. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:188–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reubinoff, BE, Samueloff, A, Ben-Haim, M, et al. Is the obstetric outcome of in vitro fertilize singleton gestation different from nature ones? A controlled study. Fertil Steril 1997;67:1077–1083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maman, E, Lunenfeld, E, Levy, A, et al. Obstetric outcome of singleton pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization and ovulation induction compared with those conceived spontaneously. Fertil Steril 1998;70:240–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mouzon, J, Lancaster, P. International Working Group for Registers on Assisted Reproduction: World Collaborative Report on In Vitro Fertilization Preliminary data for 1995. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997;14 (Suppl):251S–265S.Google Scholar
Report of the Working Party on Children Conceived by In Vitro Fertilization. Births in Great Britain Resulting from Assisted Conception, 1978–87. BMJ 1990;300:1229–1233.
Doyle, P, Beral, V, Maconochie, N. Preterm delivery, low birth weight and small-for-gestational-age in liveborn singleton babies resulting from in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 1992;7:425–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rufat, P, Olivennes, F, Mouzon, J, et al. Task force report on the outcome of pregnancies and children conceived by in vitro fertilization (France: 1987 to 1989). Fertil Steril 1994;61:324–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FIVNAT (French in Vitro National). Pregnancies and births resulting from in vitro fertilization: French national registry, analysis of data 1986 to 1990. Fertil Steril 1995;64:746–756.CrossRef
Dhont De Nuebourg, F, Elst, J, et al. Perinatal outcome of pregnancies after assisted reproduction: a case-control study. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997;14:575–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Addor, V, Santos-Eggimann, B, Fawer, C-L, et al. Impact of infertility treatments on the health of newborns. Fertil Steril 1998:69:210–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinborg, A, Loft, A, Schmidt, L, Andersen, AN. Morbidity in a Danish National cohort of 472 IVF/ICSI twins, 1132 non-IVF/ICSI twins and 634 IVF/ICSI singletons: health-related and social implications for the children and their families. Hum Reprod 2003;18:6:1234–1243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinborg, A, Loft, A, Rasmussen, S, Schmidt, L, Langhoff-Roos, J, Greisen, G, Andresen, AN. Neonatal outcome in a Danish national cohort of 3438 IVF/ICSI and 10 362 non-IVF/ICSI twins born between 1995 and 2000. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:2:435–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soderstrom-Anttila, V, Salokorpi, T, Pihlaja, M, Serenius-Sirve, S, Suikkari, A-M. Obstetric and perinatal outcome and preliminary results of development of children born after in vitro maturation of oocytes. Hum Reprod 2006;21(6):1508–1513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meschede, D, Lemcke, B, Behre, HM, Greyer, C, Nieschlag, E, Horst, J. Clustering of male factor infertility in the families of couples treated with intra cytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1604–1608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergh, T, Ericson, A, Hillensjo, T, et al. Delivery and children born after in vitro fertilization in Sweden 1982-1995. A retrospective cohort study. Lancet 1999;1579–1585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericson, A, Kallen, B. Congenital malformations in infants born after IVF: a population-based study. Hum Reprod 2001;16:504–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koivurova, S, Hartikainen, AL, Gissler, M, Hemminki, E, Sovio, U, Jarvelin, MR. Neonatal outcome and congenital malformations in children born after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2002;17:5:1391–1398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hancen, M, Kurinczuk, JJ, Bower, C, Webb, S. The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med 2002;346:725–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonduelle, M, Liebaers, I, Deketelaere, V, Derde, MP, Camus, M, Devroey, P, Steirteghem, A. Neonatal Data on a cohort of 2889 infants born after ICSI (1991–1999) and of 2995 infants born after IVF (1983–1999). Hum Reprod 2002;17:671–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wennerholm, U-B, Bergh, C, Hamberger, L, Lundin, K, Nilsson, L, Wikland, M, Kallen, B. Incidence of congenital malformation in children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod 2000;15:944–948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonduelle, M, Assche, E, Joris, H, Keymolen, K, Devroey, P, Steirteghem, A, Liebaers, I. Prenatal testing in ICSI pregnancies: incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 1586 karyotypes and relation to sperm parameters. Hum Reprod 2002; 17:2600–2614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernardini, L, Gianaroli, L, Fortini, D, Conte, N, Magli, C, Cavani, S, Gaggero, G, Tindiglia, C, Ragni, N, Venturini, PL. Frequency of hyper-hypohaploidy and diploidy in ejaculated, epididymal and testicular germ cells of infertile patients. Hum Reprod 2000;15:2165–2172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aytoz, A, Camus, M, Tournaye, H, Bonduelle, M, Steirteghem, A, Devroey, P. Outcome of pregnancies after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and the effect of sperm origin and quality on this outcome. Fertil Steril 1998;70:5000–5005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levron, J, Aviram-Goldring, A, Madgar, I, Raviv, G, Barkai, G, Dor, J. Sperm chromosome abnormalities in men with severe male factor infertility who are undergoing in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2001; 76:479–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mateizel, I, Verheyen, G, Assche, E, Tournaye, H, Liebaers, I, Steirteghem, A. FISH analysis of chromosome X, Y and 18 abnormalities in testicular sperm from azoospermic patients. