Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T23:43:07.075Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Ballast Water

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2021

By
Stephan Gollasch  and
Matej David
Edited by
Stephen de Mora ,
Timothy Fileman  and
Thomas Vance
Stephen de Mora
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Timothy Fileman
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Thomas Vance
Affiliation:
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Get access

Summary

One of the most recent threats to any type of water caused by humans is species introduction through ballast water and sediment releases, which may result in harmful effects on the natural environment, human health, property and resources globally. One of the key species introduction vectors is shipping predominantly through species transfers in ballast water and biofouling of vessels (David & Gollasch, 2015a; Davidson & Simkanin, 2012; Ojaveer et al., 2017; WGITMO, 2015). The relative importance of vectors may regionally be very different, and in some regions biofouling may prevail (Carlton & Eldredge, 2009). However, this chapter is limited to ballast water species transfers.

Type
Chapter
Information
Environmental Impact of Ships , pp. 96 - 111
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aliff, M. (2015). Evaluation of a Method for Ballast Water Risk-Release Assessment Using a Protist Surrogate. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. http://hdl.handle.net/11299/174771Google Scholar
AquaNIS Editorial Board (2015). Information System on Aquatic Non-Indigenous and Cryptogenic Species. www.corpi.ku.lt/databases/aquanisGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S. A., Vélez-Espino, L. A., Johannsson, O. E., Koops, M. A. & Wiley, C. J. (2009). Estimating establishment probabilities of Cladocera introduced at low density: an evaluation of the proposed ballast water discharge standards. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 66(2), 261–276.Google Scholar
Briski, E., Bailey, S., Cristescu, M. E. & MacIsaac, H. J. (2010). Efficacy of ‘saltwater flushing’ in protecting the Great Lakes from biological invasions by invertebrate eggs in ships’ ballast sediment. Freshwater Biology, 55, 2414–2424.Google Scholar
Briski, E., Bailey, S. A. & MacIsaac, H. J. (2011). Invertebrates and their dormant eggs transported in ballast sediments of ships arriving to the Canadian coasts and the Laurentian Great Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 56(5), 1929–1939.Google Scholar
Briski, E., Bailey, S. A., Casas-Monroy, O. et al. (2012). Relationship between propagule pressure and colonization pressure in invasion ecology: a test with ships’ ballast. Proceedings. Biological Sciences, 279(1740), 2990–2997.Google Scholar
Buttermore, R. E., Turner, E. & Morrice, M. G. (1994). The introduced northern Pacific seastar Asterias amurensis in Tasmania. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 36(1), 21–25.Google Scholar
Byrne, M. & Morrice, M. G. (1997). Introduction of the northern Pacific asteroid Asterias amurensis to Tasmania: reproduction and current distribution. Marine Biology, 127(4), 673–685.Google Scholar
Carlton, J. T. (1985). Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 23, 313–371.Google Scholar
Carlton, J. T. (2001). Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management Priorities. Arlington, VA: Pew Oceans Commission.Google Scholar
Carlton, J. T. & Eldredge, L. G. (2009). Marine Bioinvasions of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press.Google Scholar
Carlton, J. T. & Geller, J. B. (1993). Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science, 261, 78–82.Google Scholar
Coast Guard Maritime Commons (2016). Marine Safety Center issues Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) type-approval certificate to Optimarin AS. http://mariners.coastguard.dodlive.mil/2016/12/02/marine-safety-center-issues-ballast-water-management-system-bwms-type-approval-certificate-optimarin-asGoogle Scholar
Cope, R. C., Prowse, T. A. A., Ross, J. V., Wittmann, T. A. & Cassey, P. (2015). Temporal modelling of ballast water discharge and ship-mediated invasion risk to Australia. Royal Society Open Science, 2, 150039.Google Scholar
David, M. (2015). Vessels and ballast water. In David, M. & Gollasch, S., eds., Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management – Issues and Solutions. Invading Nature. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 13–34.Google Scholar
David, M. & Gollasch, S. (2008). EU shipping in the dawn of managing the ballast water issue. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(12), 1966–1972.Google Scholar
David, M. & Gollasch, S. (2015a). Introduction. In David, M. & Gollasch, S., eds., Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management – Issues and Solutions. Invading Nature. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar
David, M. & Gollasch, S. (2015b). Ballast water management systems for vessels. In David, M. & Gollasch, S., eds., Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management – Issues and Solutions. Invading Nature. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 109–132.Google Scholar
