Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T06:53:40.255Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 3 - Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2021

Edited by
Tahir Mahmood ,
Charles Savona-Ventura ,
Ioannis Messinis  and
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Tahir Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
Charles Savona-Ventura
Affiliation:
University of Malta, Malta
Ioannis Messinis
Affiliation:
University of Thessaly, Greece
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Affiliation:
Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, UK
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The EBCOG Postgraduate Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Gynaecology
 , pp. 91 - 160
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Santoro, N. Update in hyper- and hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3281–3288.Google Scholar
Klein, DA, Poth, MA. Amenorrhea: an approach to diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 2013;87:781–788.Google Scholar
Fourman, LT, Fazeli, PK. Neuroendocrine causes of amenorrhea: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:812–824.Google Scholar
Gordon, CM, Ackerman, KE, Berga, SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:1413–1439.Google Scholar
Berz, K, McCambridge, T. Amenorrhea in the female athlete: what to do and when to worry. Pediatr Ann 2016;45:e97–e102.Google Scholar
Molitch, ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA 2017;317:516–524.Google Scholar
McCann-Crosby, B, Mansouri, R, Dietrich, JE, et al. State of the art review in gonadal dysgenesis: challenges in diagnosis and management. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2014;2014:4–4.Google Scholar
Rebar, RW. Premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:1355–1363.Google Scholar
De Vos, M, Devroey, P, Fauser, BC. Primary ovarian insufficiency. Lancet 2010;376:911–921.Google Scholar
Kalantaridou, SN, Nelson, LM. Premature ovarian failure is not premature menopause. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;900:393–402.Google Scholar
Jacobson, MH, Mertens, AC, Spencer, JB, Manatunga, AK, Howards, PP. Menses resumption after cancer treatment-induced amenorrhea occurs early or not at all. Fertil Steril 2016;105:765–772.e4.Google Scholar
Wallace, WH, Thomson, AB, Kelsey, TW. The radiosensitivity of the human oocyte. Hum Reprod 2003;18:117–121.Google Scholar
Elgindy, E, Sibai, H, Abdelghani, A, Mostafa, M. Protecting ovaries during chemotherapy through gonad suppression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:187–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, SA, Lachiewicz, A, Barbouth, D, et al. Fragile X syndrome: a review of associated medical problems. Pediatrics 2014;134:995–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, YM, Kang, M, Choi, JH, et al. A review of the literature on common CYP17A1 mutations in adults with 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, a case series of such mutations among Koreans and functional characteristics of a novel mutation. Metabolism 2014;63:42–49.Google Scholar
Marsh, CA, Auchus, RJ. Fertility in patients with genetic deficiencies of cytochrome P450c17 (CYP17A1): combined 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency and isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency. Fertil Steril 2014;101:317–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ACOG. Committee opinion no. 728 summary: Mullerian agenesis: diagnosis, management, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:196–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mongan, NP, Tadokoro-Cuccaro, R, Bunch, T, Hughes, IA. Androgen insensitivity syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;29:569–580.Google Scholar
Deligeoroglou, E, Athanasopoulos, N, Tsimaris, P, et al. Evaluation and management of adolescent amenorrhea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1205:23–32.Google Scholar
Shufelt, CL, Torbati, T, Dutra, E. Hypothalamic amenorrhea and the long-term health consequences. Semin Reprod Med 2017;35:256–262.Google Scholar
Silveira, LF, Latronico, AC. Approach to the patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:1781–1788.Google Scholar
Tam, YH, Wong, YS, Pang, KK, et al. Tumor risk of children with 45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis in relation to their clinical presentations: further insights into the gonadal management. J Pediatr Surg 2016;51:1462–1466.Google Scholar
Mattle, V, Leyendecker, G, Wildt, L. Side effects of pulsatile GnRH therapy for induction of ovulation. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008;3:535–538.Google Scholar
Messinis, IE. Ovulation induction: a mini review. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2688–2697.Google Scholar
Maimoun, L, Georgopoulos, NA, Sultan, C. Endocrine disorders in adolescent and young female athletes: impact on growth, menstrual cycles, and bone mass acquisition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99: 4037–4050.Google Scholar
Carmina, E, Oberfield, SE, Lobo, RA. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:201e1–201e5.Google Scholar
Webber, L, Davies, M, Anderson, R, et al. ESHRE guideline: management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 2016;31:926–937.Google Scholar
ACOG. Committee opinion: no. 562: Müllerian agenesis: diagnosis, management, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:1134–1137.Google Scholar
ACOG. Committee opinion no. 698: Hormone therapy in primary ovarian insufficiency. Obstet Gynecol 2017;129:e134–e141.Google Scholar
ACOG. Committee opinion no. 605: Primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents and young women. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:193–197.Google Scholar
Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2008;90:S219–S225.Google Scholar
Gordon, CM, Ackerman, KE, Berga, SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:1413–1439.Google Scholar

