4 - Mapping common disease genes

Summary

Introduction

What is “gene mapping” and why is it useful?

One of the goals of human genetics research is to understand genetic variation between people in their susceptibility to disease. From twin and family studies, and the study of Mendelian disease, it is clear that some traits and diseases “run in families” and that the reason for the increased disease risk of relatives of affected individuals is, at least in part, because of their genetic predisposition. Genetic variation in populations is caused by mutations that cause differences in DNA sequence and by other genome events in the germline, for example insertions, deletions, duplications and translocations of stretches of DNA. If these mutation events have an effect on a phenotype of the carrier, for example an increased risk of disease or an effect on a continuously varying phenotype (such as blood pressure or body mass index), then there will be an association between the genotype and the phenotype. Gene mapping aims to identify locations on the genome that are responsible for genetic variation and, ultimately, to identify which specific variants cause the observed effect. Gene mapping is useful because it leads to an understanding of the nature of genetic variation and the identification of variants and biological pathways that cause or predispose to disease. This knowledge can be used to develop drug targets or other treatments and in the future may be used for disease diagnosis or the assessment of susceptibility to disease.