Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-w79xw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-19T00:03:41.536Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2024

Omonpee W. Petcoff ,
Janice C. Palaganas  and
Marcel Danesi
Omonpee W. Petcoff
Affiliation:
Tarrant County College
Janice C. Palaganas
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School
Marcel Danesi
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Emoji in Higher Education
A Healthcare-Based Perspective
 , pp. 187 - 203
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, F. (1849). The Genuine Works of Hippocrates. London: Sydenham Society.Google Scholar
Agarwal, A. K., Hahn, L., Petullo, A., Rosin, R., and Merchant, R. M. (2020). Capturing Real-Time Emergency Department Sentiment: A Feasibility Study Using Touch-Button Terminals. Annals of Emergency Medicine 75(6): 727–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albright, J., and Luke, A. (2012). Pierre Bourdieu and Literacy Education. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Alexander, K. E., Ogle, T., Hoberg, H., Linley, L., and Bradford, N. (2021). Patient Preferences for Using Technology in Communication about Symptoms Post Hospital Discharge. Biomedical Central Health Service Research 21: 141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06119-7.Google ScholarPubMed
Allen, K. et al. (2017). How I Feel about My School: The Construction and Validation of a Measure of Wellbeing at School for Primary School Children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 23(1): 25–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alshenqeeti, H. (2016). Are Emojis Creating a New or Old Visual Language for New Generations? A Socio-semiotic Study. Advances in Language and Literary Studies 7. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3709343.Google Scholar
Amit, E., Danziger, S., and Smith, P. K. (2022). Medium Is a Powerful Message: Pictures Signal Less Power than Words. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An, J., Zhang, P., Li, T., and Teng, Y. (2018). Factors Influencing Emoji Usage in Smartphone Mediated Communications. In Chowdhury, G., McLeod, J., Gillet, V., and Willett, P. (eds.), Transforming Digital Worlds: iConference 2018: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10766, 423–428. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78105-1_46.Google Scholar
Andel, S. A., de Vreede, T., Spector, P. E., et al. (2020). Do Social Features Help in Video-Centric Online Learning Platforms? A Presence Perspective. Computers in Human Behavior 113: 106505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angotti, R., and Bayo, I. (2012). Making Kinections: Using Video Game Technology to Teach Math. Prato CIRN Community Informatics Conference: 1–6.Google Scholar
Arendale, D. R. (2014). History of Learning Assistance in U.S. Postsecondary Education. In Boylan, H. R. and Bonham, B. S. (eds.), Developmental Education: Readings on Its Past, Present, and Future, 28–57. New York: St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . (1952). Rhetoric. In Ross, W. D. (ed.), The Works of Aristotle, vol. 11. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Assadi, R., Lotfinejad, N., Ziae, A., and Ganjali, B. (2020). Medical Emoji for Clinical Signs and Symptoms: A Comprehensive Qualitative Study. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.28.20240085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, E. (1988). Medical Semiotics. New York: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Bai, Q., Dan, Q., Mu, Z., and Yang, M. (2019). A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02221.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Barden, O. (2012). If We Were Cavemen We’d Be Fine: Facebook as a Catalyst for Critical Literacy Learning by Dyslexic Sixth-Form Students. Literacy 46: 123–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargh, J. A., and Chartrand, T. L. (2000). Studying the Mind in the Middle: A Practical Guide to Priming and Automaticity Research:23–36. In Reis, H. and Judd, C. (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Social Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barinaga-López, B., Puente-Bienvenido, H., and Newball, A. (2022). A Systematic Review of Trends and Gaps in the Production of Scientific Knowledge on the Sociopolitical Impacts of Emojis in Computer-Mediated Communication. Cogent Social Sciences 8(1). http://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2151096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnum, J. F. (1993). Medical Diagnosis through Semiotics: Giving Meaning to the Sign. Annals of Internal Medicine 119: 939–943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthes, R. (1964). Rhetoric of the Image. In Handa, C. (ed.), Visual Rhetoric in a Visual World: A Critical Sourcebook. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Barthes, R. (1977). Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Barthes, R. (1981). Camera Lucida. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Baudrillard, J. (1983). Simulations. New York: Semiotexte.Google Scholar
Beißwenger, M., and Pappert, S. (2019). How to Be Polite with Emojis: A Pragmatic Analysis of Face Work Strategies in an Online Learning Environment. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 7: 225–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benavides-Vanegas, F. S. (2020). Emoticons, Memes and Cyberbullying: Gender Equality in Colombia. Social Semiotics 30: 328–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berard, B. (2018). I Second that Emoji: The Standards, Structures, and Social Production of Emoji. First Monday 32(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9381.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, S., Singh, A., and Marzo, R. R. (2019). Delivering Emoji/Icon-Based Universal Health Education Messages through Smartphones. AIMS Public Health 6(3): 242–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bivins, R. (2007). “The English Disease” or “Asian Rickets”? Medical Responses to Postcolonial Immigration. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 81: 533–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, R. W. (2008). Just Don’t Call Them Cartoons: The New Literacy Spaces of Anime, Manga and Fanfiction. In Coiro, J., Knobel, M., Lankshear, C., and Leu, D. (eds.), Handbook of Research on New Literacies, 538–610. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Blair, J. A. (2004). The Rhetoric of Visual Arguments. In Hill, C. A. and Helmers, M. (eds.), Defining Visual Rhetorics, 41–61. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Borgman, J., and McArdle, C. (2019). Personal, Accessible, Responsive, Strategic: Resources and Strategies for Online Writing Instructors. Denver: University Press of Colorado.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1972). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic Analysis. In Cooper, H., Camic, P. M., Long, D. L. et al. (eds.), Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological, 57–71. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004.Google Scholar
