Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:46:00.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - The Bronze Age Chariot and Wool Horizons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2023

Edited by
Kristian Kristiansen ,
Guus Kroonen  and
Eske Willerslev
Kristian Kristiansen
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Guus Kroonen
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Eske Willerslev
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
 , pp. 245 - 286
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Agapov, S. A. 2010. Khvalynsk Copper Age cemeteries and Khvalynsk Copper Age cultures. The research of materials. Samara: Ofort Press.Google Scholar
Allentoft, M. E., et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522: 167–172.Google Scholar
Ammerman, A. J., & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.. 1984. The Neolithic transition and the genetics of populations in Europe. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Andreeva, M. V. 2009. Traditsii i novatsii v pogrebal’nom obryade katakombn’íkh plemen severo-vostochnogo Predkavkaz’ya [Traditions and innovations in the funeral ceremony of the Catacomb tribes in northeast Ciscaucasia]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arheologii 223: 101–115.Google Scholar
Anthony, D. W. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language : How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anthony, D. W. 1990. Migration in archaeology: The baby and the bathwater. American Anthropologist 92: 895–914.Google Scholar
Anthony, D. W., & Vinogradov, N. B.. 1995. Birth of the chariot. Archaeology 48: 36–41.Google Scholar
Brownrigg, G. 2006. Horse control and the bit. In: Olsen, S. L., Grant, S., Choyke, A. M., & Bartosiewicz, L. (eds.), Horses and humans: The evolution of human-equine relationships, 165–171. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Chechushkov, I. V., & Epimakhov, A. V.. 2018. Eurasian Steppe chariots and social complexity during the Bronze Age. Journal of World Prehistory 31: 435–483.Google Scholar
Chechushkov, I. V., Epimakhov, A. V., & Bersenev, A. G.. 2018. Early horse bridle with cheekpieces as a marker of social change: An experimental and statistical study. Journal of Archaeological Science 97: 125–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chernykh, E. N. 1992. Ancient metallurgy in the USSR: The Early Metal Age. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chernykh, E. N. 2008. The “steppe belt” of stockbreeding cultures in Eurasia during the Early Metal Age. Trabajos de Prehistoria 65: 79–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, K., Dolukhanov, P. M., Sarson, G. R., Shukurov, A., & Zaitseva, G. I.. 2009. Multiple sources of the European Neolithic: Mathematical modelling constrained by radiocarbon dates. Quaternary International 203: 10–18.Google Scholar
Dergachev, V. A. 2007. O skipetrakh, o loshadyakh, o voyne [On scepters, horses, and war]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya.Google Scholar
Gak, E. I., Antipina, E. E., Lebedeva, E. Y., & Kaiser, E.. 2019. The economic pattern of the Middle Don Catacomb culture settlement of Rykan-3. Russian Archaeology 2: 19–34.Google Scholar
Gening, V. F. 1977. Mogilnik Sintashta i Problema Rannikh Indoiranskikh Plemyen [The Sintashta cemetery and the problem of Early Indo-Iranian migration]. Soviet Archaeology 4: 53–73.Google Scholar
Gorotsov, V. A. 1927. Bronzovyy vek na territorii SSSR [The Bronze Age on the territory of the USSR]. In: Shmidt, O. U. (ed.) Great Soviet encyclopedia, 610–626. Moscow: Great Soviet Encyclopedia.Google Scholar
Grigoriev, S. A. 2002. Ancient Indo-Europeans. Chelyabinsk: RIFEI.Google Scholar
Hanks, B. K., Epimakhov, A. V., & Renfrew, C.. 2007. Towards a refined chronology for the Bronze Age of the Southern Urals, Russia. Antiquity 81: 352–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izbitser, E. 2017. “Arba” models and a burial with wagons from Kurgan 9 of the Tri Brata I Cemetery. In: Vishnyatsky, L. B. (ed.), Ex Ungue Leonem, 130–138. Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria.Google Scholar
Kantorovich, A. R., Maslov, V. Y., & Petrenko, V. G.. 2013. Pogrebeniya maykopskoy kul’tury kurgana 1 mogil’nika Mar’inskaya-5 [Burials of the Maykop culture of the Maryinskaya-5 Cemetery, Kurgan 1]. In Belinskiy, A. B. (ed.), Materialy po izucheniyu istoriko-kul’turnogo naslediya Severnogo Kavkaza, 71–108. Moscow: Pamyatniki istoricheskoy mysli.Google Scholar
Klejn, L. S., Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Reich, D., Kristiansen, K.., Sjögren, K.-G., Allentoft, M., Sikora, M., Willerslev, E.. 2017. Discussion: Are the origins of Indo-European languages explained by the migration of the Yamnaya culture to the west? European Journal of Archaeology 21: 1–15.Google Scholar
