Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-k2jvg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-09T03:23:32.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Austria

from Part I - Considerations for Sexual Minority and Gender Diverse Individuals Living in Specific Countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2025

Ashley K. Randall
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Pamela J. Lannutti
Affiliation:
Widener University, Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Austria, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Austria.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

d’Alo, P., Stockdale, R., Brouwer, R., & Zorgdrager, H. (2021). RICE 2020. Rainbow Index of Churches in Europe 2020. Amsterdam: Protestant Theological University. https://inclusive-churches.eu/download/Annual-Review-Full-2021.pdfGoogle Scholar
Arnold, O., Voracek, M., Musalek, M., & Springer-Kremser, M. (2004). Austrian medical students’ attitudes towards male and female homosexuality: A comparative survey. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 116(21–22), 730736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508–004-0261-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badgett, M. V. L., Goldberg, N., & Sexual Minority Assessment Research Team. (2009). Best Practices for Asking Questions about Sexual Orientation on Surveys. The Williams Institute, University of California at Los Angeles School of Law. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/smart-so-survey/Google Scholar
Bauer, M., Brunner, A., Sulzenbacher, H., & Treiblmayr, C. (2018). “Warme” vor Gericht. Zu Selbst- und Fremdbildern homosexueller Männer in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus in Österreich [“Faggots” in court. On images of the self and others of homosexual men in the time of National Socialism in Austria]. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, 29(2), 86110. https://doi.org/10.25365/OEZG-2018-29-2-5Google Scholar
Baumgartinger, P. P. (2019). Die staatliche Regulierung von Trans: Der Transsexuellen-Erlass in Österreich (1980–2010): eine Dispositivgeschichte [State regulation of trans: the Transsexual Decree in Austria (1980–2010): A dispositive history]. Transcript.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, R. (2017). “I think that I’m not a relationship person”: Bisexual women’s accounts of (internalised) binegativity in non-monogamous relationship narratives. Psychology of Sexualities Review, 8(2), 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssex.2017.8.2.25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bränström, R., van der Star, A., & Pachankis, J. (2019). European-wide monitoring of sexual and gender minority health: A necessary and feasible task for advancing health equity. European Journal of Public Health, 29(2), 199200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723742. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority Stress and Lesbian Women. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Bundeskanzleramt. (2021). Österreichischer Familienbericht 6. Neue Perspektiven—Familien als Fundament für ein lebenswertes Österreich [Austrian Family Report 6. New perspectives: Families as the foundation for an Austria worth living in]. BMWfJ, Sekt. Familie und Jugend, Abt. II/6. www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/dam/jcr:7a4c61a9-226a-4130-a14f-30051e9beff3/6-Familienbericht-2009-2019_Familienbericht_BF.pdfGoogle Scholar
Collins, S. E., Clifasefi, S. L., Stanton, J., The LEAP Advisory Board, Straits, K. J. E., Gil-Kashiwabara, E., et al. (2018). Community-based participatory research (CBPR): Towards equitable involvement of community in psychology research. American Psychologist, 73(7), 884898. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000167CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (2003). Understanding families as systems. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 193196. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139167. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3007Google Scholar
Diethold, J. M. E., Watzlawik, M., & Hornstein, R. R. (2023). Die Erfassung von Geschlecht: Bisherige Praxis und Empfehlungen für Neuerungen aus community-basierter Forschung [Capturing gender. Prevalent practice and recommendations for innovation from community-based research]. Diagnostica, 69(2), 8698. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, N. R., Rodriguez-Seijas, C., & Pachankis, J. E. (2021). Transdiagnostic approaches to sexual- and gender-minority mental health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(6), 510518. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211043918CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Commission. (2019). Special Eurobarometer 493: Discrimination in the European Union. European Union. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2251Google Scholar
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2020). A Long Way to Go for LGBTI Equality. Publications Office of the European Union. [Note: Survey results for Austria were extracted using the interactive data explorer.]Google Scholar