References

Rai, R, Regan, L. Recurrent miscarriage. Lancet 2006;368:601–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolte, AM, Bernardi, LA, Christiansen, OB, et al. Terminology for pregnancy loss prior to viability: a consensus statement from the ESHRE early pregnancy special interest group. Hum Reprod 2015;30:495–498.Google Scholar
ESHRE EPGDG. Recurrent pregnancy loss: guideline of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. 2017.Google Scholar
Nybo Andersen, AM, Wohlfahrt, J, Christens, P, Olsen, J, Melbye, M. Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ 2000;320:1708–1712.Google Scholar
Puscheck, EE, Jeyendran, RS. The impact of male factor on recurrent pregnancy loss. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007;19:222–228.Google Scholar
Habbema, JDF, Eijkemans, MJC, Leridon, H, Te Velde, ER. Realizing a desired family size: when should couples start? Hum Reprod 2015;30:2215–2221.Google Scholar
Franssen, MTM, Korevaar, JC, van der Veen, F, et al. Reproductive outcome after chromosome analysis in couples with two or more miscarriages: index [corrected]-control study. BMJ 2006;332:759–763.Google Scholar
Stephenson, MD, Sierra, S. Reproductive outcomes in recurrent pregnancy loss associated with a parental carrier of a structural chromosome rearrangement. Hum Reprod 2006;21:1076–1082.Google Scholar
Thangaratinam, S, Tan, A, Knox, E, et al. Association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth: meta-analysis of evidence. BMJ 2011;342:1–8.Google Scholar
Bhandari, HM, Tan, BK, Quenby, S. Superfertility is more prevalent in obese women with recurrent early pregnancy miscarriage. BJOG 2016;123:217–222.Google Scholar
Cavalcante, MB, Sarno, M, Peixoto, AB, Araujo Júnior, E, Barini, R. Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018;45:30–38.Google Scholar
Ticconi, C, Pietropolli, A, Borelli, B, et al. Antinuclear autoantibodies and pregnancy outcome in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016;76:396–399.Google Scholar
RCOG. The role of natural killer cells in human fertility. Scientific Impact Paper No. 53. 2016.Google Scholar
Seshadri, S, Sunkara, SK. Natural killer cells in female infertility and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:429–438.Google Scholar
Saravelos, SH, Cocksedge, KA, Li, T. Prevalence and diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies in women with reproductive failure: a critical appraisal Hum Reprod Update 2008;14:415–429.Google Scholar
Wold, ASD, Pham, N, Arici, A. Anatomic factors in recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med 2006;24:25–32.Google Scholar
Rey, E, Kahn, SR, David, M, Shrier, I. Thrombophilic disorders and fetal loss: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2003;361:901–908.Google Scholar
Sotiriadis, A, Makrigiannakis, A, Stefos, T, Paraskevaidis, E, Kalantaridou, SN. Fibrinolytic defects and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:1146–1155.Google Scholar
Mekinian, A, Cohen, J, Alijotas-Reig, J, et al. Unexplained recurrent miscarriage and recurrent implantation failure: is there a place for immunomodulation? Am J Reprod Immunol 2016;76:8–28.Google Scholar
Antovic, A, Sennström, M, Bremme, K, Svenungsson, E. Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus Sci Med 2018;5:e000197.Google Scholar
Grimbizis, GF, Di Spiezio Sardo, A, Saravelos, SH, et al. The Thessaloniki ESHRE/ESGE consensus on diagnosis of female genital anomalies. Gynecol Surg 2016;13:1–16.Google Scholar
Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The investigation and treatment of couples with recurrent first-trimester and second-trimester miscarriage. Green-top guideline No. 17. 2011;17:1–18.Google Scholar
Pauta, M, Grande, M, Rodriguez-Revenga, L, Kolomietz, E, Borrell, A. Added value of chromosomal microarray analysis over karyotyping in early pregnancy loss: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;4:453–462.Google Scholar
Iews, M, Tan, J, Taskin, O, et al. Does preimplantation genetic diagnosis improve reproductive outcome in couples with recurrent pregnancy loss owing to structural chromosomal rearrangement? A systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2018;36:677–685.Google Scholar