Brown, N. (2022). Emoji Are Shown to Be as Effective as Numerical Pain Scales in Judging Patient Pain Levels in the Hospital. Medical Xpress. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-07-emoji-shown-effective-numerical-pain.html.Google Scholar
Bryden, J., Funk, S., and Jansen, V. (2013). Word Usage Mirrors Community Structure in the Online Social Network Twitter. EPJ Data Science 2: 3. www.epjdatascience.com/content/2/1/3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnum, J. F. (1993). Medical Diagnosis through Semiotics: Giving Meaning to the Sign. Annals of Internal Medicine 119: 939–943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butterworth, S. E., Giuliano, T. A., White, J., Cantu, L., and Fraser, K. C. (2019). Sender Gender Influences Emoji Interpretation in Text Messages. Frontiers in Psychology 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callender, J., Bridge, P., Al-Samarraie, F., and Blair, D. (2022). The Use of Emoji to Establish Student Wellbeing: Does the Image Reflect the Reality? Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 22: e30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1460396921000704.Google Scholar
Carr, N. (2011). The Shallows: What The Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Carr, N. (2015). The Glass Cage: How Our Computers Are Changing Us. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Carroll, L. (1865). Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Chadwick, J., and Mann, W. N. (1950). The Medical Works of Hippocrates. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chatzichristos, C., Morante, M., Andreadis, N., et al. (2020). Emojis Influence Autobiographical Memory Retrieval from Reading Words: An fMRI-based Study. PLoS One 15(7): e0234104. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, B. (2023). Emojis Aid Social Media Sentiment Analysis: Stop Cleaning Them Out! Medium. https://towardsdatascience.com/emojis-aid-social-media-sentiment-analysis-stop-cleaning-them-out-bb32a1e5fc8e.Google Scholar
Cheng, L., Yuxiu, S., and Li, J. (2020). Aggressiveness of Emojis Before the Court: A Sociosemiotic Interpretation. Social Semiotics 30: 365–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christofalos, A. L., Feldman, L. B., and Sheridan, H. (2020). Semantic Congruency Facilitates Memory for Emojis. Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media, 63–68. Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Churches, O., Nicholls, M., Thiessen, M., Kohler, M., and Keage, H. (2014). Emoticons in Mind: An Event-Related Potential Study. Social Neuroscience 9: 196–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clandfield, L. (2017). Emoji Lesson Pack. Cambridge: Technology and Digital. www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2017/06/08/5_ways_teachers_use_emoji/.Google Scholar
Clay, M. (1966). Reading: The Patterning of Complex Behaviour. Auckland: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Clough, S., Morrow, E., Mutlu, B., Turkstra, L., and Duff, M. C. (2023). Emotion Recognition of Faces and Emoji in Individuals with Moderate–Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Injury 37(7): 596–610. http://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2023.2181401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohn, N., Engelen, J., and Schilperoord, J. (2019). The Grammar of Emoji? Constraints on Communicative Pictorial Sequencing. Cognitive Research 4(33). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-019-0177-0.Google ScholarPubMed
Cohn, N., Roijackers, T., Schaap, R., and Engelen, J. (2018). Are Emoji a Poor Substitute for Words? Sentence Processing with Emoji Substitutions. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1524–1529. The Cognitive Science Society. http://mindmodeling.org/cogsci2018/papers/0295/0295.pdf.Google Scholar
Conway, M. A. (2009). Episodic Memories. Neuropsychologia 47(11): 2305–2313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa, S. (2021). How Emojis Have Changed the Way We Communicate. www.makeuseof.com/how-emojis-have-changed-the-way-we-communicate/.Google Scholar
Crombie, P. (2020). Faces, Hearts and Thumbs: Exploring the Use of Emoji in Online Teacher–Student Communications in Higher Education. Journal of Academic Language and Learning 14(1): 30–41.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. (2011). Internet Linguistics: A Student Guide. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. London: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Dainas, A., and Herring, S. (2021). Interpreting Emoji Pragmatics. In Xie, C., Yus, F., and Haberland, H. (eds.), Approaches to Internet Pragmatics: Theory and Practice, 107–144. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: G. P. Putnam.Google Scholar
Danesi, M. (1986). Research on the Brain’s Hemispheric Functions: Implications for Second Language Pedagogy. Lenguas Modernas 18: 99–113.Google Scholar
Danesi, M. (2003). Second Language Teaching: A View from the Right Side of the Brain. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danesi, M. (2015). Il cervello in aula: Neurolingistica e didattica delle lingue. Perugia: Guerra.Google Scholar
Danesi, M. (2016). The Semiotics of Emoji. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Danesi, M. (2017). Language and Mathematics: An Interdisciplinary Guide. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Danesi, M. (2022). Emotional Wellbeing and the Semiotic Translation of Emojis. In Petrilli, S. and Ji, M. (eds.), Exploring the Translatability of Emotions: Cross-Cultural and Transdisciplinary Encounters, 323–344. Cham: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dangor, J. (2017). Mayo Clinic Study Finds Emojis Promising Tool for Tracking Cancer Patients’ Quality of Life. Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/physical-activity-data-emojis-on-apple-watch-correlated-with-patient-reported-outcomes/.Google Scholar
Davies, J. (2012). Facework on Facebook as a New Literacy Practice. Computers & Education 59: 19–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, J., McKenna, M., Denner, K., Bayley, J., and Morgan, M. (2022). The Emoji Current Mood and Experience Scale: The Development and Initial Validation of an Ultra-Brief, Literacy Independent Measure of Psychological Health. Journal of Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2022.2069694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, D. S. (2021). Literacy Instruction and Social Justice: Disciplinary Literacy as a Tool for Disrupting Inequities. SRATE Journal 30(2).Google Scholar
Deely, J. (2001). Four Ages of Understanding: The First Postmodern Survey of Philosophy from Ancient Times to the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. (1902). The Child and the Curriculum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dhawan, C. (2021). Digital Body Language: How to Build Trust and Connection, No Matter the Distance. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Doiron, J. G. (2018). Emojis: Visual Communication in Higher Education. International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning 2(2): 1–11.Google Scholar
Donga, M. (2019). Educatief spel met emoji-taal: Wat voel ik? Onderwijs van Morgen. www.onderwijsvanmorgen.nl/educatief-spel-met-emoji-taal-wat-voel-ik/.Google Scholar
