Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:17:54.673Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Emotional mimicry: underlying mechanisms and individual differences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2016

Ursula Hess
Affiliation:
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Agneta H. Fischer
Affiliation:
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achaibou, A., Pourtois, G., Schwartz, S., & Vuillement, P. (2008). Simultaneously recording of EEG and facial muscles reactions during spontaneous emotional mimicry. Neuropsychologia, 46, 11041113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, M. D., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, 333341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, P. A., & Guerrero, L. K. (1998). Principles of communication and emotion in social interaction. In Anderson, P. A. & Guerrero, L. K. (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion (pp. 4988). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Andréasson, P., & Dimberg, U. (2008). Emotional empathy and facial feedback. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 32, 215224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anger Elfenbein, H., Beaupré, M., Lévesque, M., & Hess, U. (2007). Toward a dialectic theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion, 7, 131146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anisfeld, M. (1991). Neonatal imitation. Developmental Review, 11, 6097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashmore, R. D. (1990). Sex, gender and the individual. In Pervin, L. A. (Ed.), Handbook of personality: The research and method. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bäckström, M., & Holmes, B. (1999). Measuring adult attachment: A construct validation of two self-report instruments. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 7986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., & Parker, J. D. A. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale II. Convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 3340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger’s syndrome or high functioning Autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartholomew, K. (1993). From childhood to adult relationships: Attachment theory and research. In Duck, S. (Ed.), Learning about social relationships (pp. 3062). Newsbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biel, C., & Grabowska, A. (2006). Sex differences in perception of emotion intensity in dynamic and static facial expressions. Experimental Brain Research, 171, 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blairy, S., Herrera, P., & Hess, U. (1999). Mimicry and the judgement of emotional facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 23, 541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourgeois, P., & Hess, U. (2008). The impact of social context on mimicry. Biological Psychology, 77, 343352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, M., Codispoti, M., Sabatinelli, D., & Lang, P. (2001). Emotion and motivation II: Sex differences in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 300319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment relationships. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (pp. 89111). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, K. A., Clark, L. C., & Shaver, R. P. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In Simpson, J. A. & Rholes, S. W. (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 4676). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Brody, L. (1985). Gender differences in emotional development. Journal of Personality, 53, 102149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, L.R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expressions: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. In Fischer, A. (Ed.), Gender and Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 447460). New York: Gulford Press.Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1985). Clinical evidence for the concept of levels of action and perception. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 1, 89141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, R. (1984). The communication of emotion. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Buck, R., William, F. C., & Miller, E. M. (1974). Sex, personality, and physiological variables in the communication of affect via facial expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 587596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural system for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings in National Academic Science, 100, 54975502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catmur, C., Walsh, V., & Heyes, C. (2007). Sensimotor learning configures the human mirror neuron system. Current Biology, 17, 15271531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from empathy Quotient (EQ) and the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test. Social Neuroscience, 1, 135148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chartrand, T. L., & van Baaren, R. (2009). Human mimicry. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 41, pp. 219274). Burlington: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Coricelli, G. (2005). Two-levels of mental states attribution: from automaticity to voluntariness. Neuropsychologica, 43, 294300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R. (1994). Decartes’ Error. New York: Grosset/Putnam Book.Google Scholar
Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, F., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). The effects of BOTOX injections on emotional experience. Emotion, 10, 433440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Wied, M., van Boxtel, A., Posthumus, J. A., Goudena, P. P., & Mattys, W. (2009). Facial EMG and heart rate response to emotion-inducing film clips in boys with disruptive behaviour disorders. Psychophysiology, 46, 9961004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Wied, M., van Boxtel, A., Zaalberg, R., Goudena, P. P., & Mattys, W. (2006). Facial EMG responses to dynamic emotional facial expressions in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 112121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2006). Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience. The Scientific World Journal, 6, 11461163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M., Manera, V., & Kaysers, C. (2009). Programmed or learned? The ontogeny of mirror neurons. Developmental Science, 12, 350363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimberg, U. (1982). Facial reactions to facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 19, 643647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimberg, U. (1988). Facial electromyography and the experience of emotion. Journal of Psychophysiology, 2, 277282.Google Scholar