Korenevskiy, S. N., Belinskiy, A. B., & Kalmykov, A. A.. 2007. Bol’shoy Ipatovskiy kurgan na Stavropol’ye [The Great Mound of Ipatovsk in Stavropol Region]. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Korobkova, G. F., & Shaposhnikova, O. G.. 2005. Poseleniye Mikhaylovka - etalonnyy pamyatnik drevneyamnoy kul’tury [The settlement of Mikhailovka as a reference site of the Pit Grave culture]. Saint Petersburg: Evropeiskyi Dom.Google Scholar
Kuzmina, E. E. 2007. The origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Littauer, M. A., & Crouwel, J. H.. 1979. Vehicles and ridden animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden & Cologne: Brill.Google Scholar
Litvinenko, R. O. 2016. Kolisnyy transport u pokhovalʹniy paradyhmi kulʹtur postkatakombnoho bloku [Wheeled transport in the burial paradigm of post-Catacomb cultures]. In: Marina, Z. P. (ed.), Arheologiya ta etnologiyaa pivdnya Shidnoi Evropi, 129–140. Dnipro: Lira.Google Scholar
Matveyev, A. V., Volkov, Y. N., & Kostomarova, Y. V.. 2007. Materialy novykh raskopok Khripunovskogo mogil’nika [New material on the Khripunovskiy cemetery]. In: Vokhmettzhev, M. P. (ed.) Problemy arkheologii: Ural i Zapadnaya Sibir’ (k 70-letiyu T.M. Potemkinoy), 108–113. Kurgan: Izdatelstvo Kurganskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta.Google Scholar
Mimokhod, R. A. 2011. Radiocarbon chronology of post-Catacomb cultural units. Kratkie soobsheniya Instituta Arkheologii 263, 28–53.Google Scholar
Morgunova, N. L. 2014. Priuralskaya gruppa pamyatnikov v sisteme Volzhsko-Uralskogo varianta Yamnoyi kulturno-istoricheskoyi oblasti [The South Ural group of the Volga-Ural variant of the Yamnaya cultural and historical community]. Orenburg: Izdatelstvo OGPU.Google Scholar
Munchaev, R. M. 1973. Bronzovyye psalii maykopskoy kul’tury i problema voznik noveniya konevodstva na Kavkaze [Maikop culture bronze cheekpieces and the problem of horse breeding in the Caucasus], In: Munchaev, R. M. & Markovin, V. I. (eds.), Kavkaz i Vostochnaya Yevropa v drevnosti, 71–77. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Naumov, I. N. 2002. Khronologicheskiye ramki nachal’nykh etapov rasprostraneniya domashney loshadi i navykov yeye domestikatsii v povolzhsko-donskikh stepyakh [Chronological limits of the initial stages of spreading of the horse and horse domestication practice in the Volga-Don Steppes]. Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin 5: 11–23.Google Scholar
Pustovalov, S. Z. 2000. The “Tjagunova Mogila” burial mound and the problem of wheeled transport of the Pit Grave and Catacomb cultures epoch in Eastern Europe. Stratum Plus 2: 296–321.Google Scholar
Ramsey, B. C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51: 337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey, C. B., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., & Friedrich, M.. 2013. IntCal13 and marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55: 1869–1887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shishlina, N. I., Fernandez, R.. 2016. Radiouglerodnoye datirovaniye parnykh obraztsov iz zakhoroneniy kurgana 2 Lipetskogo mogil’nika [Radiocarbon dating of paired samples from graves of Kurgan 2 of the Lipetsk Cemetery]. Lipetskiy kurgan – pamyatnik elity dono-volzhskoy abashevskoy kul’tury: monografiya, 53–54. Lipetsk: Novyi Vzglyad.Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I., Kovalev, D. S., Ibragimova, E. R.. 2014. Catacomb culture wagons of the Eurasian steppes, Antiquity 88: 378–394.Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I., Skorobogatov, A. M., Kaiser, E., Usachuk, A. N.. 2015. Radiouglerodnoye datirovaniye parnykh obraztsov iz mogil’nika Rozhdestveno: rezul’taty analiza i obsuzhdeniye [Radiocarbon dating of paired samples from the Rozhdestvensky cemetery: Analysis of results and discussion]. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 17, 262–72.Google Scholar
Usmanova, E. R., Chechushkov, I. V., Kosintsev, P. A., Suslov, A. S., & Lachkova, M. K.. 2018. Loshad’ v dukhovnoy kul’ture i sotsial’nom ustroystve naseleniya uralo-kazakhstanskikh stepey (po materialam mogil’nika Novoil’inovskiy II) [The horse in spiritual culture and social structure in the Ural–Kazakhstan steppes (on materials from the Novoilinovsky II cemetery)]. In: Zdanovich, D. G. (ed.), Stepnaya Evraziya v epokhu bronzy: kul’tury, idei, tekhnologii, 198–215. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet.Google Scholar
Valchak, S. B. 2009. Konskoye snaryazheniye v pervoi treti I-go tys. do n.e. na yuge Vostochnoy Evropy [The horse harness of the first millenia BC in the south of Eastern Europe]. Moscow: Taus.Google Scholar
