Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T00:00:07.616Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Intersectional Analysis

Gender, Race, and Immigrant Status in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2021

Banu Ozkazanc-Pan  and
Susan Clark Muntean
Banu Ozkazanc-Pan
Affiliation:
Brown University, Rhode Island
Susan Clark Muntean
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Asheville
Get access

Summary

This chapter focuses on the city of Boston and delves into how intersectional differences among women entrepreneurs result in additional and different biasing forces for women of color and immigrant women entrepreneurs compared to White women engaging in entrepreneurship. As such, the chapter provides a holistic consideration of how gender, race, and other relations of difference may play out in experiences of entrepreneurship within entrepreneurial ecosystems. The chapter aims to provide a complex and holistic picture of how entrepreneurial ecosystems essentially provide very different experiences, interactions, and institutional support for actors in ecosystems, thereby supporting our argument that actors, even if in the same category, are indeed heterogeneous and not homogeneous.

Keywords

intersectionalityraceimmigrantgendersocial networkscapitalinclusioninstitutions
Type
Chapter
Information
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
A Gender Perspective
 , pp. 184 - 218
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbas, A., Byrne, J., Galloway, L., & Jackman, L. (2019). Gender, intersecting identities, and entrepreneurship research: An introduction to a special section on intersectionality. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(8): 1703–1705.Google Scholar
Adler, P. S. (2001). Market, hierarchy, and trust: The knowledge economy and the future of capitalism. Organization Science, 12(2): 215–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahl, H., & Nelson, T. (2010). Moving forward: Institutional perspectives on gender and entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(1): 5–9.Google Scholar
Berube, A. (2018). City and metropolitan level income inequality data reveals ups and downs through 2016. Brookings Institute, Washington, DC. Available at www.brookings.edu/research/city-and-metropolitan-income-inequality-data-reveal-ups-and-downs-through-2016/ (accessed July 15, 2019).Google Scholar
Bhachu, P. (Ed.). (2017). Immigration and entrepreneurship: Culture, capital, and ethnic networks. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
The Boston Foundation. (2017). Opportunity in change: Preparing Boston for leader transitions and new models of nonprofit leadership. Available at www.tbf.org/-/media/tbforg/files/reports/nonprofit-leadership-final.pdf?la=en (accessed July 15, 2020).Google Scholar
The Boston Globe. (2017). For blacks in Boston, a power outage, December 2017. Part of series on Boston, Racism, Image, Reality. Available at https://apps.bostonglobe.com/spotlight/boston-racismimage-reality/series/power/ (accessed July 15, 2020).Google Scholar
Brooks, A. W., Huang, L., Kearney, S. W., & Murray, F. E. (2014). Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(12): 4427–4431.Google Scholar
Chen, X. P., Yao, X., & Kotha, S. (2009). Entrepreneur passion and preparedness in business plan presentations: A persuasion analysis of venture capitalists’ funding decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1): 199–214.Google Scholar
Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2020). Intersectionality. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Legal Forum.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1990). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43: 1241–1299.Google Scholar
Elam, A. B. (2014). Gender and entrepreneurship. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Fairlie, R. W., & Lofstrom, M. (2015). Immigration and entrepreneurship. In Chiswick, B. & Miller, P. (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of international migration (Vol. 1, pp. 877–911). New York: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. (2010). Race and entrepreneurial success: Black-, Asian-, and White-owned businesses in the United States. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Feld, B. (2012). Startup communities: Building an entrepreneurial ecosystem in your City. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Feld, B., & Hathaway, I. (2020). The startup community way: Evolving an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., & Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2): 151–168.Google Scholar
Ghoshal, S., & Moran, P. (1996). Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost theory. Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 13–47.Google Scholar
Gold, S. J. (2016). A critical race theory approach to black American entrepreneurship. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(9): 1697–1718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantrowitz, N. (1979). Racial and ethnic residential segregation in Boston 1830–1970. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441(1): 41–54.Google Scholar
Kanze, D., Huang, L., Conley, M. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2018). We ask men to win and women not to lose: Closing the gender gap in startup funding. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2): 586–614.Google Scholar
Knight, M. (2016). Race‐ing, classing and gendering racialized women’s participation in entrepreneurship. Gender, Work & Organization, 23(3): 310–327.Google Scholar
Light, I. H., & Rosenstein, C. N. (1995). Race, ethnicity, and entrepreneurship in urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Marlow, S., & McAdam, M. (2013). Gender and entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 19(1): 114–124.Google Scholar
McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(3): 1771–1800.Google Scholar
Munoz, A. P., Kim, M., Chang, M., Jackson, R. O., Hamilton, D., & Darity, W. A. Jr. (2015). The color of wealth in Boston. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Available at www.bostonfed.org/publications/one-time-pubs/color-of-wealth.aspx (accessed July 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Nash, J. C. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89(1): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozkazanc-Pan, B. (2019). Statement of record, U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Reauthorization of SBA’s Small Business Investment Company Program. Available at www.sbc.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/a/b/ab045168-e00e-4d91-be68-4b6bce43ac1e/2DE1EA7748B644FDE6CA9A95C7541270.ozkazanc-pan-testimony.pdf (accessed December 21, 2019).Google Scholar
Ozkazanc-Pan, B. (Forthcoming). Rethinking social capital: Entrepreneurial ecosystems as contested communities. Research in the Sociology of Organizations.Google Scholar
Portes, A. (Ed.). (1995). The economic sociology of immigration: Essays on networks, ethnicity, and entrepreneurship. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Portes, A., Haller, W. J., & Guarnizo, L. E. (2002). Transnational entrepreneurs: An alternative form of immigrant economic adaptation. American Sociological Review, 67(2): 278–298.Google Scholar
Romero, M., & Valdez, Z. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Intersectionality and entrepreneurship. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(9): 1553–1565.Google Scholar
Sayce, S., & Acker, J. (2012). Gendered organizations and intersectionality: Problems and possibilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 31(3): 214–224.Google Scholar
Vaznis, J. (2018). Boston’s schools are becoming resegregated. The Boston Globe, August 4, 2018. Available at www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/08/04/boston-schools-are-becoming-resegregated/brwPhLuupRzkOtSa9Gi6nL/story.html (accessed July 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Walker, J. E. (2009). The history of black business in America: Capitalism, race, entrepreneurship (Vol. 1). Chapel Hills: University of North Carolina Press Books.Google Scholar
Wang, Q. (2019). Gender, race/ethnicity, and entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs in a US south city. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(8): 1766–1785.Google Scholar
Williams, J. (2017). Why sexual harassment is more of a problem in venture capital. Harvard Business Review. Available at https://hbr.org/2017/07/why-sexual-harassment-is-more-of-a-problem-in-venture-capital (accessed May 15, 2019).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×