3 - Foraging Strategies

Summary

An important adaptive problem for humans and other animals is the acquisition of food. To study foraging strategies, human behavioral ecologists use a number of optimization models, which generally assume that individuals aim to maximize the rate at which they acquire resources. For instance, the prey choice model and its variants highlight the resources that should either be pursued or ignored when they are encountered. The patch choice model and the marginal value theorem, respectively, examine which patches should be exploited by foragers and when they should switch from one patch to another. Foraging strategies are impacted by social considerations, too. The ideal free distribution considers the habitats that foragers should choose while considering the suitability of possible habitats as a function of the number of current occupants. Diverse case studies from ethnographic and archaeological research are discussed. The chapter also highlights opportunities for future studies, including research on the social dimensions of foraging strategies and the ways in which humans can modify environments to enhance foraging returns. There is also a clear need for additional research on the causes and consequences of individual-level variation in foraging ability.