Dimberg, U. (1989). Facial expressions and emotional reactions: A psychobiological analysis of human social behaviour. In Wagner, H. L. (Ed.), Social psychophysiology and emotion: Theory and clinical applications (Vol. 36, pp. 132149). London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Dimberg, U. (1990). Gender differences in facial reactions to facial expressions. Biological Psychology, 30, 151159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimberg, U. (1997). Rapidly evoked emotional responses. Journal of Psychophysiology, 11, 115123.Google Scholar
Dimberg, U., Andréasson, P., & Thunberg, M. (2011). Emotional empathy and facial reactions to facial expressions. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25, 2631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimberg, U., & Söderkvist, S. (2011). The voluntary facial action technique: A method to test the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 35, 1733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Grunedal, S. (2002). Facial reactions to emotional stimuli: Automatically controlled emotional responses. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 449471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behaviour. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 131150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., & Spinrad, T. (2003). Affect and Prosocial Responding. In Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H. H. (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Science (pp. 787803). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Schaller, M., Fabes, R. A., Bustamantes, D., Mathy, R. M., Shell, R., et al. (1988). Differentiation of personal distress and sympathy in children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 24, 766775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Cumberland, A. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 317333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982). Felt, false, and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 6, 638–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ancoli, S. (1980). Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 11251134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1972). Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and integration of findings. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Levenson, R., & Friesen, W. V. (1983). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 12081210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fadiga, L., Fogassi, G., Pavesi, G., & Rizolatti, G. (1995). Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Neuropsychology, 73, 26082611.Google ScholarPubMed
Field, T. (2012). Relationships as regulators. Psychology, 3, 467479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, T. M., Woodson, R., Cohen, D., Greenberg, R., Garcia, R., & Collins, K. (1983). Discrimination and imitation of facial expressions by preterm and neonates. Infant Behavior & Development, 6, 485489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, T. M., Woodson, R., & Greenberg, R. (1982). Discrimination and imitation of facial expressions by neonates. Science, 218, 179181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finzi, E., & Wassermann, E. (2006). Treatment of depression with botulinum toxin A: A case series. Dermatological Surgery, 32, 645649.Google ScholarPubMed
Flack, W. (2006). Peripheral feedback effects of facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions on emotional feelings. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 177195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foroni, F., & Gun, R. S. (2011). When does mimicry affect evaluative judgement?Emotion, 11, 687690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallese, V. (2001). The “shared manifold” hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8, 3350.Google Scholar
Gallese, V. (2003). The manifold nature of interpersonal relations: The quest for a common mechanism. In Frith, C. & Wolpert, D. (Eds.), The neuroscience of social interaction. Decoding, imitating, and influencing the actions of others (pp. 159183). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilet, A-L., Mella, N., Studer, J., Gruhn, D., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2013). Assessing dispositional empathy in adults: A French validation of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI). Canadian Journal of Behaviour Research, 45, 4248.Google Scholar
Greenwald, M. K., Cook, E. W., & Lang, P. J. (1989). Affective judgement and psychophysiology. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3(1), 5164.Google Scholar
Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. Advances in Personal Relationships, 5, 1752.Google Scholar
Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006). Abnormal differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 12761282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Carter, J. D., & Horgan, T. G. (2000). Gender differences in nonverbal communication. In Fischer, A. H. (Ed.), Gender and emotion. Social and psychological perspectives (pp. 97117). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., & Matsumo, D. (2004). Gender differences in judgement of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion, 4, 201206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardy, K. (2001). Influence of gender and emotion on children’s pattern of vicarious emotional responding and social functioning. Doctoral dissertation abstract, Duke University.Google Scholar
Harris, I. A. (1995). Messages men hear. Constructing masculinities. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Harris, J. A., Rushton, J., Hampson, E., & Jackson, D. N. (1996). Salivary testosterone and self-reported aggressive and prosocial personality characteristics in men and women. Aggressive Behaviour, 22, 321331.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, N. A., Morgan, R., & Critchley, H. D. (2010). From facial mimicry to emotional empathy: A role for norephinedrine?Social Neuroscience, 5, 393400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. L. (1992). Emotional contagion. In Clark, M. S. (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Emotion and Social Behaviour (Vol. 14, pp. 151177). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hatfield, E., Rapson, R. L., & Le, Y.-C. L. (2011). Emotional contagion and empathy. In Decety, J. & Ickes, W. (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 1930). London: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hawk, S. H., Fischer, A. H., & Van Kleef, G. (2011). Taking your place or matching your face: Two paths to empathic embarrassment. Emotion, 11, 502513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermans, E. J., Putman, P., & van Honk, J. (2006). Testosterone administration reduces empathic behaviour: A facial mimicry study. Psychoneuroendocrinoly, 31, 859866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., & Blairy, S. (2001). Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy.International. Journal of Psychophysiology, 40, 129141.Google Scholar