Farr, R. H., Tornello, S. L., & Rostosky, S. S. (2022). How do LGBTQ+ parents raise well-adjusted, resilient, and thriving children? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 31(6), 526535. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221121295CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., & Thomas, G. (2000). The measurement of perceived relationship quality components: A confirmatory factor analytic approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(3), 340354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200265007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freischlager, L., Siegel, M., Friedrich, A.-S., & Zemp, M. (2023). Longitudinal psychological family studies in Austria: A scoping review. Journal of Family Issues, 44(9), 23552378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X221092026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Measuring community connectedness among diverse sexual minority populations. Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 3649. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.565427CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldbach, J. T., & Gibbs, J. J. (2017). A developmentally informed adaptation of minority stress for sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55(12), 3650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, A. E., & Allen, K. R. (2020). LGBTQ-Parent Families. Innovations in Research and Implications for Practice. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graupner, H. (2021). Same-gender parenting and the best interests of the child: The European perspective with the example of Austria. National Taiwan University Law Review, 16(2), 141159. https://doi.org/10.53106/181263242021121602002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammack, P. L., Frost, D. M., & Hughes, S. D. (2019). Queer intimacies: A new paradigm for the study of relationship diversity. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(4–5), 556592. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1531281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann-Tews, I., Braumüller, B., Menzel, T., & Staritz, N. (2019). Outsport: Sexuelle Orientierung, Geschlechtsidentität und Sport. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen Österreich [Outsport: Sexual orientation, gender identity and sport. Selected results and recommendations for action for Austria]. https://www.out-sport.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/OUTSPORT-RESEARCH_AUS_WEB.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2016). Structural stigma and health inequalities: Research evidence and implications for psychological science. American Psychologist, 71(8), 742751. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460467. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029597CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, R., & Cserer, A. (2010). Forschungsbericht “Lesben am Werk.” Explorationsstudie zur Erwerbstätigkeit lesbischer Frauen in Österreich. [Research report “lesbians at work.” Exploratory study on the employment of lesbian women in Austria]. (Working Papers / Abteilung Gender and Diversity in Organizations; No. 3). WU Vienna University of Economics and Business. https://research.wu.ac.at/en/publications/forschungsbericht-lesben-am-werk-explorationsstudie-zur-erwerbst%C3%A4-3Google Scholar
Hottes, T. S., Bogaert, L., Rhodes, A. E., Brennan, D. J., & Gesink, D. (2016). Lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts among sexual minority adults by study sampling strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), e1e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303088CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huneke, S. C. (2021). Heterogeneous persecution: Lesbianism and the Nazi State. Central European History, 54(2), 297325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938920000795CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ILGA Europe. (2023). Rainbow Europe. https://rainbow-europe.org/Google Scholar
ILGA World, Mendos, L. R., Botha, K., Carrano Lelis, R., López de la Peña, E., Savelev, I., & Tan, D. (2020). State-sponsored Homophobia 2020: Global Legislation Overview Update. ILGA-World. https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-reportGoogle Scholar
Kirchner, S., Till, B., Plöderl, M., & Niederkrotenthaler, T. (2022). Effects of “it gets better” suicide prevention videos on youth identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or other sexual or gender minorities: A randomized controlled trial. LGBT Health, 9(6), 436446. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2021.0383CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klinger, D., Riedl, S., Zesch, H. E., Oehlke, S.-M., Völkl-Kernstock, S., Plener, P. L., et al. (2023). Mental health of transgender youth: Comparison of assigned female and assigned male at birth individuals. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12, 4270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144710CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komlenac, N., & Hochleitner, M. (2021). Austrian university hospital physicians’ barriers to and reasons for assessing their patients’ sexual orientation. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(14), 24762489. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1809889CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komlenac, N., Langmann, F., & Hochleitner, M. (2023). Explorative questionnaire study about education with regard to the health of sexual minorities at an Austrian medical university. Journal of Homosexuality, 70(12), 29552977. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2085937CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kralovec, K., Fartacek, C., Fartacek, R., & Plöderl, M. (2014). Religion and suicide risk in lesbian, gay and bisexual Austrians. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 413423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943–012-9645-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeBlanc, A. J., Frost, D. M., & Wight, R. G. (2015). Minority stress and stress proliferation among same-sex and other marginalized couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 4059. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12160CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Berndt, A., Morris, L. M., & Rose, S. (2002). An empirical analysis of stressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 6388. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n01_04CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markovic, L., McDermott, D. T., Stefanac, S., Seiler-Ramadas, R., Iabloncsik, D., Smith, L., et al. (2021). Experiences and interactions with the healthcare system in transgender and non-binary patients in Austria: An exploratory cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136895CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markovic, L., Schönherr, D., Zandonella, M., Gil-Salmeron, A., Smith, L., McDermott, D., et al. (2022). Associations between workplace characteristics and “outness” in LGBTI workers in Austria. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 79(1), 1016. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-107345CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J., & Dean, L. (1987). Ego-dystonic Homosexuality Scale. School of Public Health, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Meuwly, N., & Randall, A. K. (2019). Relationships, gender, and sexual orientation: Getting beyond the binary. In Schoebi, D. & Campos, B. (eds.), New Directions in the Psychology of Close Relationships (pp. 100117). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351136266-7Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 209213. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, I. H., Russell, S. T., Hammack, P. L., Frost, D. M., & Wilson, B. D. M. (2021). Minority stress, distress, and suicide attempts in three cohorts of sexual minority adults: A U.S. probability sample. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0246827. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246827CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newcomb, M. E., Lasala, M. C., Bouris, A., Mustanski, B., Prado, G., Schrager, S. M., & Huebner, D. M. (2019). The influence of families on LGBTQ youth health: A call to action for innovation in research and intervention development. LGBT Health, 6(4), 139145. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niepel, C., Greiff, S., Mohr, J. J., Fischer, J. A., & Kranz, D. (2019). The English and German versions of the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale: Establishing measurement invariance across nationality and gender groups. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(2), 160174. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilges, P., & Essau, C. (2015). Die Depressions–Angst–Stress–Skalen [The depression–anxiety–stress scales]. Der Schmerz, 29(6), 649657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482–015-0019-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pail, C. (2018). Austrian Constitutional Court somewhere under the rainbow: Marriage equality and the role of the Austrian Constitutional Court: Judgment of 4 December 2017, G 258-259/2017. ICL Journal, 12(2), 225231. https://doi.org/10.1515/icl-2018-0026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plöderl, M., Faistauer, G., & Fartacek, R. (2010a). The contribution of school to the feeling of acceptance and the risk of suicide attempts among Austrian gay and bisexual males. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(7), 819841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.493401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plöderl, M., & Fartacek, R. (2005). Suicidality and associated risk factors among lesbian, gay, and bisexual compared to heterosexual Austrian adults. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(6), 661670. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.6.661CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plöderl, M., & Fartacek, R. (2009). Childhood gender nonconformity and harassment as predictors of suicidality among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual Austrians. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3), 400410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508–007-9244-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plöderl, M., Kralovec, K., & Fartacek, R. (2010b). The relation between sexual orientation and suicide attempts in Austria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 14031414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508–009-9597-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plöderl, M., Niederkrotenthaler, T., & Winkler, R. (2019). LSBTI-Personen [LGBTI people]. In Nowotny, M., Kern, D., Breyer, E., Bengough, T., & Griebler, R. (eds.), Depressionsbericht Österreich. Eine interdisziplinäre und multiperspektivische Bestandsaufnahme [Depression Report Austria. An Interdisciplinary and Multi-perspective Stocktaking]. Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit und Konsumentenschutz. www.sozialministerium.at/Themen/Gesundheit/Nicht-uebertragbare-Krankheiten/Psychische-Gesundheit/Depressionsbericht-Österreich.htmlGoogle Scholar
Prendergast, S., & MacPhee, D. (2018). Family resilience amid stigma and discrimination: A conceptual model for families headed by same-sex parents. Family Relations, 67(1), 2640. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall., A. K., Liekmeier, E., Totenhagen, C., Lannutti, P. J., Leon, G. A., Siegel, M., et al. (2024). German and Italian validation of the Dyadic Coping Inventory–Sexual Minority Stress (DCI-SMS) scale. Journal of Family Psychology, 38(4), 627642. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rechtskomitee Lambda. (2022). Forderungen zur LGBTI-Gleichstellung [Demands for LGBTI-equality]. www.rklambda.at/images/Forderungskatalog-RKL-2022.pdfGoogle Scholar
Rostosky, S. S., Cardom, R. D., Hammer, J. H., & Riggle, E. D. B. (2018). LGB positive identity and psychological well-being. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(4), 482489. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothmüller, B. (2021a). Liebe, Sexualität und Solidarität in der Covid-19-Pandemie. Erste Ergebnisse der Pilotstudie und Folgeerhebung 2020 [Love, Sexuality, and Solidarity during the COVID-19 Pandemic. First Results of the Pilot Study and Follow-up Study 2020]. Sigmund Freud University Press.Google Scholar