David, M. & Gollasch, S. (2015c). Ballast water management decision suport system. In David, M. & Gollasch, S., eds., Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management – Issues and Solutions. Invading Nature. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 225–260.Google Scholar
David, M. & Gollasch, S. (2018). How to approach ballast water management in European seas. Coastal and Shelf Science, 201, 248–255.Google Scholar
David, M., Gollasch, S., Cabrini, M. et al. (2007). Results from the first ballast water sampling study in the Mediterranean Sea – the Port of Koper study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 53–65.Google Scholar
David, M., Perkovič, W., Suban, V. & Gollasch, S. (2012). A generic ballast water discharge assessment model as a decision supporting tool in ballast water management. Decision Support Systems, 53, 175–185.Google Scholar
David, M., Gollasch, S. & Leppäkoski, E. (2013a). Risk assessment for exemptions from ballast water management – the Baltic Sea case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 75, 205–217.Google Scholar
David, M., Gollasch, S. & Pavliha, M. (2013b). Global ballast water management and the ‘same location’ concept: a clear term or a clear issue? Ecological Applications, 23(2), 331–338.Google Scholar
David, M., Gollasch, S., Elliott, B. & Wiley, C. (2015a). Ballast water management under the Ballast Water Management Convention. In David, M. & Gollasch, S., eds., Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management – Issues and Solutions. Invading Nature. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 89–108.Google Scholar
David, M., Gollasch, S., Leppäkoski, E. & Hewitt, C. (2015b). Risk assessment in ballast water management. In David, M. & Gollasch, S., eds., Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management – Issues and Solutions. Invading Nature. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 133–170.Google Scholar
David, M., Linders, J., Gollasch, S. & David, J. (2018). Is the aquatic environment sufficiently protected from chemicals discharged with treated ballast water from vessels worldwide? A decadal environmental perspective and risk assessment. Chemosphere, 207, 590–600.Google Scholar
Davidson, I. C. & Simkanin, C. (2012). The biology of ballast water 25 years later. Biological Invasions, 14, 9–13.Google Scholar
Dock, A., Linders, J., David, M., Gollasch, S. & David, J. (2019). Is human health sufficiently protected from chemicals discharged with treated ballast water from vessels worldwide? – A decadal perspective and risk assessment. Chemosphere, 235, 194–204.Google Scholar
Drake, D. A. R., Casas-Monroy, O., Koops, M. A. & Bailey, S. A. (2015). Propagule pressure in the presence of uncertainty: extending the utility of proxy variables with hierarchical models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1363–1371.Google Scholar
Duncan, R. P., Blackburn, T. M., Rossinelli, S. & Bacher, S. (2014). Quantifying invasion risk: the relationship between establishment probability and founding population size. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 1255–1263.Google Scholar
GESAMP (1997). Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea. GESAMP Reports and Studies, 58, 1–84.Google Scholar
Glibert, P. M. (2015). More than propagule pressure: successful invading algae have physiological adaptations suitable to anthropogenically changing nutrient environments. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 18(3), 334–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollasch, S. (1996). Untersuchungen des Arteintrages durch den internationalen Schiffsverkehr unter besonderer Berücksichtigung nichtheimischer Arten. Doctoral dissertation (in German), University of Hamburg.Google Scholar
Gollasch, S. & David, M. (2012). A unique aspect of ballast water management requirements – the same location concept. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 1774–1775.Google Scholar
Gollasch, S., Lenz, J., Dammer, M. & Andres, H. G. (2000a). Survival of tropical ballast water organisms during a cruise from the Indian Ocean to the North Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 22(5), 923–937.Google Scholar
Gollasch, S., Rosenthal, H., Botnen, H. et al. (2000b). Fluctuations of zooplankton taxa in ballast water during short-term and long-term ocean-going voyages. International Review of Hydrobiology, 85(5–6), 597–608.Google Scholar
Gollasch, S., Macdonald, E., Belson, S. et al. (2002). Life in ballast tanks. In: Leppäkoski, E., Gollasch, S. & Olenin, S., eds., Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe: Distribution, Impacts and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 217–231.Google Scholar
Gollasch, S., David, M., Voigt, M. et al. (2007). Critical review of the IMO International Convention on the Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. Harmful Algae, 6, 585–600.Google Scholar
Grantham, B. A., Eckert, G. L. & Shanks, A. L. (2003). Dispersal potential of marine invertebrates in diverse habitats. Ecological Applications, 13(Suppl. 1), 108–116.Google Scholar
Hallegraeff, G. M. & Bolch, C. J. (1991). Transport of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ship’s ballast water. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 22, 27–30.Google Scholar