Zeleneyev, Y. A., & Yudin, A. I.. 2010. Kurgan u sela Dubovyi Gai [The Kurgan near the village of Dubovyi Gai]. In: Yudin, A. I. (ed.), Arkheologicheskiye pamyatniki Saratovskogo Pravoberezh’ya: ot ranney bronzy do srednevekov’ya, 134–155. Saratov: Izd-vo “Nauchnaya kniga.”Google Scholar

References

Anthony, David. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kuiper, F. B. J. 1991. Aryans in the Rigveda. Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubotsky, Alexander. 2001. The Indo-Iranian substratum. In: Carpelan, Christian, Parpola, Asko, & Koskikallio, Petteri (ed.), Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and archaeological considerations. Papers presented at an international symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki 8–10 January 1999 (Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 242), 301–317. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.Google Scholar
Lubotsky, Alexander, & Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2022. Indo-Aryan °(a)u̯artanna in the Kikkuli-treatise. In: Fellner, H., Malzahn, M., Peyrot, M. (ed.), lyuke wmer ra. Indo-European Studies in honor of Georges-Jean Pinault, 331–336. Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press.Google Scholar
Luneau, Élise. 2019. Climate change and the rise and fall of the Oxus Civilization in Southern Central Asia. In: Yang, L. E. et al. (ed.), Socio-environmental dynamics along the historical Silk Road, 275–299. Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 1998. A European perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia. In: Mair, Victor (ed.), The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern and Central Asia, 175–201. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Q.. 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. et al. 2019. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 365: eaat7487.Google Scholar
Parpola, Asko. 2015. The Mohenjo-daro axe-adze, a vestige of Aryan migration into the Indus Valley? Current World Archaeology 74: 14–5.Google Scholar
Parpola, Asko. 2017. Finnish vatsa ~ Sanskrit vatsá- and the formation of Indo-Iranian and Uralic languages. SUSA/JSFOu 96: 245–286.Google Scholar
Parpola, Asko. 2019. The mirror in Vedic India: Its ancient use and its present relevance in dating texts. Studia Orientalia Electronica 7: 1–29.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2003. Sanskrit kalyāṇa- interprété à la lumière des contacts en Asie centrale. Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 98(1): 123–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werba, Chlodwig. 2016. Ur(indo)arisches im Nūristānī: Zur historischen Phonologie des Indoiranischen. In: Byrd, Andrew M., DeLisi, Jessica, & Wenthe, Mark (ed.), Tavet Tat Satyam: Studies in honor of Jared S. Klein on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, 341–359. Ann Arbor & New York: Beech Stave Press.Google Scholar
Witzel, Michael. 2001. Autochthonous Aryans? The evidence from Old Indian and Iranian texts. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7(3): 1–115.Google Scholar
Witzel, Michael. 2003. Linguistic evidence for cultural exchange in prehistoric Western Central Asia. Sino-Platonic Papers 129: 1–70.Google Scholar

References

Alaeva, I. P., & Rassomakhin, M. A.. 2018. Sledy plavki medi v kolodce poselenija Chebarkul’ III. In: Yuminov, A. M., Zaykova, E. V., (ed.) Geoarheologija i arheologicheskaja mineralogija 2018, 112–7. Miass: Institut mineralogii UrO RAN.Google Scholar
Anthony, David. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bodewitz, Hendrik W. 1976. The daily evening and morning offering (Agnihotra) according to the Brāhmaṇas, Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Boyce, Mary. 1986. Apąm Napāt. In: Ehsan Yarshater (ed.), Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2, 148–150.Google Scholar
Chechushkov, I. V., Yakimov, A. S., Bachura, O. P., Chkhuen Yn, Ya., & Goncharova, E. N.. 2018. Obshchestvennoe ustrojstvo sintashtinsko-petrovskih kollektivov pozdnego bronzovogo veka i prichiny genezisa social’noj èlity (na primere poselenija Kamennyj Ambar v stepnom Zaural’e). Stratum Plus 2: 149–66.Google Scholar
Dumézil, Georges. 1963. Le puits de Nechtan, Celtica 6: 50–61.Google Scholar
Dumézil, Georges. 1973. Mythe et Épopée. Vol. 3. Paris: Editions Gallimard.Google Scholar
Epimakhov, A. V. 2005. Rannie kompleksnye obshchestva Severa Central’noj Evrazii (po materialam mogil’nika Kamennyj Ambar-5), Vol. 1. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinskij dom pechati.Google Scholar
Epimakhov, A. V., & Chuev, N. I.. 2011. Abashevskie i sintashtinskie pamjatniki: predvaritel’nye rezul’taty prostranstvennogo analiza. Vestnik arheologii, antropologii i ètnografii 2(15): 47–56.Google Scholar
