12 - Giant Protein Titin: Structural and Functional Aspects

Summary

INTRODUCTION

The spatial organization of acto-myosin contractile machine varies widely in different muscle cells. Each of the major muscle types – smooth, oblique-, and cross-striated – has versions differing in myosin/actin ratio, myofilament size, accessory proteins, and overall level of structural order. These variations relate directly to functional differences of the muscles, especially their speed and strength of contraction. The greatest structural order is in cross-striated muscles, and highest myosin/actin ratio is in striated muscles of vertebrates. These have exactly structured myofilaments integrated into highly ordered contractile units: the sarcomeres. This beautifully controlled architecture provides the basis for highly coordinated acto-myosin interactions and for the rapid production of macroscopic levels of force and displacement.

The giant protein titin is thought to play a pivotal role in defining and maintaining structural order in vertebrate striated muscle. The properties of the titin molecule allow it not only to be a centrepiece of contractile protein assembly, but also to control the level of mechanical sensitivity and elasticity of the sarcomere. This chapter describes some of the recent ideas concerning the relationship between structural and mechanical properties of single titin molecules and how these properties integrate to determine muscle function (see also reviews by Trinick, 1994, 1996; Wang, 1996; Linke and Granzier, 1998; Gautel et al., 1999; Trinick and Tskhovrebova, 1999; Gregorio and Antin, 2000).