Eco, U. (1974). A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Eco, U. (1979). The Role of the Reader. Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Eco, U. (2010). Aristotle, Poetics and Rhetoric. In Sebeok, T. A. and Danesi, M. (eds.), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, 57–58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ede, L., and Lunsford, A. A. (2009). Among the Audience: On Audience in an Age of New Literacies. In Weiser, M. E., Fehler, B. M., and Gonzalez, A. M. (eds.), Engaging Audience: Writing in an Age of New Literacies, 42–72. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
Edwards, J. (2009). Language and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efron, D. (1941). Gesture, Race, and Culture. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1985). Telling Lies. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1989). The Argument and Evidence about Universals in Facial Expressions of Emotion. In Wagner, H. and Manstead, A. (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychophysiology, 143–164. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions Revealed. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across Cultures in the Face and Emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17: 124–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emanuel, E. J., and Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four Models of the Physician–Patient Relationship. Journal of the American Medical Association 267(16): 2221–2226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, V. (2017). The Emoji Code: The Linguistics Behind Smiley Faces and Scaredy Cats. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Fallows, R. R., and Hilsabeck, R. C. (2012). Visual Puzzles in a Mixed Clinical Sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 26: 942–950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fane, J. (2017). Using Emoji as a Tool to Support Child Wellbeing from a Strengths-Based Approach. Learning Communities: International Journal of Learning in Social Contexts 21: 96–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fane, J., MacDougall, C., Jovanovic, J., Redmond, G., and Gibbs, L. (2018). Exploring the Use of Emoji as a Visual Research Method for Eliciting Young Children’s Voices in Childhood Research. Early Child Development and Care 188(3): 359–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farifteh, S., Mohammadi-Aria, A., Kiamanesh, A., and Mofid, B. (2014). The Impact of Laughter Yoga on the Stress of Cancer Patients Before Chemotherapy. Iran Journal of Cancer Prevention 7(4): 179–183.Google ScholarPubMed
Fauconnier, G., and Turner, M. (2002). The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Ferré, P., Haro, J., Pérez-Sánchez, M., Moreno, I., and Hinojosa, J. A. (2022). Emoji-SP, the Spanish Emoji Database: Visual Complexity, Familiarity, Frequency of Use, Clarity, and Emotional Valence and Arousal Norms for 1031 Emojis. Behavior Research Methods 55: 1715–1733. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01893-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, C. (2018). Why I Let My Students Use Emojis in Writing Assignments. We Are Teachers. www.weareteachers.com/teaching-with-emojis/.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972). The Archeology of Knowledge. A. M. Sheridan Smith (trans.). New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Freedman, A. (2014). View of Cultural Literacy in the Empire of Emoji Signs: Who Is Crying with Joy? First Monday 23(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9395.Google Scholar
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Frensch, P. A., and Runger, D. (2003). Implicit learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12: 13–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1901). The Interpretation of Dreams. New York: Avon.Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. R., and Avgoustopoulos, R. E. (2023): Emojination Facilitates Inclusive Emoji Design Through Technical Writing: Fitting Tactical Technical Communication Inside Institutional Structures. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 54(1): 93–112. https://doi.org/10.25384/SAGE.c.6460845.v1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, M. (1998). A Quarter Century of Recreational Mathematics. Scientific American 279: 68–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge-Stadnyk, J., and Gretzel, U. (2018). Emoji Rhetoric: A Social Media Influencer Perspective. Journal of Marketing Management 34(2):1–24.Google Scholar
Gee, J. P. (1989). What Is Literacy? Journal of Education 1: 18–25.Google Scholar
Gee, J. P. (1996). Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Gee, J. P. (2003). What Video Games Have to Teach Us. New York: St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Gee, J. P. (2015). The New Literacy Studies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gibson, W., Huang, P., and Yu, Q. (2018). Emoji and Communicative Action: The Semiotics, Sequence and Gestural Actions of “Face Covering Hand.” Discourse, Context & Media 26: 91–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilster, P. (1998). Digital Literacy. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Glass, A. L., and Kang, M. (2018). Dividing Attention in the Classroom Reduces Exam Performance. Educational Psychology 39(3): 395–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glikson, E., Cheshin, A., and Van Kleef, G. A. (2018). The Dark Side of a Smiley: Effects of Smiling Emoticons on Virtual First Impressions. Social Psychological and Personality Science 9: 614–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in Public Places. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1978). Response Cries. Language 54: 787–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, E., and Costa, L. D. (1981). Hemispheric Differences in the Acquisition of Descriptive Systems. Brain and Language 14: 144–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, C., and Goodwin, M. H. (1992). Assessments and the Construction of Context. In Duranti, A. and Goodwin, C. (eds.), Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gray, K., and Holmes, S. (2020). Constraint in Emojis as Multimodal Public Pedagogy. Computers and Composition 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2020.102552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhow, C., and Gleason, B. (2012). Twitteracy: Tweeting as a New Literary Practice. The Educational Forum 76: 464–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosz, P. G., Greenberg, G., De Leon, C., and Kaiser, E. (2023). A Semantics of Face Emoji in Discourse. Linguistics and Philosophy 46: 905–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-022-09369-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Group µ (1970). A General Rhetoric. Paris: Larousse.Google Scholar