Maraka, S, Mwangi, R, McCoy, RG, et al. Thyroid hormone treatment among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism: US national assessment. BMJ 2017;356:1–12.Google Scholar
Venetis, CA, Papadopoulos, SP, Campo, R, et al. Clinical implications of congenital uterine anomalies: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. Reprod Biomed Online 2014;29:665–683.Google Scholar
Sugiura-Ogasawara, M, Lin, BL, Aoki, K, et al. Does surgery improve live birth rates in patients with recurrent miscarriage caused by uterine anomalies? J Obstet Gynaecol 2015;35:155–158.Google Scholar
Skeith, L, Carrier, M, Kaaja, R, et al. A meta-analysis of low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent pregnancy loss in women with inherited thrombophilia. Blood 2016;127:1650–1655.Google Scholar
Yang, X-L, Chen, F, Yang, X-Y, Du, G-H, Xu, Y. Efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection pregnancy in non-thrombophilic women: a meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2018;97:1061–1072.Google Scholar
Ziakas, PD, Pavlou, M, Voulgarelis, M. Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:1256–1262.Google Scholar
Mak, A, Cheung, MWL, Cheak, AA, Ho, RC-M. Combination of heparin and aspirin is superior to aspirin alone in enhancing live births in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and positive anti-phospholipid antibodies: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and meta-regression. Rheumatology 2010;49:281–288.Google Scholar
Achilli, C, Duran-Retamal, M, Saab, W, Serhal, P, Seshadri, S. The role of immunotherapy in in vitro fertilization and recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2018;110:1089–1100.Google Scholar
Popescu, F, Jaslow, CR, Kutteh, WH. Recurrent pregnancy loss evaluation combined with 24-chromosome microarray of miscarriage tissue provides a probable or definite cause of pregnancy loss in over 90% of patients. Hum Reprod 2018;33:579–587.Google Scholar
Haas, DM, Hathaway, TJ, Ramsey, PS. Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;10:CD003511.Google Scholar
Coomarasamy, A, Williams, H, Truchanowicz, E, et al. Progesterone in women with recurrent miscarriages. N Engl J Med 2016;374:894–894.Google Scholar
de Jong, PG, Kaandorp, S, Di Nisio, M, Goddijn, M, Middeldorp, S. Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;7:CD004734.Google Scholar
Wang, NF, Kolte, AM, Larsen, EC, Nielsen, HS, Christiansen, OB. Immunologic abnormalities, treatments, and recurrent pregnancy loss: what is real and what is not? Clin Obstet Gynecol 2016;59:509–523.Google Scholar
Boomsma, CM, Keay, SD, Macklon, NS. Peri-implantation glucocorticoid administration for assisted reproductive technology cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;6:CD005996.Google Scholar
Zhang, L, Xu, WH, Fu, XH, et al. Therapeutic role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for infertile women under in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018;298:861–871.Google Scholar
Eapen, A, Joing, M, Kwon, P, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte- colony stimulating factor in women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses: a randomized clinical trial. Hum Reprod 2019;34:424–432.Google Scholar
Kling, C, Magez, J, Hedderich, J, von Otte, S, Kabelitz, D. Two-year outcome after recurrent first trimester miscarriages: prognostic value of the past obstetric history. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016;293:1113–1123.Google Scholar
Lund, M, Kamper-Jørgensen, M, Nielsen, HS, et al. Prognosis for live birth in women with recurrent miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:37–43.Google Scholar
Brigham, SA, Conlon, C, Farquharson, RG. A longitudinal study of pregnancy outcome following idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2868–2871.Google Scholar
Van Oppenraaij, RHF, Jauniaux, E, Christiansen, OB, et al. Predicting adverse obstetric outcome after early pregnancy events and complications: a review. Hum Reprod Update 2009;15:409–421.Google Scholar