Hallegraeff, G. M. & Bolch, C. J. (1992). Transport of diatom and dinoflagellate resting spores in ships’ ballast water: implications for plankton biogeography and aquaculture. Journal of Plankton Research, 14(8), 1067–1084.Google Scholar
Hamer, J. P., McCollin, T. A. & Lucas, I. A. N. (2000). Dinofagellate cysts in ballast tank sediments: between tank variability. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(9), 731–733.Google Scholar
Hamer, J. P., Lucas, I. A. N. & McCollin, T. A. (2001). Harmful dinoflagellate resting cysts in ships’ ballast tank sediments; potential for introduction into English and Welsh waters. Phycologia, 40, 246–255.Google Scholar
Hayes, K. R. (1998). Ecological risk assessment for ballast water introductions: a suggested approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55, 201–212.Google Scholar
Hayes, K. R. & Sliwa, C. (2003). Identifying potential marine pests – a deductive approach applied to Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 91–98.Google Scholar
Hebert, P. D. N., Muncaster, B. W. & Mackie, G. L. (1989). Ecological and genetic studies on Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas): a new mollusc in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 46, 1587–1591.Google Scholar
IMO (2004). International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments 2004. London: International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO (2007a). Guidelines for Risk Assessment under Regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention (G7). IMO, Marine Environment Protection Committee, Resolution MEPC.162(56), 13 July 2007. London: International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO (2007b). Guidelines for Additional Measures Regarding Ballast Water Management Including Emergency Situations (G13). Marine Environment Protection Committee, Resolution MEPC.161(56), 13 July 2007. London: International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO (2015). List of Ballast Water Management Systems That Make Use of Active Substances Which Received Basic or Final Approval. Note by the Secretariat. International Maritime Organization, BWM.2/Circ.34/Rev.4, May 2015. London: International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
IMO (2016). Report of the MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE on Its Seventieth Session. International Maritime Organization, MEPC 70/18, 11. November 2016. London: International Maritime Organization.Google Scholar
Ivanov, V. P., Kamakin, A. M., Ushivtzev, V. B. et al. (2000). Invasion of the Caspian Sea by the comb-jellyfish Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora). Biological Invasions, 2(3), 255–258.Google Scholar
Javidpour, J., Sommer, U. & Shiganova, T. (2006). First record of Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 in the Baltic Sea. Aquatic Invasions, 1(4), 299–302.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. E. & Padilla, D. K. (1996). Geographic spread of exotic species: ecological lessons and opportunities from the invasion of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Biological Conservation, 78, 23–33.Google Scholar
Korsu, K. & Huusko, A. (2009). Propagule pressure and initial dispersal as determinants of establishment success of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill 1814). Aquatic Invasions, 4(4), 619–626.Google Scholar
Laruelle, F., Guillou, J. & Paulet, Y. M. (1994). Reproductive pattern of the clams, Ruditapes decussatus and R. philippinarum on intertidal flats in Brittany. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 74(2), 351–366.Google Scholar
Lo, V. B., Levings, C. D. & Chan, K. M. A. (2012). Quantifying potential propagule pressure of aquatic invasive species from the commercial shipping industry in Canada. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 295–302.Google Scholar
Locke, A., Reid, D. M., Sprules, W. G., Carlton, J. T. & van Leeuwen, H. C. (1991). Effectiveness of mid-ocean exchange in controlling freshwater and coastal zooplankton in ballast water. Canadian Technical Report. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1822, 1–93.Google Scholar
Lockwood, J. L., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. M. (2009). The more you introduce the more you get: the role of colonization pressure and propagule pressure in invasion ecology. Diversity and Distributions, 15, 904–910.Google Scholar
Macdonald, E. M. & Davidson, R. D. (1998). Ballast Water Project. Fisheries Research Services Report 3/97. Aberdeen: FRS Marine Laboratory.Google Scholar
McCollin, T., Macdonald, E. M., Dunn, J., Hall, C. & Ware, S. (2001). Investigations into ballast water exchange in European regional seas. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions, New Orleans, April 9–11 2001. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 94–95.Google Scholar
McCollin, T. A., Shanks, A. M. & Dunn, J. (2008). Changes in zooplankton abundance and diversity after ballast water exchange in regional seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 834–844.Google Scholar
Medcof, J. C. (1975). Living marine animals in a ships’ ballast water. Proceedings of the National Shellfish Association, 65, 54–55.Google Scholar