Epimakhov, A. V., & Krause, R., 2013. Relative and absolute chronology of the Kamеnnyi Ambar (Olgino) settlement. In: Krause, R. & Koryakova, L. (ed.), Multidisciplinary investigations of the Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia), 129–46. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.Google Scholar
Fedorova, N. V., Noskevich, V. V., Ivanchenko, V. S., Bebnev, A. S., & Malikov, A. V.. 2013. Geofizicheskie metody issledovanija arheologicheskih pamjatnikov Sarym-Sakly i Vorovskaja Jama (Juzhnyj Ural). Ural’skij geofizicheskij vestnik 2: 46–53.Google Scholar
Findly, Ellison Banks. 1979. “Child of the Waters”: A revaluation of Vedic Apāṃ Napāt. Numen 26(2): 164–184.Google Scholar
Gening, V. F. 1977. Mogil’nik Sintashta i problema rannih indoiranskih plemen. Sovetskaja arheologija 4: 53–73.Google Scholar
Gening, V. F., Zdanovich, G. B., & Gening, V. V.. 1992. Sintashta: arheologicheskie pamjatniki arijskih plemen Uralo-Kazahstanskih stepej. Chelyabinsk: South Ural Press.Google Scholar
Gershevitch, Ilya. 1959. The Avestan hymn to Mithra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grigoriev, S. A. 2000. Metallurgicheskoe proizvodstvo na Juzhnom Urale v èpohu srednej bronzy. In: Ivanova, N. O. (ed.), Drevnjaja istorija Juzhnogo Zaural’ja. Kamennyj vek. Èpoha bronzy, 443–531. Chelyabinsk: South Urals State University Press.Google Scholar
Grigoriev, S. A. 2013. O nekotoryh osobennostjah funkcionirovanija i interpretacii kolodcev èpohi bronzy. In: Loman, V. G. (ed.), Arheologicheskie issledovaniya stepej Evrazii, 96–102. Karaganda: TENGRI Ltd.Google Scholar
Grigoriev, S. A. 2015. Metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Houben, Jan E. M. 2000. The ritual pragmatics of a Vedic hymn: The “riddle hymn” and the Pravargya ritual. Journal of the American Oriental Society 120(4): 499–536.Google Scholar
Jamison & Brereton = Jamison, Stephanie W. & Brereton, Joel P.. 2014. The Rigveda: The earliest religious poetry of India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jamison = Jamison, Stephanie W. Rigveda Translation: Commentary. http://rigvedacommentary.alc.ucla.edu.Google Scholar
Jendza, Craig. 2013. Theseus the Ionian in Bacchylides 17 and Indo-Iranian Apām Napāt. Journal of Indo-European Studies 41: 431–457.Google Scholar
Kellens, Jean. 1974. Les noms-racines de l’Avesta. Wiesbaden: Reichelt.Google Scholar
Klein, Jared S. 1985. Toward a discourse grammar of the Rigveda. 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Koryakova, L. N., & Kuz’mina, S. A.. 2017. Nekotorye osobennosti arhitektury ukreplennogo poselenija Kamennyj Ambar v kontekste obraza zhizni naselenija Juzhnogo Zaural’ja nachala II tys. do n. è. Ural’skij istoricheskij vestnik 1(54): 92–102.Google Scholar
Koryakova, L. N., & Epimakhov, A. V.. 2014. The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koryakova, L., Krause, R., Fornasier, J., Epimakhov, A., Sharapova, S., Berseneva, N., & Panteleeva, S.. 2013. Archaeological structures of the Kamennyi Ambar settlement. In: Krause, R. & Koryakova, L. (ed.), Multidisciplinary investigations of the Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia), 85–128. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Kosintzev, P. A., Bachura, O. P., Rassadnikov, A. Yu., & Kisagulov, A. V.. 2016. Zhivotnovodstvo u naselenija Juzhnogo Zaural’ja v èpohu pozdnej bronzy. In: Udal’cov, S. N. (ed.), Dinamika sovremennyh èkosistem v golocene, 102–4. Moscow: Tovarishchestvo nauchnyh izdanij KMK.Google Scholar
Krause, R., & Koryakova, L.. 2013. Multidisciplinary investigations of the Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia). Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.Google Scholar
Kuprijanova, E. V., & Zdanovich, D. G.. 2015. Drevnosti lesostepnogo Zaural’ja: Mogil’nik Stepnoe VII. Chelyabinsk: Ènciklopedia.Google Scholar
Logvin, A., & Ševnina, I.. 2013. Die Nekropole von Bestamak. In: Stollner, T. & Samasev, Z. (ed.), Unbekanntes Kasachstan. Archäologie im Herzen Asiens. Katalog zur Ausstellung des Deutschen Bergbau-Museums Bochum vom 26. Januar bis zum 30. Juni 2013, 231–44. Bochum: Deutschen Bergbau-Museum.Google Scholar
Lubotsky, Alexander. 2011. The origin of Sanskrit roots of the type sīv- “to sew,” dīv- “to play dice,” with an appendix on Vedic i-perfects. In: Jamison, S. W., Melchert, H. C., & Vine, B. (ed.), Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Indo-European Conference, 105–126. Bremen: Hempen.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Q.. 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London & Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Maljutina, T. S., & Petrova, L. Yu.. 2018. Kolodcy poselenija èpohi bronzy Kalmyckaja Molel’nja (Juzhnoe Zaural’e). In: Vybornov, A.A. (ed.), XXI Ural’skoe arheologicheskoe soveshchanie, 133–5. Samara: SGSPU.Google Scholar