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2249–2257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, RH, Greene, C, Rademaker, A, Barclay, L, Ko, E, Chernos, J. Chromosome analysis of spermatozoa extracted from tests of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:1121–1124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wennerholm, U-B, Bergh, C, Hamberger, L, Westlander, G, Wikland, M, Wood, M. Obstetric outcome of pregnancies following ICSI, classified according to sperm origin and quality. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1189–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ludwig, M, Katalinic, A. Malformation rate in fetuses and children conceived after ICSI: results of a prospective cohort study. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;5:171–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernaeve, V, Bonduelle, M, Tournaye, H, Camus, M, Steirteghem, A, Devroey, P. Pregnancy outcome and neonatal data of children born after ICSI using testicular sperm in obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2003;18(10):2093–2097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tracy Hampton, B. Panel reviews health effects data for assisted reproductive technologies. J Am Med Assoc 2004;292(24):2961–2962.Google Scholar
Maher, ER, Afnan, M, Barratt, HL. Epigenetic risks related to assisted reproductive technologies: epigenetics, imprinting, ART and icebergs?Hum Reprod 2003;18(12):2508–2511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suteliffe, AG, D'Souza, SWD, Codman, J, et al. Minor congenital anomalies, major congenital malformations and development in children conceived from cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod 1995;10:3332–3337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivennes, F, Schneider, Z, Remy, V, et al. Perinatal outcome and follow up of 82 children aged 1–9 years old conceived from cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1565–1568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wennerholm, UB, Hamberger, L, Nilson, L, et al. Obstetric and perinatal outcome of children conceived from cryopreserved embryos. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1819–1825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antinori, M, Licata, E, Dani, G, Cerusico, F, Versaci, C, Antinori, S. Cryotop vetrification of human oocytes results in high survival rate and healthy deliveries. RBM Online 2007;14(1):72–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Thepot, F, Mayaux, MJ, Czylick, F, et al. Incidence of birth details after artificial insemination with frozen donor spermatozoa: a collaborative study of the French CECOS Federation on 11.535 pregnancies. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2319–2323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahlstedt, PP, Macduff, S, Bernstein, L. Emotional factors and the in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer process. J In Vitro Fertil Embryo Transfer 1987;4:232–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baram, D, Tourtelot, E, Muechler, E, et al. Psychosocial adjustment following unsuccessful in vitro fertilization. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1988;9:181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, CR, Hearn, MT, Yuzpe, AA. Psychological assessment and follow up after in vitro fertilization: assessing the impact of failure. Fertil Steril 1990;54:879–886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, P, Emery, J, Laeberman, BA. A prospective, longitudinal study of emotions and relationships in vitro fertilization treatment. Hum Reprod 1997;12:183–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balen, F, Naaktgeboren, N, Trimbos-Kemper, TCM. In-vitro fertilization the experience of treatment, pregnancy and delivery. Hum Reprod 1996;11:95–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boivin, J, Taketman, JE. Impact of the in-vitro fertilization process on emotional, physical and relational variables. Hum Reprod 1996;11:903–907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colpin, H, Soenen, S. Parenting and psychological development of IVF children: a follow up study. Hum Reprod 2002; 17(4):1116–1123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garel, M, Blondel, B. Assessment at one year of the psychological consequences of having triplets. Hum Reprod 1992;7:729–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garel, M, Salobir, C, Blondel, B. Psychological consequences of having triplets: a 4 year follow-up study. Fertil Steril 1997; 67:1162–1165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callahan, TL, Hall, JE, Ettner, SL, et al. The economic impact of multiple-gestation pregnancies and the contribution of assisted-reproduction techniques to their incidence. N Engl J Med 1994;331:244–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldfarb, JM, Austin, C, Lisbona, H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of in vitro fertilization. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:18–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumann, PJ, Gharib, SD, Weinstein, MC. The cost of a successful delivery with in vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:239–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serour, GI, Aboulghar, M, Mansour, RT. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in Egypt. Int J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;36:49–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×