Group µ (1992). Traité du signe visuel: Pour une rhétorique de l’image. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Ha, J. F., and Longnecker, N. (2010). Doctor–Patient Communication: A Review. The Ochsner Journal 10(1): 38–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Haas, C., and Takayoshi, P. (2011). Young People’s Everyday Literacies: The Language Features of Instant Messaging. Research in the Teaching of English 45(4): 378–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, E. A., and Isaacs, K. S. (1966). Micro-momentary Facial Expressions as Indicators of Ego Mechanisms in Psychotherapy. In Gottschalk, L. A. and Auerbach, A. H. (eds.), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy, 154–165. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, E. T. (1959). The Silent Language. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. (1985). Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Hand, C. J., Burd, K., Oliver, A., and Robus, C. M. (2020). Interactions between Text Content and Emoji Types Determine Perceptions of Both Messages and Senders. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100242.Google Scholar
Hariman, R., and Lucaites, J. L. (2011). No Caption Needed: Iconic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Harper, C. (2022). Emojis Can Help You Communicate Quickly and Clearly. Psychology Today. www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/articles-heterodoxy/202207/emojis-can-help-you-communicate-quickly-and-clearly.Google Scholar
Harris, P. A., et al. (2019). The REDCap Consortium: Building an International Community of Software Platform Partners. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 95: 103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassel, H., and Phillips, C. (2022). Materiality and Writing Studies: Aligning Labor, Scholarship, and Teaching. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
He, S., Renne, A., Argandykov, D., Convissar, D., and Lee, J. (2022). Comparison of an Emoji-Based Visual Analog Scale with a Numeric Rating Scale for Pain Assessment. Journal of the American Medical Association 328(2): 208–209. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.7489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helprin, M. (2009). Digital Barbarism: A Writer’s Manifesto. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Hickok, G., Bellugi, U., and Klima, E. S. (2001). Sign Language in the Brain. Scientific American 284(6): 58–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinsie, L. E., and Campbell, R. J. (1970). Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hjortsjö, C.-H. (1970). Man’s Face and Mimic Language. Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Hobbs, R. (2017). Create to Learn: Introduction to Digital Literacy. London: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., and Bond, A. (2020). The Difference Between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning. Educause Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning.Google Scholar
Holton, D., and Symons, D. (2021). Emojis and Their Place in the Mathematics Classroom. Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom 26: 30–34.Google Scholar
Hsiao, C. (2010). Enhancing Children’s Artistic and Creative Thinking and Drawing Performance through Appreciating Picture Books. International Journal of Art & Design Education 29(2): 143–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., and Kambhampati, S. (2014). What We Instagram: A First Analysis of Instagram Photo Content and User Types. In Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 595–598. AAAI Press.Google Scholar
Huckin, T. (1992). Context-Sensitive Text Analysis. In Kirsh, G. and Sullivan, P. A. (Eds.), Methods and Methodology in Composition Research, 84–104. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Huxley, A. (1942). The Art of Seeing. London: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Jaeger, S. R., and Ares, G. (2017). Dominant Meanings of Facial Emoji: Insights from Chinese Consumers and Comparison with Meanings from Internet Resources. Food and Quality Preference 62: 275–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakobson, R. (1942). Kindersprache, Aphasie und algemeine Lautgesetze. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. (1960). Linguistics and Poetics. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), Style and Language, 34–45. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalantzis, M., and Cope, B. (2012). Literacies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kan, I. P., Alexander, M. P., and Verfaillie, M. (2009). Contribution of Prior Semantic Knowledge to New Episodic Learning in Amnesia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21: 938–944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandola, A., Edwards, K., Muller, M., et al. (2023). Digitally Managing Depression: A Fully Remote Randomized Attention-Placebo Controlled Trial. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.05.23288184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaye, L. (2018). Why Psychology Needs to Start Taking Emoji Seriously. The British Psychological Society. www.bps.org.uk/blog/why-psychology-needs-start-taking-emoji-seriously.Google Scholar
Kendon, A. (1972). Some Relationships Between Body Motion and Speech: An Analysis of an Example. In Seigman, R. and Elmsford, B. Pope (eds.), Studies in Dyadic Communication, 68–99. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Kharbach, M. (2022). Emojis in Learning. Educational Technology and Mobile Learning. www.educatorstechnology.com/2021/09/emojis-in-education-tools-and-apps-for.html.Google Scholar
Kiger, M. E, and Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical Teacher 42(8): 846–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, M., Knotts, T. L., Albers, N. D., and James, K. E. (2022). Emoji Use as a Catalyst for Relationship Building and Sustaining Attention in Online Classes: An Empirical Study. Educational Science 12: 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, M. (2016). Using Emojis to Teach Critical Reading Skills. Edutopia. www.edutopia.org/article/using-emojis-to-teach-critical-reading-skills-marissa-king/.Google Scholar
Kirk, H., Vidgen, B., Röttger, P., and Hale, S. A. (2021). Hatemoji: A Test Suite and Adversarially-Generated Dataset for Benchmarking and Detecting Emoji-Based Hate. Oxford University Research Archive. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0570eaf5-e729-4ef5-b27a-b6d511abcdc3.Google Scholar
Kirley, E., and McMahon, M. (2018). The Emoji Factor: Humanizing the Emerging Law of Digital Speech. Tennessee Law Review 85(2): 1–61.Google Scholar
Klyukanov, I. E. (2005). Principles of Intercultural Communication. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Korzybski, A. (1921). Manhood of Humanity: The Science and Art of Human Engineering. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company.Google Scholar
Korzybski, A. (1933). Science and Sanity. Brooklyn, NY: Institute of General Semantics.Google Scholar
Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the New Media Age. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kurniawan, F. (2016). The Use of Audiovisual Media in Teaching Speaking. English Education Journal 7: 180–193.Google Scholar
Lai, S., Lee, J., and He, S. (2021). Emoji for the Medical Community – Challenges and Opportunities. JAMA Network 326(9): 795–796. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.8409.Google ScholarPubMed