Molodin, V. I., Epimakhov, A. V., & Marchenko, Z. V.. 2014. Radiouglerodnaja hronologija èpohi bronzy Urala i juga Zapadnoj Sibiri: Principy i podhody, dostizhenija i problemy. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija: Istorija, filologija 13(3): 136–67.Google Scholar
Müller, F. Max, 1868: Chips from a German workshop, 2nd ed., vol. 2. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Nikitin, A. Yu., & Rusanov, I. A.. 2011. Teplotehnicheskie sooruzhenija poselenija Arkaim (opyt rekonstrukcii). In: Bajtanaev, B. A. (ed.), Arheologiya Kazahstana v èpohu nezavisimosti: itogi, perspektivy. Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii, posvjashchennoj 20-letiju Nezavisimosti Respubliki Kazahstan i 20-letiju Instituta arheologii im. A.H. Margulana KN MON RK, Vol. 1, 307–13. Almaty.Google Scholar
Noskevich, V. V., Fedorova, N. V., Bebnev, A. S., Vdovin, A. G., & Mekhonoshina, T. L.. 2014. Rezul’taty issledovanija geofizicheskimi metodami arheologicheskogo pamjatnika bronzovogo veka gorodishche Andreevskoe (Yuzhnyj Ural). Ural’skij geofizicheskij vestnik 1: 72–80.Google Scholar
Oberlies, Thomas. 2012. Der Rigveda und seine Religion. Berlin: Verlag der Weltreligionen.Google Scholar
Oettinger, Norbert. 2009. Zum Verhältnis von Apąm Napāt- and Xvarənah- im Avesta. In: Pirart, E. & Tremblay, X. (ed.), Zarathushtra entre l’Inde et l’Iran, Études indo-iraniennes et indo-européennes offertes à Jean Kellens à l’occasion de son 65e anniversaire, 189–96. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Panaino, Antonio. 1990. Tištrya. The Avestan hymn to Sirius. Vol. 1 (Serie Orientale Roma 68.1). Rome: Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.Google Scholar
Panaino, Antonio. 1995. The origin of the Pahlavi name Burz “Apąm Napāt̰”: A semasiological study. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (Zsigmond Telegdi Memorial Volume): 117–126.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2013. Le vocabulaire et l’image du sourire dans les langues indo-européennes. In: Filliozat, P.-S. & Zink, M. (ed.), Sourires d’Orient et d’Occident, Journée d’études organisée par l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres et la Société Asiatique (11 décembre 2009), 17–45. Paris: Peeters Publishers.Google Scholar
Puhvel, Jaan. 1987. Comparative mythology. Baltimore & London: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Renou, Louis. 1953. Vocabulaire du rituel védique. Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Rühl, L., Koryakova, L. N., Krause, R., & Stobbe, A.. 2016. Wells of the fortified Bronze Age settlement Kamennyi Ambar (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia). In: Matveeva, N. P. (ed.), Èkologiya drevnih i tradicionnyh obshchestv, 187–92. Tyumen: Institut problem osvoenija Severa.Google Scholar
Rusanov, I. A., & Kupriyanov, V. A.. 2003. O funkcional’nom naznachenii kompleksa kolodec – pech’ (po materialam ukreplennogo poselenija Arkaim). In: Korusenko, M.A., Tikhonov, S. S., & Tomilov, N. A. (ed.), Integracija arheologicheskih i ètnograficheskih issledovanij, 231–2. Omsk: Nauka-Omsk.Google Scholar
Sadovski, Velizar. 2018. Indo-Iranian sacred texts and sacrificial practices: Structures of common heritage (Speech and performance in the Veda and Avesta, III). In: Braarvig, J. & Geller, M. J. (ed.), Studies in Multilingualism, Lingua Franca and Lingua Sacra, 357–388. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Edition Open Access (EOA).Google Scholar
Stobbe, A., Gumnior, M., Rühl, L., & Schneider, H.. 2016. Bronze Age human-landscape interactions in the southern Transural steppe, Russia: Evidence from high-resolution palaeobotanical studies. The Holocene 10: 1692–1710.Google Scholar
Tkachev, V. V. 2007. Stepi Juzhnogo Priural’ya i Zapadnogo Kazahstana na rubezhe epoh srednej i pozdnej bronzy. Aktobe: Aktjubinskij oblastnoj centr istorii, ètnografii i arheologii.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, N. B. 2003. Mogil’nik bronzovogo veka Krivoe Ozero v Juzhnom Zaural’e. Chelyabinsk: South Ural Press.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, N. B., & Epimakhov, A. V. (ed.). 2013. Drevnee Ust’e: ukreplennoe poselenie bronzovogo veka v Juzhnom Zaural’e. Chelyabinsk: Abris.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, D. G. (ed.). 2002. Arkaim: nekropol’ (po materialam kurgana 25 Bol’shekaraganskogo mogil’nika), Vol. 1. Chelyabinsk: South Ural Press.