Rothmüller, B. (2021b). The grip of pandemic mononormativity in Austria and Germany. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(11), 15731590. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2021.1943534CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schönherr, D., & Zandonella, M. (2017). Arbeitssituation von LSBTI-Personen in Österreich. Endbericht [Working Conditions of LGBTI People in Austria. Final Report]. AK Wien. www.arbeiterkammer.at/infopool/akportal/Studie_Arbeitssituation_von_LSBTI-Personen_in_O_sterreich.pdfGoogle Scholar
Schönpflug, K., Hofmann, R., Klapeer, C. M., Huber, C., & Eberhardt, V. (2015). Queer in Wien: Stadt Wien Studie zur Lebenssituation von Lesben, Schwulen, Bisexuellen, Transgender und Intersex Personen (LGBTIs) [Queer in Vienna: City of Vienna Study on the Living Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Persons (LGBTIs)]. Institut für Höhere Schulen. www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/wbrup/content/pageview/3122308Google Scholar
Seiler-Ramadas, R., Markovic, L., Staras, C., Medina, L. L., Perak, J., Carmichael, C., et al. (2021). “I don’t even want to come out”: The suppressed voices of our future and opening the lid on sexual and gender minority youth workplace discrimination in Europe: A qualitative study. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19, 14521472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178–021-00644-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, M., Assenmacher, C., Meuwly, N., & Zemp, M. (2021). The legal vulnerability model for same-sex parent families: A mixed methods systematic review and theoretical integration. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 644258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644258CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, M., & EL*C. (2021). The Survey on Lesbian Lives through the COVID-19 Pandemic. EL*C Data Explorer. https://elc-org.shinyapps.io/lesbian-covid-survey/Google Scholar
Siegel, M., Legler, M., Neziraj, F., Goldberg, A. E., & Zemp, M. (2022). Minority stress and positive identity aspects in members of LGBTQ+ parent families: Literature review and a study protocol for a mixed-methods evidence synthesis. Children, 9(9), 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091364CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, M., Nöstlinger, C., Dürrauer, F., Kirchner, S., Niederkrotenthaler, T., & Zemp, M. (2023a). Psychische Gesundheit von LGBT*-Jugendlichen in Österreich: Scoping Review und Forschungsagenda auf Basis internationaler Evidenz [Mental health of sexual and gender minority youth in Austria: Scoping review and research agenda based on international evidence]. Neuropsychiatrie, 37, 196205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211–022-00436-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, M., Randall, A. K., Lannutti, P. J., Fischer, M. S., Gandhi, Y., Lukas, R., et al. (2023b). Intimate pride: A tri-nation study on associations between positive minority identity aspects and relationship quality in people with diverse sexual orientations from German-speaking countries. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 8(Supp. 2), S129S157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042–022-00070-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T. W., Son, J., & Kim, J. (2014). Public Attitudes towards Homosexuality and Gay Rights across Time and Countries. The Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/public-attitudes-intl-gay-rights/Google Scholar
Staritz, N. (2021). Studie zu Homophobie im österreichischen Sport. Abschlussbericht Dezember 2016. [Study on homophobia in Austrian sports: Final report, December 2016. With the collaboration of Natalie Dutter, Bernadette Goldberger, Lara Kronenbitter and Almut Sülzle]. Fairplay Initiative für Vielfalt & Antidiskriminierung. Bundesministerium für Kunst, Kultur, öffentlichen Dienst und Sport. www.bmkoes.gv.at/dam/jcr:797d0dd6-0fd4-4871-8869-b72335b0f007/1_Abschlussbericht_Homophobie-Studie_fairplay_Juni2021.pdfGoogle Scholar
Staritz, N., & Sülzle, A. (2022). Masculinity, homonegativity, and ignorance as barriers to the inclusion of LGBTQ people in Austrian sports cultures. In Hartmann-Tews, I. (ed.), Sport, Identity and Inclusion in Europe, 1st ed. (pp. 5767). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003196761-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistik Austria. (2022). Religionszugehörigkeit 2021: drei Viertel bekennen sich zu einer Religion [Religious Affiliation in 2021: Three Quarters Are Affiliated with a Religion] [Press release]. www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/05/20220525Religionszugehoerigkeit2021.pdfGoogle Scholar
The GenIUSS Group. (2014). Best Practices for Asking Questions to Identify Transgender and Other Gender Minority Respondents on Population-based Surveys. The Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/geniuss-trans-pop-based-survey/Google Scholar
Totenhagen, C. J., Randall, A. K., León, G. A., & Carroll, M. (2022). Dyadic coping inventory – sexual minority stress: A scale validation with LGB+ men and women in same- and different-gender couples. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Manuscript under revision.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, N. B., & Duran, B. (2006). Using community-based participatory research to address health disparities. Health Promotion Practice, 7(3), 312323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839906289376CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, R. J., Park, M., Taylor, A. B., Fish, J. N., Corliss, H. L., Eisenberg, M. E., & Saewyc, E. M. (2020). Associations between community-level LGBTQ-supportive factors and substance use among sexual minority adolescents. LGBT Health, 7(2), 8289. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 3041. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×