Lakoff, G. (1979). The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. In Ortony, A. (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 220–251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Langacker, R. W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Langacker, R. W. (1990). Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Langacker, R. W. (1999). Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langer, S. (1948). Philosophy in a New Key. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Langer, S. K. (1937). An Introduction to Symbolic Logic. New South Wales: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Langer, S. K. (1950). The Principles of Creation in Art. Hudson Review 2: 520–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, M. R., and Street, B. V. (2006). The “Academic Literacies” Model: Theory and Applications. Theory Into Practice 45(4): 368–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebduska, L. (2014). Emoji, Emoji, What for Art Thou? Harlot. http://harlotofthearts.org/index.php/harlot/article/view/186/157.Google Scholar
Lee, A. C. K., Tang, S. W., Yu, G. K. K., and Cheung, R. T. F. (2008). The Smiley as a Simple Screening Tool for Depression after Stroke: A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 45(7): 1081–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S. J., Back, A. L., Block, S. D., and Stewart, S. K. (2002). Enhancing Physician–Patient Communication. Hematology 2002(1): 464–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesniak, E., and Grzybowski, (2021). The Role of Emoticons in the Comprehension of Emotional and Non-emotional Messages in Dyslexic Youth: A Preliminary Study. Frontiers in Psychology 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, R. I. (1975). Tahitians: Mind and Experience in the Society Islands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Li, L., Flynn, K., DeRosier, M., Weiser, G., and Austin-King, K. (2021). Social-Emotional Learning Amidst COVID-19 School Closures: Positive Findings from an Efficacy Study of Adventures Aboard the S.S. GRIN Program. Frontiers in Education 6. www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.683142/full.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, T. S., and Luo, Y. (2023). Health Persuasion through Emoji: How Emoji Interacted with Information Source to Predict Health Behaviors in COVID-19 Situation. Social Science and Medicine Population Health 21: 101343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101343.Google ScholarPubMed
Lindberg, S. (1994). New Farmers’ Movements in India as Structural Response and Collective Identity Formation: The Cases of the Shetkari Sanghatana and the BKU. The Journal of Peasant Studies 21: 95–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindeberg, S. (1994). Apparent Absence of Cerebrocardiovascular Disease in Melanesians: Risk Factors and Nutritional Considerations: The Kitava Study. [Unpublished dissertation]. University of Lund.Google Scholar
Liu, M. (2023). Are You Really Smiling? Display Rules for Emojis and the Relationship Between Emotion Management and Psychological Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1035742.Google ScholarPubMed
Lobe, B., et al. (2020). Qualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920937875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, J. (1690). An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Logi, L., and Zappavigna, M. (2021). A Social Semiotics Perspective on Emoji: How Emoji and Language Interact to Make Meaning in Digital Messages. New Media & Society 25(12): 3222–3246. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448211032965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losh, E. (2015). Teaching Urban Digital Literacy Outside Schools. Connected Learning Alliance. https://clalliance.org/blog/teaching-urban-digital-literacy-outside-schools-part-3/.Google Scholar
Lotfinejad, N., Assadi, R., Aelami, M. H., and Pittet, D. (2020). Emojis in Public Health and How They Might Be Used for Hand Hygiene and Infection Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-0692-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotman, J. (1990). The Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Lu, X., Ai, W., Chen, Z., Cao, Y., and Mei, Q. (2022). Emojis Predict Dropouts of Remote Workers: An Empirical Study of Emoji Usage on GitHub. PLoS One 17(1): e0261262.Google ScholarPubMed
Lu, X., Ai, W., Liu, X., et al. (2016). Learning from the Ubiquitous Language. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 770–780. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1947). Traumatic Aphasia. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Ma, W., Liu, R., Wang, L., and Vosiughi, S. (2020). Multi-resolution Annotations for Emoji Prediction. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 6684–6694. Association for Computational LinguisticsGoogle Scholar
Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific. New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Malinowski, B. (1923). The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages. In Ogden, C. K. and Richards, I. A., The Meaning of Meaning, 296–336. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Malykhina, E. (2014). Fact or Fiction?: Video Games are the Future of Education. Scientific American. www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-video-games-are-the-future-of-education/.Google Scholar
Mapes, A. C., and Hea, A. C. K. (2018). Devices and Desires: A Complicated Narrative of Mobile Writing and Device-Driven Ecologies. In Alexander, J. and Rhodes, J. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Digital Writing and Rhetoric, 73–83. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchetti, N. (2015), Karkemish: New Discoveries in the Last Hittite Capital. Current World Archaeology 70: 18–24.Google Scholar
Marder, B., Houghton, D., Erz, A., Harris, L., and Javornik, A. (2020). Smile(y) – and Your Students Will Smile with You? The Effects of Emoticons on Impressions, Evaluations, and Behaviour in Staff-to-Student Communication. Studies in Higher Education 45: 2274–2286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marengo, D., Giannotta, F., and Settanni, M. (2017). Assessing Personality Using Emoji: An Exploratory Study. Personality and Individual Differences 112: 74–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marengo, D., Settanni, M., and Giannotta, F. (2019). Development and Preliminary Validation of an Image-Based Instrument to Assess Depressive Symptoms. Psychiatry Research 279: 180–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, R. A. (1957). St. Augustine on Signs. Phronesis 2: 60–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, R. (2022). Should Clinicians Use Emojis When They Communicate with Each Other? Stat. www.statnews.com/2022/05/04/should-clinicians-use-emojis-when-communicating-with-each-other/.Google Scholar
Marzouk, S., He, S., and Lee, J. (2022). Emoji Education: How Students Can Help Increase Health Awareness by Making Emojis. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 8(4): e39059. https://doi.org/10.2196/39059.Google ScholarPubMed