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, G. B., & Batanina, I. M.. 2002. Planography of the fortified centers of the Middle Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals according to aerial photography data. In: Jones-Blay, K. & Zdanovich, D. (ed.), Complex societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC, vol. 2, 121–38. Washington: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, G. B., Malyutina, T. S., & Zdanovich, D. G.. 2018. Arkaim. K issledovaniju vodosnabzhenija i vodopol’zovanija v drevnej Evrazii. In: Zdanovich, D. G. (ed.), Stepnaja Evrazija v èpohu bronzy: kul’tury, idei, tehnologii, 92–111. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk State University Press.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, G. B., Malyutina, T. S., & Zdanovich, D. G.. 2020. Arkaim. The archaeology of fortified settlements. Chelyabinsk: State University Publishing House.Google Scholar

References

Azarov, Euvgeny S. et al. 2016. Issledovaniye slozhnosostavnogo izdeliya epokhi bronzy iz mogilnika Berezovy Rog metodom gazovoy khromatografii [Study of a Bronze composite item from the Berezovy Rog burial ground by means of gas chromatography]. Kratkiye soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii (KSIA) – Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology 244: 391–407. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Bagautdinov, Riza S., & Vasilieva, Irina N.. 2004. Zolotaya Niva I i II kurganniye gruppy [Zolotaya Niva I and II kurgan groups]. Issues of archaeology of the Urals and the Volga Region [Voprosy archeologii Urala I Povolzhia] 2: 181–212. Samara: Samara Pedagogical Institute. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Fedorova-Davydova, Eleonora A., & Gorbenko, A. A.. 1974. Raskopki Shakhaevskoi kurgannoy gruppy v 1971 [Excavations of the Shakhaevsky kurgan group in 1971]. In: Kamenetsky, I. S. (ed.), Archaeological sites of the Lower Don Region [Drevnosti Podoniya], vol. 2, 81–136. Moscow: Nauka. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Frei, K. M., et al. 2009. Provenance of ancient textiles: A pilot study evaluating the strontium isotope system in wool. Archaeometry 51: 252–76.Google Scholar
Frei, K. M., et al. 2015. Tracing the dynamic life story of a Bronze Age female. Scientific Reports 5: article no. 10431.Google Scholar
Kalandadze, N., & Sakhvadze, E.. 2016. Textile discovered in Ananauri kurgan №3. In: Makharadze, Z., Kalandadze, N., & Murvanidze, B. (ed.), Ananauri big kurgan, 127–136. Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum.Google Scholar
Kupriyanova, Elena V. 2017. Elements of the female dress and jewelry from grave 1, Stepnoye VII burial ground, as an indicator of cultural heritage traditions. Social and Liberal Arts Sciences 17(3): 30–37. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Kvavadze, E., et al. 2015. The hidden side of ritual: New palynological data from Early Bronze Age Georgia, the Southern Caucasus. Journal of Archaeological Sciences: Report 2: 235–245.Google Scholar
Kvavadze, E., 2016. Palynological study of organic remains from the Ananauri kurgan. In: Makharadze, Z., Kalandadze, N., & Murvanidze, B. (ed), Ananauri big kurgan, 156–192. Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum.Google Scholar
Medvedeva, Polina S., et al. 2017. Drevneishiye svidetelstva tkachestva v Povolzhye (po materialam iz pamyatnikov potapovskogo tipa) [The earliest evidence of cloth-weaving in the Volga Region (artifacts from the Potapovo-type sites)]. Stratum Plus 2: 345–358. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Morozov, Yu. A. 1984. Kurganny mogilnik y s.Verkhnetavlykaevo epokhi bronzi [Bronze Age burial grounds near the village of Verkhnetavlykaevo]. In: Ivanov, V. I. (ed.), Nomadic sites of the Southern Urals: Collected papers [Pamyatniki kochevnikov Yuzhnogo Urala: sbornik nauchnykh trudov], 117–135. Ufa: BB of USSR AS. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Orfinskaya, Olga V., et al. 1999. Kompleksnoye eksperimentalnoye issledovaniye terstilya Evrasiyskikh stepey [The comprehensive experimental study of Bronze Age textile items from the Eurasian steppes]. In Shishlina, N. I. (ed.), Bronze Age textiles from the Eurasian steppes (Collected papers of the State Historical Museum 109), 58–185. Moscow: State Historical Museum. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Orfinskaya, Olga. V., & Golikov, V. P.. 2010. Eksperimentalnoye issledovaniye tekstilnykh izdely iz raskopok mogilnika Lasakovsky II [The experimental study of textile items from the excavations of the Lisakovsky II burial ground]. In: E.R. Usmanova Bronze Age Woman’s Costume. Reconstruction Experience. Application. Lisakovsk ; Karaganda : TAiS, 114–117. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Salnikov, K. V. 1967. Ocherki po drevney istorii yuzhnogo Urala [Essays on the ancient history of the Southern Urals]. Moscow: Nauka. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew. 1997. Economy and society in prehistoric Europe: Changing perspectives. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shilov, S. N., & Bogatenkova, A. A.. 2008. Pogrebeniya s zhenskimi ukrasheniyami iz Alakul’skogo mogil’nika epokhi bronzi [Burials with female jewelry at the Bronze Age Alakul burial ground]. In: Kupriyanova, E. V. (ed.), Ten’ zhenshchiny: zhenskiy kostyum epokhi bronzy kak «tekst» (po materialam nekropoley Yuzhnogo Zaural’ya i Kazakhstana [The shadow of a woman: Female dress of the Bronze Age as a “text” (based on the artifacts from necropolis of the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan], 217–235. Chelyabinsk: Avto Graf. [in Russian].Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I. 1999. Tekstil epokhi bronzy Prikaspiyskikh stepey [Bronze Age textiles from the Caspian Sea maritime steppes]. In: Shishlina, N. I. (ed.), Bronze Age textiles of the Eurasian steppes (Collected papers of the State Historical Museum 109), 7–58. Moscow: State Historical Museum. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I., Orfinskaya, O., & Golikov, V.. 2005. Headdress from the Catacomb culture grave of the Shakhaevskaya burial ground in the Rostov Region, Archaeological Textiles Newsletter. The University of Manchester 40, 6–9.Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I., & Larionova, Y. O.. 2013. Variatsii isotopnogo sostava strontsiya v obraztsakh sovremennykh ulitok yuga Rossii: perviye resultaty [Variations in the isotopic composition of strontium in the samples of contemporary snails from the Russian South: First results]. In: Belinsky, A. B. (ed.), Materials of historical and cultural heritage studies of the North Caucasus. Archaeology, studies of local lore, museum management studies 11, 159–168. Naslediye: Stavropol.Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I., et al. 2019. Sherstyaniye tkani epokhi bronzi yuzhnoy Sibiri: rezultaty technologicheskogo, izotopnogo i radiouglerodnogo analiza [Bronze Age wool textiles from South Siberia: Results of technological, isotope, and 14C data]. In: Kircho, L. B. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Antiquities of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Southern Siberia in the Context of Connections and Interactions in the Eurasian Cultural Space (New Data and Concepts), 257. St. Petersburg: IIMK.Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I., et al. 2020. Bronze Age Wool Textile of the Northern Eurasia: New Radiocarbon Data. Nanotechnologies in Russia 15(9/10): 629–638.Google Scholar
Tkachev, V. V. 2016. Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya kozhumberdinskoy kulturnoi gruppy na zapadnoy periferii alakuskogo regiona [Radiocarbon chronology of the Kozhumberdy cultural group on the western periphery of the Alakul Region]. Vestnik archeologii, antropologii I etnografii 3: 68–78. [in Russian].Google Scholar

References

Beekes, Robert. 1988. Laryngeal developments: A survey. In: Bammesberger, Alfred (ed.), Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems, 51–105. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert. 2010. Etymological dictionary of Greek. 2 vols. Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Eichner, Heiner. 1978. Die urindogermanische Wurzel *H2reu ‘hell machen’. Die Sprache 24: 144–62.Google Scholar
Flemestad, Peder, & Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2017. Sabellic textile terminology. In: Gaspar, Salvatore, Michel, Cécile, & Nosch, Marie-Louise (ed.), Textile terminologies from the Orient to the Mediterranean and Europe 1000 BC–1000 AD (Zea E-Books 56), 201–121. Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska at Lincoln.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Johannes, & Kammenhuber, Annelies. 2010. Hethitisches Wörterbuch, Band III/2: Ḫ/ḫe- bis ḫu-. Lieferung 19. Zweite, völlig neubearbeitete Auflage auf der Grundlage der edierten hethitischen Texte. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Frisk, Hjalmar. 1973–79. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Iversen, Rune & Kroonen, Guus. 2017. Talking Neolithic: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on How Indo-European Was Implemented in Southern Scandinavia. American Journal of Archaeology 121, 4: 511-25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimball, Sara E. 1999. Hittite historical phonology. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2006. Initial laryngeals in Anatolian. Historische Sprachforschung 119: 77–108.Google Scholar
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite inherited lexicon. Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
