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14 - Physical Processes of Space Weather

from Part IV - Space Weather

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2019

Edited by
Mioara Mandea ,
Monika Korte ,
Andrew Yau  and
Eduard Petrovsky
Mioara Mandea
Affiliation:
Centre National d'études Spatiales, France
Monika Korte
Affiliation:
GeoforschungsZentrum, Helmholtz-Zentrum, Potsdam
Andrew Yau
Affiliation:
University of Calgary
Eduard Petrovsky
Affiliation:
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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Summary

The Sun-Earth interaction is a complex system of multi-scale processes. The spatial scales of interest vary from the mega-meter size of solar corona structures to the few hundred kilometers of the terrestrial magnetopause and even less when kinetic effects need to be considered. The temporal variations also span a wide range of scales, from thousands of years for the hydrological ocean cycles driven by the total solar radiation to scales of minutes and below for particle acceleration in magnetic reconnection. In this chapter we introduce the building blocks of the Sun-Earth system and briefly describe its important components. Solar disturbances such as solar flares and coronal mass ejection (CME) have the largest impact on geomagnetic activity, especially magnetic storms. Magnetic storms are responsible for large depressions in the horizontal (H) component of the Earth’ surface magnetic field. The strength of a storm is quantified by the Dst index, which is a local time average of the depression measured along the magnetic equator. The depression during a storm is caused by a ring current around the Earth with additional contributions from the magnetopause and tail currents. We review recent developments of empirical prediction algorithms for the Dst index using observations made upstream of the Earth, and alternative procedures based on the same concept including neural networks and the NARMAX method. Future improvements in empirical prediction will require more data from extreme events, additional physical insight to identify the role of other processes, and better measurements of the inputs to the system.

Keywords

Burton equationcoronal holescoronal mass ejection (CME)Dst indexinterplanetary magnetic fieldmagnetic stormplasmaspherering currentsolar cyclesolar flaressolar irradiancesubstormssunspots
Type
Chapter
Information
Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Space Weather
A Journey from the Earth's Core to the Sun
 , pp. 209 - 228
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

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