Matsumoto, D. (1992). More Evidence for the Universality of a Contempt Expression. Motivation and Emotion 16: 363–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matulewska, A., and Gwiazdowicz, D. J. (2020). Cyberbullying in Poland: A Case Study of Aggressive Messages with Emojis Targeted at the Community of Hunters in Urbanized Society. Social Semiotics 30: 379–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCaffrey, T., and Matthews, P. G. (2017). An Emoji is Worth a Thousand Variables. The Mathematics Teacher 111(2): 96–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrea, S. M., and Robinson, T. P. (2011). Visual Puzzles, Figure Weights, and Cancellation: Some Preliminary Hypotheses on the Functional and Neural Substrates of These Three New WAIS-IV Subtests. International Scholarly Research Notices. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/123173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, K. (2007). Teaching L2 Vocabulary through Logic Puzzles. Estudios de Lingüística Inglesa Aplicada 7: 149–163.Google Scholar
McDonough, K., and Trofimovich, P. (2008) Using Priming Methods in Second Language Research. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M. (1960). Classrooms without Walls. In Carpenter, Edmund (ed.), Explorations in Communication, 23–34. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M. (1969). Through the Vanishing Point. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M. (1987). Letters of Marshall McLuhan. Molinaro, M. and McLuhan, C. (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLuhan, M., and Leonard, G. (1967). The Future of Education: The Class of 1989. Look, February 21, 23–24.Google Scholar
McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McNeill, D. (2005). Gesture & Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, H., Thebault-Spieker, J., Chang, S., et al. (2016). “Blissfully Happy” or “Ready to Fight”: Varying Interpretations of Emoji. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. www-users.cse.umn.edu/~bhecht/publications/ICWSM2016_emoji.pdf.Google Scholar
Mills, K. A., Stone, B. G., and Unsworth, L. (2020). Multimodal Aspects of Attitude. Written Communication 37: 074108831989797.Google Scholar
Moffitt, R. L., Padgett, C., and Grieve, R. (2021). The Impact of Emoji Use and Feedback Medium on Perceptions of Marker Personality in Online Assessment Feedback. Learning and Individual Differences 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montoya, S. (2018). Defining Literacy. UNESCO, Institute for Statistics. https://gaml.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/4.6.1_07_4.6-defining-literacy.pdf.Google Scholar
Moore, C. A. (2017). Emoji as Visual Literacy. Medium. https://catherineannemoore.medium.com/emoji-as-visual-literacy-cbebe37cb99c.Google Scholar
Morris, C. W. (1938). Foundations of the Theory of Signs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Morris, C. W. (1946). Signs, Language and Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, P. S., Bolyard, J. J., and Spikell, M. A. (2002). What Are Virtual Manipulatives? Teaching Children Mathematics 8: 372–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, V., and Colturi, J. (2022). Use of Emoji in the Health Care Setting: Helpful or Harmful? Op-Med. https://opmed.doximity.com/articles/use-of-emoji-in-the-health-care-setting-helpful-or-harmful.Google Scholar
Najda, N. (2016). Aphasic to Aphasic Interaction. In Danesi, M. and Greco, S. (eds.), Case Studies in Discourse Analysis, 46–57. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Neuman, Y., Danesi, M., and Vilenchik, D. (2023). Using AI for Dialoguing with Texts: From Psychology to Cinema and Literature. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Novak, P., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., and Mozetič, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0144296. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nusrat, F., and Huang, Y. (2021). Less Talking, More Empathy: How to Use Emojis to Help People Feel Good. Association of Marketing Theory and Practice Proceedings. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/amtp-proceedings_2021/21.Google Scholar
O’Reilly-Shah, V., Lynde, G., and Jabaley, C. (2018). Is It Time to Start Using the Emoji in Biomedical Literature? British Medical Journal 363: k5033. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k5033.Google Scholar
Oakley, T., and Pascual, E. (2017). Conceptual Blending Theory. In Dancygier, B. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, 423–448. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obler, L. K., and Gjerlow, K. (1999). Language and the Brain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ogden, C. K. (1932). Opposition: A Linguistic and Psychological Analysis. London: Paul, Trench, and Trubner.Google Scholar
Olson, D. (1977). Media and Symbols: The Forms of Expression, Communication and Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ong, W. (1982). Orality and Literacy. New York: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paggio, P., and Tse, A. Ping Ping (2022). Are Emoji Processed Like Words? An Eye-Tracking Study. Cognitive Science 46(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peirce, C. S. (1931–1958). Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. 1–8. Hartshorne, C. and Weiss, P. (eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pereira-Kohatsu, J., Quijano-Sánchez, L., Liberatore, F., and Camacho-Collados, M. (2019). Detecting and Monitoring Hate Speech in Twitter. Sensors 19: 4654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perryman-Clark, S., Kirkland, D. E., Jackson, A., and Smitherman, G. (2015). Students’ Right to Their Own Language: A Critical Sourcebook. Boston, MA: St Martin’s.Google Scholar
Petcoff, O. W. (2022a). Q1 traditional writing most frequently used words. Voyant tools. https://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=c4a48bece58a1384950623e03577e86f&palette=d3_cat10&view=Summary.Google Scholar
Petcoff, O. W. (2022b). Q1 traditional writing word cloud. Voyant tools. https://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=c4a48bece58a1384950623e03577e86f&palette=d3_cat10&whiteList=&view=Cirrus.Google Scholar
Petcoff, O. (2023). Exploring Emoji as a Semioliteracy Instructional Tool in the Developmental Reading and Writing Classroom. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Texas Tech University. https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/items/d318792c-b00d-463e-ba32-f02d795fc0d3.Google Scholar
Petrilli, S. (2009). Signifying and Understanding: Reading the Works of Victoria Lady Welby and the Signific Movement. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1969). The Child’s Conception of the World. Totowa: Littlefield, Adams and Company.Google Scholar
Piriyatamwong, P. (2022). Emojional Intelligence: How AI Can Predict Your Next Emoji. The AI Journal. https://aijourn.com/emojional-intelligence- -how-ai-can-predict-your-next-emoji/.Google Scholar
Rankin, L. (2013). Mind over Medicine: Scientific Proof That You Can Heal Yourself. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House.Google Scholar