LIV2 = Kümmel, Martin, Zehnder, Thomas, Lipp, Reiner, & Schirmer, Brigitte (ed.). 1988. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. 2., erw. und verb. Aufl. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. & Adams, D. Q. (ed.). 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London & Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Melchert, H. Craig. 1994. Anatolian historical phonology. Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Oettinger, Norbert. 1976. Die Militärischen Eide der Hethiter (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 22). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 1999. The noun in biblical Armenian (Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 119). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2014. Latin -ll- and potential gemination by laryngeal. Handout from Sound of Indo-European 3, Opava.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2016. Latin vespillo ‘undertaker’:Calvert Watkins in memoriam. Journal of Indo-European Studies 44(1/2): 92–100.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2017. Armenian textile terminology. In: Gaspar, Salvatore, Michel, Cécile, & Nosch, Marie-Louise (ed.), Textile terminologies from the Orient to the Mediterranean and Europe 1000 BC–1000 AD (Zea E-Books 56), 188–200. Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska at Lincoln.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2018. Notes on the Indo-European terminology of sheep, wool and textile production. In: Iversen, Rune & Kroonen, Guus (ed.), Digging for words. Archaeoloinguistic case stories from the XV Nordic TAG Conference held at the University of Copenhagen 16–18 April 2015, 66–77. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2021. Latin -ll- and gemination by laryngeal. In: Hannes Fellner, Melanie Malzahn & Michaël Peyrot (ed.), lyuke wmer ra: Indo-European Studies in Honor of Georges-Jean Pinault, 226–237. Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press.Google Scholar
Peters, Martin. 1980. Untersuchungen zur Vertretung der indogermanischen Laryngale im Griechischen. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Peters, Martin. 1987. λῆνος aus *h2/3u̯l̥h1náh2-. Die Sprache 33: 114–115.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2016. Hittite and Indo-European wool. In: Marquardt, Henning, Reichmut, Silvio, & Trabazo, José Virgilio García (ed.), Anatolica et Indogermanica. Studia linguistica in honorem Johannis Tischler septuagenarii dedicata, 241–255. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Puhvel, Jaan. 1984. Hittite etymological dictionary. Vols. 1–2. Berlin, New York, & Amsterdam: Mouton.Google Scholar
Puhvel, Jaan. 1991. Hittite etymological dictionary. Volume 3. Words beginning with H. Berlin, New York, & Amsterdam: Mouton.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård. 1989. Studien zur Morphophonemik der indogermanischen Grundsprache (Innsbrucker Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 55). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård. 2011. Über Status und Entwicklung des sog. u-Präsens im Indogermanischen. In: Krisch, Thomas & Lindner, Thomas (ed.), Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, 491–497. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Rieken, Elisabeth. 1999. Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 44). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Jochem, Schindler. 1986. Zu den homerischen ῥοδοδάκτυλος-Komposita. In: Etter, A., (ed.): o-o-pe-ro-si. Festschrift für Ernst Risch., 393–401. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Shishlina, N. I, Orfinskaya, O. V., & Golikov, V. P.. 2003. Bronze Age textiles from the North Caucasus: New evidence of fourth millenium BC fibres and fabrics. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22: 331–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tischler, Johann. 1978. Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar. Mit Beiträgen von Günter Neumann. Lieferung 2. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Tischler, Johann. 2001. Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar. Mit Beiträgen von Günter Neumann und Erich Neu. Teil II, Lieferung 11/12, P. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Wackernagel, Jakob. 1954. Altindische Grammatik. Band II, 2. Nominalsuffixe (von A. Debrunner). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Walde, A. 1938–54. Lateinisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch 1–2. 3. neubearbeitete Auflage von J.B. Hofmann. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Wodtko, Dagmar, Irslinger, Britta, & Schneider, Carolin. 2008. Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×