Hess, U., Kappas, A., McHugo, G. J., Lanzetta, J. T., & Kleck, R. E. (1992). The facilitative effects of facial expressions on the self-generation of emotion. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 12, 251265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, U., Philippot, P., & Blairy, S. (1998). Facial reactions to emotional facial expressions: Affect or cognition?Cognition and Emotion, 12, 509531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyes, C. (2011). Automatic imitation. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 463483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, E., & Frith, U. (2003). Understanding autism: Insights from mind and brain. In Frith, U. & Hill, E. (Eds.), Autism: Mind and brain (pp. 119). New York: Oxford University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Hsee, C. K., Hatfield, E., Carlsson, J., & Chetomb, C. (1990). The effect of power on susceptibility to emotional contagion. Cognition and Emotion, 4, 327340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchison, A.N. & Gerstein, L.H. (2012) What’s in face? Counselings trainees’ ability to read emotions. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6, 100112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iacoboni, M. (2009). Imitation, empathy and mirror neurons. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 286, 25262528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Izard, C. E. (1990). Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 487498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Izard, C. E. (1994). Intersystem connection. In Ekman, P. & Davidson, R. J. (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 356361). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jabbi, M., & Keysers, C. (2008). Inferior frontal gyros activity triggers anterior insula response to emotional facial expressions. Emotion, 8, 775780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jabbi, M., Swart, M., & Keysers, C. (2007). Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. NeuroImage, 34, 17441753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joireman, J. A., Needham, T. L., & Cummings, A.-L. (2002). Relationships between dimensions of attachment and empathy. North American Journal of Psychology, 4, 6380.Google Scholar
Jones, S. S. (2009). The development of imitation in infancy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences, 364, 23252335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jonsson, C-O., Clinton, D., Fahrman, M., & Mazzaglia, G. (2001). How do mothers signal shared feelings to their infants? An investigation of affect attunement and imitation during the first year of life. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 377381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keillor, J., Barett, A., Crucian, G. P., Kortenkkamp, S., & Heilman, K., M. (2002). Emotional experience and perception in the absence of facial feedback. Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society, 8, 130135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keltner, D., & Ekman, P. (2000). Facial expression of emotion. In Lewis, M. & Haviland-Jones, J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 236249). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E. A., & Sroufe, A. L. (1989). Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 5164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinke, C. L., Peterson, T. R., & Rutledge, T. R. (1998). Effects of self-generated facial expressions on mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 272279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klohnen, E. C., & John, O. P. (1998). Working models of attachment: A theory-based prototype approach. In Simpson, J. A. & Rholes, W. S. (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 115138). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Knyazev, G. G., Slobodsy-Plusnin, J. Y., & Bocharov, A. V. (2010). Gender differences in implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial processing as revealed by event-related theta synchronization. Emotion, 10, 678687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakin, J. L., Jefferis, V. E., Cheng, C. M., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). The chameleon effect as social glue: Evidence for the evolutionary significance of non-conscious mimicry. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 27, 145162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Levant, R. F. (1995). Towards the reconstruction of masculinity. In Levant, R. F. & Pollack, W. S. (Eds.), A new psychology of men (pp. 229252). New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion specific nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27, 363384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leventhal, H. (1984). A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 117182). Madison, Wisconsin: Academic Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Lewis, M. B. (2012). Exploring the positive and negative implications of facial feedback. Emotion, 12, 852859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, M. B., & Bowler, P. J. (2009). Botulinum toxin cosmetic therapy correlates with a more positive mood. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 8, 2426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Likowski, K. U., Muhlberger, A., & Seibt, B. (2011). Processes underlying congruent and incongruent facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Emotion, 11, 457467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Likowski, K. U., Muhlberger, A., Seibt, B., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2007). Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 10651072.Google Scholar
Lundqvist, L.-O. (1995). Facial EMG reactions to facial expressions: A case of emotional contagion?Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 36, 130141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markova, G., & Legerstee, M. (2006). Contingency, imitation and affect sharing: Foundations of infants’ social awareness. Developmental Psychology, 42, 132141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masur, E. F. (1987). Imitative interchanges in a social context: Mother infant matching behaviour at the beginning of the second year. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 453473.Google Scholar