Rasula, S., Bukhsh, Q., and Batool, S. (2011). A Study to Analyze the Effectiveness of Audio Visual Aids in Teaching Learning Process at University Level. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences 28: 78–81.Google Scholar
Rathore, A. S. (2022). Emojis for What Words Can’t Say. Dailyexcelsior.com, December 18.Google Scholar
Reddy, M. J. (1979). The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language about Language. In Ortony, A. (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 284–310. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Renne, A., He, S., and Lee, J. (2022). An Emoji-Based Visual Analog Scale Compared with a Numeric Rating Scale for Pain Assessment. JAMA 328(19): 1980–1981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riad, R. Allodi, M. W., Siljehag, E., et al. (2021). How I Feel About My School: Adaptation and Validation of an Educational Well-Being Measure among Young Children in Sweden. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health 18(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riordan, M. (2017). The Communicative Role of Non-Face Emojis: Affect and Disambiguation. Computers in Human Behavior 76: 75–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robson, R. (2019). Emoji Law 101. https://robsonlaw.com/2019/11/emoji-law-101/.Google Scholar
Rong, S., Wang, W., Mannan, U. A., et al. (2022). An Empirical Study of Emoji Use in Software Development Communication. Information and Software Technology 148(6). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.106912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblatt, L. (2005). Making Meaning with Texts: Selected Essays. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Saldaña, J. (2020). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: Sage.Google Scholar
San-Martin, M., Delgado-Bolton, R., and Vivanco, L. (2017). Role of a Semiotics-Based Curriculum in Empathy Enhancement: A Longitudinal Study in Three Dominican Medical Schools. Frontiers in Psychology 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saussure, F. de (1916). Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Savage, B. M., Lujan, H. L., Thipparthi, R. R., and DiCarlo, S. E. (2017). Humor, Laughter, Learning, and Health! A Brief Review. Advances in Physiology Education 41(3): 341–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheffler, T., Brandt, L., Fuente, M., and Nenchev, I. (2021). The Processing of Emoji-Word Substitutions: A Self-Paced-Reading Study. Computers in Human Behavior 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107076.Google Scholar
Schmandt-Besserat, D. (1978). The Earliest Precursor of Writing. Scientific American 238: 50–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmandt-Besserat, D. (1992). Before Writing, 2 vols. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Seargeant, P. (2019). The Emoji Revolution: How Technology Is Shaping the Future of Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1976). A Classification of Illocutionary Acts. Language in Society 5: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selfe, C. L. (2017). Multimodal Composition: Resources for Teachers. Columbia, SC: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Semetsky, I., and Stables, A. (2014). Pedagogy and Edusemiotics: Theoretical Challenges/Practical Opportunities. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semetsky, I. R. (2019). Semiotic Subjectivity in Education and Counseling: Learning with the Unconscious. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sexton, W., and Beegle, R. (2020). Academic Language in an Emoji World. A Journal of the Texas Council of Teachers of English Language Arts 50(2): 6–10.Google Scholar
Shafer, G. (1998). Whole Language: Origins and Practice. Language Arts Journal of Michigan 14: 18–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, K. (2023). Can Emojis Improve Doctor–Patient Communication? HealthSite. www.thehealthsite.com/author/kashish-sharma/.Google Scholar
Shipka, J. (2011). Toward a Composition Made Whole. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, R. M., Anneken, A., Duffy, C., et al. (2015). Emoticon Use Increases Plain Milk and Vegetable Purchase in a School Cafeteria without Adversely Affecting Total Milk Purchase. Clinical Therapeutics 37(9): 1938–1943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, A., and Husain, Z. (2020). The Use of Emoticons in Text-Based Therapy. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 8(9): 3860–3866. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2009492.pdf.Google Scholar
Skemp, R. R. (1971). The Psychology of Learning Mathematics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Sketchley, M. (2022). Emojis in the English Classroom. ELT Experiences. https://eltexperiences.com/emojis-in-the-english-classroom/.Google Scholar
Skiba, D. J. (2016). Face with Tears of Joy Is Word of the Year: Are Emoji a Sign of Things to Come in Health Care? Nursing Education Perspectives 37: 56–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, L. R., and Sanderson, J. (2015). I’m Going to Instagram It! An Analysis of Athlete Self-Presentation on Instagram. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 59: 342–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnevend, J. (2020). A Virus as an Icon: The 2020 Pandemic in Images. American Journal of Cultural Sociology 8: 451–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sontag, S. (1978). Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Stavans, A., Eden, M. T., and Azar, L. (2021). Multilingual Literacy: The Use of Emojis in Written Communication. In Breuer, E. O., Lindgren, E., and Stavans, A. (eds.), Multilingual Literacy: 82–99. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Street, B. (2003). What’s “New” in New Literacy Studies? Critical Approaches to Literacy in Theory and Practice. Current Issues in Comparative Education 5(2): 77–91.Google Scholar
Stewart, M. A. (1995). Effective Physician–Patient Communication and Health Outcomes: A Review. Canadian Medical Association Journal 152(9): 1423–1433.Google ScholarPubMed
Stonbraker, S., Porras, T., and Schnall, R. (2020). Patient Preferences for Visualization of Longitudinal Patient-Reported Outcomes Data. Journal of the American Medical Information Association 27(2): 212–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stough, C., Roberts, J., and Downey, L. A. (2011). Workplace Culture Emotional Intelligence and Trust in the Prediction of Workplace Outcomes. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management 6(1): 30–40.Google Scholar
Street, B. (2013). Literacy in Theory and Practice: Challenges and Debates over 50 Years. Theory into Practice 52(1): 52–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Street, B. K. (2003). What’s “New” in New Literacy Studies? Critical Approaches to Literacy in Theory and Practice. Current Issues in Comparative Education 5(2): 77–91.Google Scholar
Suleiman, H., and Eltom, E. (2019). Using Emoji to Improve Female Students’ Coherence in Writing at Qassim University. Advances in Language and Literary Studies 10(4): 57–62. http://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.4p.57.Google Scholar