Minchin, D., Gollasch, S. & Wallentinus, I. (2005). Vector Pathways and the Spread of Exotic Species in the Sea. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 271. Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.Google Scholar
Miossec, L., Le Deuff, R.‐M. & Goulletquer, P. (2009). Alien Species Alert: Crassostrea gigas (Pacific Oyster). ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 299. Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.Google Scholar
Murphy, K. R., Ritz, D. & Hewitt, C. L. (2002). Heterogeneous zooplankton distribution in a ship’s ballast tanks. Journal of Plankton Research, 24(7), 729–734.Google Scholar
Ojaveer, H., Olenin, S., Narscius, A. et al. (2017). Dynamics of biological invasions and pathways over time: a case study of a temperate coastal sea. Biological Invasions, 19, 799–813.Google Scholar
Orlov, Y. I. & Ivanov, B. G. (1978). On the Introduction of the Kamchatka king crab Paralithodes camtschatica (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) into the Barents Sea. Marine Biology, 48, 373–375.Google Scholar
Ostenfeld, C. H. (1908). On the immigration of Biddulphia sinensis Grev. and its occurrence in the North Sea during 1903–1907. Medd Komm Havunders Ser Plankton, 1(6), 1–46.Google Scholar
Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R. & Morrison, D. (2005). Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics, 52, 273–288.Google Scholar
Reid, P. C. & Valdés, L. (2011). ICES Status Report on Climate Change in the North Atlantic. ICES Co-operative Research Report No. 310. Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.Google Scholar
Rossa, D. J., Johnsona, C. R. & Hewitt, C. L. (2003). Variability in the impact of an introduced predator (Asterias amurensis: Asteroidea) on soft-sediment assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 288, 257–278.Google Scholar
Ruiz, G. M., Fofonnoff, P. W., Ashton, G., Minton, M. S. & Miller, A. W. (2013). Geographic variation in marine invasions among large estuaries: effects of ships and time. Ecological Applications, 23(2), 311–320.Google Scholar
Schmitz, W. (1960). Die Einbürgerung von Gammarus tigrinus Sexton auf dem europäischen Kontinent. Archives of Hydrobiology, 57, 223–225.Google Scholar
Seebens, H., Briski, E., Ghabooli, S. et al. (2019). Non-native species spread in a complex network: the interaction of global transport and local population dynamics determines invasion success. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286, 20190036.Google Scholar
Shanks, A. L. (2009). Pelagic larval duration and dispersal distance revisited. Biological Bulletin, 216, 373–385.Google Scholar
Shiganova, T., Mirzoyan, Z., Studenikina, E. et al. (2001). Population development of the invader ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, in the Black Sea and in other seas of the Mediterranean basin. Marine Biology, 139(3), 431–445,Google Scholar
Shine, C., Kettunen, M., Genovesi, P. et al. (2010). Assessment to Support Continued Development of the EU Strategy to Combat Invasive Alien Species. Final Report for the European Commission. Brussels: Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP).Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. (2009). The role of propagule pressure in biological invasions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 40, 81–102.Google Scholar
Smith, L. D., Wonham, M. J., McCann, L. D. et al. (1999). Invasion pressure to a ballast-flooded estuary and an assessment of inoculant survival. Biological Invasions, 1: 67–87.Google Scholar
Soleimani, F., Dobaradaran, S., Hayati, A., Khorsand, M. & Keshtkar, M. (2016). Data on metals (Zn, Al, Sr, and Co) and metalloid (As) concentration levels of ballast water in commercial ships entering Bushehr port, along the Persian Gulf. Data in Brief, 9, 429–432.Google Scholar
Sundet, J. H. & Hoel, A. H. (2016). The Norwegian management of an introduced species: the Arctic red king crab fishery. Marine Policy, 72, 278–284.Google Scholar
Tardent, P. (1979). Meeresbiologie. Eine Einführung. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.Google Scholar
Thorson, G. (1946). Reproduction and development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates, with special reference to the planktonic larvae in the sound (Øresund). Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri-og Havundersøgelser, Serie Plankton, 4, 1–523.Google Scholar
Van der Velde, G., Rajagopal, S. & bij de Vaate, A. (2010). The Zebra Mussel in Europe. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, M. E., Shushkina, E. A. & Lukasheva, T. A. (2005). Population dynamics of the ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata as a predator–prey system in the near-shore communities of the Black Sea. Oceanology, 45(1), S161–S167.Google Scholar
WGITMO (2015). Report of the Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (WGITMO). 18–20 March 2015, Bergen, Norway. ICES CM 2015/SSGEPI:10. Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.Google Scholar
Williams, R. J., Griffiths, F. B., Van der Wal, E. J. & Kelly, J. (1988). Cargo vessel ballast water as a vector for the transport of non-indigenous marine species. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 26, 409–420.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×