McIntosh, D. N. (1996). Facial feedback hypothesis: Evidence, implications, and directions. Motivation and Emotion, 20, 121147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, D. N. (2006). Spontaneous facial mimicry, liking, and emotional contagion. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 37, 3142.Google Scholar
McIntosh, D. N., Reichmann-Decker, A., Winkelman, P., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2006). When the social mirror breaks: Deficits in automatic, but not voluntary, mimicry of emotional facial expression in autism. Developmental Science, 9, 295302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzofff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 205, 702709.Google Scholar
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1998). The relationship between adult attachment style and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In Simpson, J. A. & Rholes, S. W. (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 144165). New York: Guilford Press Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others’ needs: Evidence that activate the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 12051224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milkulincer, M., & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 917925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system and repressive defensiveness: Activation, psychodynamics and interpersonal process. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. XXXV, pp. 56152). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Montagne, B., Kessels, P. C. R., Frigerio, E., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2005). Sex differences in the perception of affective facial expressions: Do men really lack emotional reactivity?Cognitive Processing, 6, 136141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, E., Pilling, K., Orvos, H., & Molnar, P. (2012). Imitation of tongue protrusion in human neonates: Specificity of the response in a large sample. Developmental Psychology, online publication.Google Scholar
Neal, D., & Chartrand, T. L. (2011). Embodied emotion perception. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 673678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, R. & Strack, F. (2000). “Mood contagion”: The automatic transfer of mood between persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 211223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niedenthal, P. M, Brauer, M., Robin, L., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (2002). Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 419433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niedenthal, P. M., & Halberstadt, J., B. (2003). Top-down influences in social perception. European Review of Social Psychology, 14, 4976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M, Winkielman, P., Mondillon, L., & Vermeulen, N. (2009). Embodiment of emotion concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 11201136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oberman, L. M., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007). The simulating social mind: The role of mirror neuron system and simulation in the social communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 310327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2009). Slow echo: facial EMG evidence for the delay of spontaneous, but not voluntary, emotional mimicry in children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Science, 12(4), 510520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives and information processing mechanisms. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotion (pp. 511536). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Pally, R. (1998). Emotional processing: The mind-body connection. Journal of Psychoanalysis, 79, 349362.Google ScholarPubMed
Pawlby, S. J. (1977). Imitative interaction. In Schaffer, H. (Ed.), Studies in mother-infant interaction (pp. 203224). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Perrett, D. I., & Emergy, N. J. (2000). How can studies of the monkey brain help us understand “theory of mind” and autism in humans. In Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Understanding other minds – perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, J. H., Iacoboni, M., Mazziotta, J. C., & Dapretto, M. (2008). Mirroring others’ emotions relates to empathy and interpersonal competence in children. NeuroImage, 39, 20762085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pleck, J. H. (1981). The myth of masculinity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Ravaja, N., Kallinen, K., Saari, T., & Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. (2004). Suboptimal exposure to facial expressions when viewing video-messages from a small screen: Effects on emotions, attention and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 120137.Google ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, G., Gallese, V., & Fongassi, L. (1995). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 131141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roisman, G., Tsai, J. L., & Chiang, S. K.-H. (2004). The emotional integration of childhood experience: Physiological, facial expressive, and self-reported emotional response during the Adult Attachment Interview. Developmental Psychology, 40, 776789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, K. G., Hempel, R. J., & Lynch, T. R. (2013). That “poker face” just might lose you the game! The impact of expressive suppression and mimicry on sensitivity to facial expressions of emotions. Emotion, 13, 852866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publisher.Google Scholar