Szeto, M. D., Barber, C., Ranpariya, V. K., et al. (2022). Emojis and Emoticons in Health Care and Dermatology Communication: Narrative Review. Journal of Medical Internet Reach Dermatology 5(3): e33851. https://doi.org/10.2196/33851.Google ScholarPubMed
Tannen, D. (1989). Talking Voices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. S. H., Davis, M. H., and Rastle, K. (2017). Comparing and Validating Methods of Reading Instruction Using Behavioural and Neural Findings in an Artificial Orthography. Journal of Experimental Psychology 146: 826–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teixera, M. I. (2022). Can Emojis Help You Learn a Language? Lingoda. https://blog.lingoda.com/en/can-emojis-help-you-learn-a-language/.Google Scholar
Tham, J. C. K. (2018). Interactivity in an Age of Immersive Media: Seven Dimensions for Wearable Technology, Internet of Things, and Technical Communication. Technical Communication 65(1): 46–65.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. J., and Cook, K. A. (2005). Illuminating the Path: The R&D Agenda for Visual Analytics. National Visualization and Analytics Center.Google Scholar
Thompson, C. A., Novotny, P. J., Bartz, A., Yost, K. J., and Sloan, J. A. (2018). Development of Novel Emoji Scale to Measure Patient-Reported Outcomes in Cancer Patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 36(7). https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2018.36.7_suppl.174.Google Scholar
Tolman, E. (1932). Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and Semantic Memory. In Tulving, E. and Donaldson, W. (eds.), Organization of Memory, 23–46. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Tuohy, P. (2018). Reading Graphic Medicine. Journal of the Medical Library Association 106(3): 387–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dam, L., Rietstra, S., Van der Drift, E., et al. (2019). Can an Emoji a Day Keep the Doctor Away? An Explorative Mixed-Methods Feasibility Study to Develop a Self-Help App for Youth with Mental Health Problems. Frontiers in Psychiatry 23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00593.Google Scholar
Vance, E. (2010). Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus), Bishop of Hippo (354–430). In Sebeok, T. A. and Danesi, M. (eds.), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, 65–67. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Vareberg, K. R., Vogt, O., and Berndt, M. (2022). Putting Your Best Face Forward: How Instructor Emoji Use Influences Students’ Impressions of Credibility, Immediacy, and Liking. Education Information Technology 28: 6075–6092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11421-w.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vespoor, M. H. (2008). Cognitive Linguistics and Its Applications to Second Language Teaching. In Hornberger, N. H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 23–36. Boston, MA: Springer.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1961). Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wagner, A., Marusek, S., and Yu, W. (2020). Sarcasm, the Smiling Poop, and e-Discourse Aggressiveness: Getting Far Too Emotional with Emojis. Social Semiotics 30: 305–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, A., and Yu, W. (2021). Machiavellian Apparatus of Cyberbullying: Its Triggers Igniting Fury with Legal Impacts. International Journal of the Semiotics of Law 34: 945–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-021-09841-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weigle, S., and Caprino, K. (2018). Tips for Using Emojis and Bitmoji in the Literacy Classroom. Literacy Now. www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-now/2018/09/27/tips-for-using-emojis-and-bitmoji-in-the-literacy-classroom.Google Scholar
Weise, H., and Labrenz, A. (2021). Emoji as Graphic Discourse Markers: Functional and Positional Associations in German Whatsapp® Messages. In van Olmen, D. and Šinkūnienė, J. (eds.), Pragmatic Markers and Clause Peripheries, 277–300. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, B., and Tanner, D. (2018). A Strong Wink between Verbal and Emoji-Based Irony: How the Brain Processes Ironic Emojis During Language Comprehension. PLoS One 13(8): e0201727. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiß, M., Gutzeit, J., Rodrigues, J., Mussel, P., and Hewig, J. (2019). Do Emojis Influence Social Interactions? Neural and Behavioral Responses to Affective Emojis in Bargaining Situations. Psychophysiology 56(4): e13321. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welby, V. (1897). Grains of Sense. London: J. M. Dent.Google Scholar
Willoughby, J. F., and Liu, S. (2018). Do Pictures Help Tell the Story? An Experimental Test of Narrative and Emojis in a Health Text Message Intervention. Computers in Human Behavior 79: 75–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, S., and Gould, S. J. J. (2018). Repurposing Emoji for Personalised Communication: Why Means “I Love You.” In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 21–26. Association for Computing Machinery. http://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173726.Google Scholar
Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., et al. (2012). Examining the Impact of Off-Task Multi-tasking with Technology on Real-Time Classroom Learning. Computers & Education 58(1): 365–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, I., and Ruder, S. (2016). Emoji as Emotion Tags for Tweets. Emotion and Sentiment Analysis Workshop. LREC 2016.Google Scholar
Yakin, V., and Eru, O. (2017). An Application to Determine the Efficacy of Emoji Use on Social Marketing Ads. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 3(1): 230–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, X., and Liu, M. (2021). The Pragmatics of Text-Emoji Co-occurrences on Chinese Social Media. Pragmatics 31(1): 144–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yenawine, P. (1997). Thoughts on Visual Literacy. In Flood, J., Heath, S. Brice, and Lapp, D. (eds.), Handbook of Research on Teaching Literacy through the Communicative and Visual Arts, 845–847. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Yokoi, T., and Jordan, J. (2022). Using Emojis to Connect with Your Team. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2022/05/using-emojis-to-connect-with-your-team.Google Scholar
Yuasa, M., Saito, K., and Mukawa, N. (2011). Brain Activity When Reading Sentences and Emoticons: An fMRI Study of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication. Electronics and Communication in Japan 94(5): 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, S., and Landa, N. (2021). Using Emoticons to Reduce Transactional Distance: Navigating the Contextual Complexities of COVID-19 Imposed Virtual Learning Spaces. Paper Presented at the Fifteenth General Conference: The Future of African Higher Education.Google Scholar
Zipf, G. K. (1935). The Psycho–Biology of Language: An Introduction to Dynamic Philology. Boston, MA: Houghton–Mifflin.Google Scholar
Zipf, G. K. (1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Boston, MA: Addison–WesleyGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×