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Chapter 6 - Combined Hormonal Contraceptives

Oral Contraceptives, Contraceptive Patch, and Vaginal Ring

from Section 2 - Methods of Contraception

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2022

By
Johannes Bitzer
Edited by
Johannes Bitzer  and
Tahir A. Mahmood
Johannes Bitzer
Affiliation:
University Women’s Hospital, Basel
Tahir A. Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
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Summary

Composition, types, mechanism of action, efficacy, effectiveness, health Risks, benefits, usage and follow-up of combined hormone contraceptives

Keywords

Estrogensprogestinsoraltransdermal transvaginal
Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Reproductive Healthcare , pp. 33 - 42
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

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References

Further Reading

Trussell, J. Contraceptive efficacy. In Hatcher, R, Trussell, J, Nelson, A, et al. (Eds). Contraceptive Technology. New York, NY: Ardent Media, 2011.Google Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Combined Hormonal Contraception. 2012. www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/combined-hormonal-contraception/Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Family Planning: a Global Handbook for Providers. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44028/1/9780978856373_eng.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2018.Google Scholar
European Medicines Agency: www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/combined-hormonal-contraceptivesGoogle Scholar
Roach, RE, Helmerhorst, FM, Lijfering, WM, Stijnen, T, Algra, A, Dekkers, OM. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD011054.DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996; 347:1713–27.Google Scholar
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Moreno, V, Bosch, FX, Muñoz, N, Meijer, CJ et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Multicentric Cervical Cancer Study Group. Lancet. 2002 Mar 30; 359(9312):1085–92.Google Scholar
Lopez, LM, Grimes, DA, Schulz, KF, Curtis, KM, Chen, M. Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD006033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). Problematic Bleeding with Hormonal Contraception. 2015. www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceuguidanceproblematicbleedinghormonalcontraception/Google Scholar
Schaffir, J, Worly, BL, Gur, TL. Combined hormonal contraception and its effects on mood: a critical review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2016 Oct; 21(5):347–55.Google Scholar
Gallo, MF, Grimes, DA, Schulz, KF, Helmerhorst, FM. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003; 2:CD003987.Google Scholar
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Hannaford, PC, Iversen, L, Macfarlane, TV, et al. Mortality among contraceptive pill users: cohort evidence from Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. BMJ. 2010; 340:c927.Google Scholar
Proctor, ML, Roberts, H, Farquhar, CM. Combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001; (2):CD002120.Google Scholar
Iyer, V, Farquhar, C, Jepson, R.: Oral contraceptive pills for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1999; 3: 3.Google Scholar
Goodman, NF, Cobin, RH Futterweit, W, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology and Androgen Excess and PCOS Society diseases state clinical review: Guide to best practices in the evaluation and treatment of PCO Syndrome – Part 1. Endocr Pract. 2015 Nov; 21(11):1291–300.Google Scholar
Arowojolu, AO, Gallo, MF, Lopez, LM, Grimes, DA, Garner, SE. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 Jul; 8(3):CD004425. Review.Google Scholar
Moore, J, Kennedy, S, Prentice, A. Modern approach to combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000; 2:CD001019.Google Scholar
Pearlstein, TB, Bachmann, GA, Zacur, HA, Yonkers, KA. Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder with a new drosperinone-containing oral contraceptive formulation. Contraception. 2005; 72:414–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (UKMEC). 2016. www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/external/ukmec-2016-digital-version/. Accessed 10.08. 2018.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Medical Eligibility Criteria (5th Ed) 2015. Pdf www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/MEC-5/en/Google Scholar
Curtis, KM, Jatlaoui, TC, Tepper, NK, et al. U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016. 65(No. RR-4):1–66. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6504a1Google ScholarPubMed

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