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4 - The Appearance of Eukaryotic Microalgae

from Part I - Origins and Consequences of Early Photosynthetic Organisms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2024

By
Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo  and
John A. Raven
Edited by
Mario Giordano ,
John Beardall ,
John A. Raven  and
Stephen C. Maberly
Mario Giordano
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi di Ancona, Italy
John Beardall
Affiliation:
Monash University, Victoria
John A. Raven
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Stephen C. Maberly
Affiliation:
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster
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Summary

Microalgae, with cyanobacteria, are the major primary producers in aquatic, predominantly marine, ecosystems, contributing to the biogeochemical cycling of multiple elements despite their small instantaneous biomass. Their evolutionary history revealed by genomic analyses has shown a complex past that produces a polyphyletic group including organisms that have undergone primary, secondary and tertiary chloroplast endosymbiosis with genetic integration and also horizontal gene transfer. All but one genus of photosynthetic eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis of a gloeomargarita-like β-cyanobacterium in a eukaryote with the retention of some genes in the plastid, the transfer of more genes to the eukaryote nucleus, and the loss of many others, to produce the Archaeplastida. A second, much later, endosymbiosis of an α-cyanobacterium in a euglyphid amoeba yielded Paulinella. The diversification of the Archaeplastida yielded Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Streptophyta. Secondary endosymbiosis of red algae in eukaryotes led to microalgae of the ‘red line’, that is, photosynthetic Ochrista (= stramenopiles), Haptophyta, Cryptophyta and Alveolata (dinoflagellates and chromerids). Secondary endosymbiosis of chlorophyte algae in eukaryotes yielded microalgae of the Chlorarachniophyta and Euglenophyta. The ‘red line’ of secondary endosymbionts are dominant marine phytoplankton, possibly related to the occurrence of chlorophyll c that has high absorbance of blue light that dominates in deep ocean waters.

Keywords

chloroplastsalveolatachlorarachniophytachlorophytacryptophytacyanobacteriaendosymbiosiseuglenophytahaptophytastramenopiles
Type
Chapter
Information
Evolutionary Physiology of Algae and Aquatic Plants , pp. 65 - 79
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

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