Schore, J. R., & Schore, A. N. (2008). Modern attachment theory: The central role of affect regulation in development and treatment. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36, 920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulte-Ruther, M., Markowitsch, H. J., Shah, N. J., Fink, G., & Piefke, M. (2008). Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy. NeuroImage, 42, 393403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, G., Brown, S. L., & Ahern, G. L. (1980). Facial muscle patterning and subjective experience during affective imagery: Sex differences. Psychophysiology, 17, 7582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, G. E., Fair, P. l., Salt, P., Mandel, M. R., & Klerman, G. R. (1976). Facial muscle pattering to affective imagery in depressed and non-depressed individuals. Science, 19, 489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiller, V. M., Izard, C. E., & Hembree, E. A. (1986). Patterns of emotion expressions during separation in the strange-situation procedure. Developmental Psychology, 22, 378382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, G. J. W. (1991). Percept-genesis: A frame of reference for neuropsychological research. In Hanlon, R. E. (Ed.), Cognitive microgenesis. A neuropsychological perspective. New York: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2002a). Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 433443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2002b). Between Ourselves: Automatic mimicry as related to empathic ability and patterns of attachment. Doctoral thesis, Lund University, Lund.Google Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2009). Alexithymia as related to facial imitation, mentalization, empathy, and internal working models-of-self and -others. Neuropsychoanalysis, 11, 107123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M., & Jönsson, P. (2003). Model-of-self and others as related to mimicry reactions at different levels of cognitive control. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 153163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M., & Jönsson, P. (2004). Dismissing-avoidant pattern of attachment and mimicry reactions at different levels of information processing. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 103113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonnby-Borgström, M., Jönsson, P., & Svensson, O. (2003). Emotional empathy as related to mimicry reactions at different levels of information processing. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 27, 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M., Jönsson, P., & Svensson, O. (2008a). Gender differences in facial imitation and verbally reported emotional contagion from spontaneous to emotionally regulated levels. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 111122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M., Jönsson, P., & Svensson, O. (2008b). Imitative responses and verbally reported emotional contagion from spontaneous, unconscious to emotionally regulated, conscious information-processing levels. Neuropsychoanalysis, 10, 8185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne smile, emotional experience and autonomic reactivity: A test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Emotion, 2, 5274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stel, M., & Vonk, R. (2010). Mimicry in social interaction: Benefits for mimickers, mimickees, and their interaction. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 311323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of human smile: A non-obtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suomi, S. J. (2006). Risk, resilience and gene X environment interactions in rhesus monkeys. Annals of the New York Sciences, 1094, 5262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suslow, T., Kugel, H., Rauch, A. V., Dannlowski, U., Bauer, J., Konrad, C., et al. (2009). Attachment avoidance modulates neural response to masked facial emotion. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 35533562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tassinary, L. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1992). Unobservable facial actions and emotion. Psychological Science, 3, 2833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tassinary, L. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2000). The skeletomotor system: Surface electromyography. In Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G. & Berntsson, G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 163199). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (1997). Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thunberg, M., & Dimberg, U. (2000). Gender differences in facial reactions to fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 24, 4551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobari, M. (2003). The development of empathy in adolescence: A multidimensional view. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14, 136148.Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. (1962). Affect, imagery and consciousness. Volume I: The positive affects. New York: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. (1963). Affect, imagery and consciousness: Volume II: The negative affects. New York: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Losoya, A. (2004). Prediction of children’s empathy-related responding from their effortful control and parent’s expressivity. Developmental Psychology, 40, 911926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakabayashi, A., Sasaki, J., & Ogawa, Y. (2012). Sex differences in two fundamental cognitive domains: Empathizing and systemizing in children and adults. Journal of Individual Differences, 33, 2434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyers, P., Muhlberger, A., Hefele, C., & Pauli, P. (2006). Electromyographic responses to static and dynamic avatar emotional expressions. Psychophysiology, 43, 450453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J. P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wild, B., Erb, M., & Bartels, M. (2001). Are emotions contagious? Evoked emotions while viewing emotionally expressive faces: Quality, quantity time course and gender differences. Psychiatry Research, 102, 109124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. H.G., Whiten, A., & Singh, T. (2004). A systematic review of action imitation in autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 285299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. H. G., Whiten, A., Suddendorf, T., & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 25, 287295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winkielman, P., Berrige, K. C., & Wilberger, J. L. (2005). Unconscious affective reactions to masked versus angry faces influence consumption behaviour and judgements of value. Personal and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 121135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, F., & Shihui, H. (2008). Temporal dynamics of neural mechanisms involved in empathy for pain: An event-related brain potential study. Neuropsychologia, 46, 160173.Google Scholar
Yawei, C., Lee, P.-L., Yang, C.-Y., Lin, D. H., & Decety, J. (2008). Gender differences in mu rhythm of the mirror neuron system. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2113.Google Scholar
Zilber, A., Goldstein, A., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Adult attachment and the processing of emotional pictures. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 18981907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×