References

Norman, RJ, Dewailly, D, Legro, RS, Hickey, TE. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet 2007;370:685–697.Google Scholar
Escobar-Morreale, HF. Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018;14:270–284.Google Scholar
Zawadzki, J, Dunaif, A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1992, pp. 377–384.Google Scholar
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004;19:41–47.Google Scholar
Azziz, R, Carmina, E, Dewailly, D, et al. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 2009;91:456–488.Google Scholar
Zhang, HY, Zhu, FF, Xiong, J, Shi, XB, Fu, SX. Characteristics of different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome based on the Rotterdam criteria in a large-scale Chinese population. BJOG 2009;116:1633–1639.Google Scholar
Teede, HJ, Misso, ML, Costello, MF, et al.Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2018;33:1602–1618.Google Scholar
Homburg, R, Ray, A, Bhide, P, et al. The relationship of serum anti-Mullerian hormone with polycystic ovarian morphology and polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 2013;28:1077–1083.Google Scholar
Skiba, MA, Islam, RM, Bell, RJ, Davis, SR. Understanding variation in prevalence estimates of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2018;24:694–709.Google Scholar
De Leo, V, Musacchio, MC, Cappelli, V, et al. Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: an update. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016;14:38.Google Scholar
De Leo, V, la Marca, A, Petraglia, F. Insulin-lowering agents in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 2003;24:633–667.Google Scholar
Markopoulos, MC, Rizos, D, Valsamakis, G, et al. Hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome persists after menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:623–631.Google Scholar
Rosenfield, RL, Ehrmann, DA. The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited. Endocr Rev 2016;37:467–520.Google Scholar
Taylor, AE, McCourt, B, Martin, KA, et al. Determinants of abnormal gonadotropin secretion in clinically defined women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2248–2256.Google Scholar
Dafopoulos, K, Venetis, C, Pournaras, S, Kallitsaris, A, Messinis, IE. Ovarian control of pituitary sensitivity of luteinizing hormone secretion to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1378–1380.Google Scholar
Franks, S, Mason, H, Willis, D. Follicular dynamics in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000;163:49–52.Google Scholar
Garg, D, Tal, R. The role of AMH in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online 2016;33:15–28.Google Scholar
Panda, PK, Rane, R, Ravichandran, R, Singh, S, Panchal, H. Genetics of PCOS: A systematic bioinformatics approach to unveil the proteins responsible for PCOS. Genom Data 2016;8:52–60.Google Scholar
Chen, Y, Fang, SY. Potential genetic polymorphisms predicting polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Connect 2018;7:R187–R195.Google Scholar
Setji, TL, Brown, AJ. Polycystic ovary syndrome: update on diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2014;127: 912–919.Google Scholar
Bellver, J, Rodríguez-Tabernero, L, Robles, A, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome throughout a woman’s life J Assist Reprod Genet 2018;35:25–39.Google Scholar
Spritzer, PM, Lecke, SB, Satler, F, Morsch, DM. Adipose tissue dysfunction, adipokines, and low-grade chronic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction 2015;149:R219–R227.Google Scholar
Messinis, IE, Messini, CI, Anifandis, G, Dafopoulos, K. Polycystic ovaries and obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:479–488.Google Scholar
Norman, RJ, Davies, MJ, Lord, J, Moran, LJ. The role of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002;13:251–257.Google Scholar
Messinis, IE. Ovulation induction: a mini review. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2688–2697.Google Scholar
Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2008;23:462–477.Google Scholar
Balen, AH, Morley, LC, Misso, M, et al. The management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance. Hum Reprod Update 2016;22:687–708.Google Scholar
Messinis, IE. Clomiphene citrate. In: Ovulation Induction. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002, pp. 87–97.Google Scholar
Casper, RF, Mitwally, MF. Use of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2011;54:685–695.Google Scholar
Legro, RS, Brzyski, RG, Diamond, MP, et al. Letrozole versus clomiphene for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014;371:119–129.Google Scholar
Franik, S, Eltrop, SM, Kremer, JA, Kiesel, L, Farquhar, C. Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;5:CD010287.Google Scholar
White, DM, Hardy, K, Lovelock, S, Franks, S. Low-dose gonadotropin induction of ovulation in anovulatory women: still needed in the age of IVF. Reproduction 2018;156:F1–F10.Google Scholar
Messinis, IE, Milingos, SD. Current and future status of ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 1997;3:235–253.Google Scholar
Mahran, A, Abdelmeged, A, El-Adawy, AR, et al. The predictive value of circulating anti-Müllerian hormone in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome receiving clomiphene citrate: a prospective observational study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4170–4175.Google Scholar
Amer, SA, Mahran, A, Abdelmaged, A, et al. The influence of circulating anti-Müllerian hormone on ovarian responsiveness to ovulation induction with gonadotrophins in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013;11:115.Google Scholar
Farquhar, C, Brown, J, Marjoribanks, J. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;6:CD001122.Google Scholar
Bordewijk, EM, Nahuis, M, Costello, MF, et al. Metformin during ovulation induction with gonadotrophins followed by timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination for subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;1:CD009090.Google Scholar
Youssef, MA, Van der Veen, F, Al-Inany, HG, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist versus HCG for oocyte triggering in antagonist-assisted reproductive technology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;10:CD008046.Google Scholar

References

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Hirsutism: clinical knowledge summaries. 2014. Available at: http://cks.nice.org.uk/hirsutism.Google Scholar
Meek, CL, Bravis, V, Don, A, Kaplan, F. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the differential diagnosis of hyperandrogenism. TOG 2013;15:171–176.Google Scholar
RCOG. Long-term consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome. Green-top Guideline No. 33. November 2014. Available at: www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_33.pdf.Google Scholar
Kini, S, Ramalingam, M. Hirsutism. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med 2018;28:129–135.Google Scholar
VanZuuren, EJ, Fedorowicz, Z. Interventions for hirsutism excluding laser and photoepilation therapy alone: a bridged Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol 2016;175:45–46.Google Scholar

References

Greenhall, E, Vessey, M. The prevalence of subfertility: a review of the current confusion and a report of two new studies. Fertil Steril 1990;54:978–983.Google Scholar
Russell, DL, Robker, RL. Molecular mechanisms of ovulation: co-ordination through the cumulus complex. Hum Reprod Update 2007;13:289–312.Google Scholar
Balen, AH. Infertility in Practice, 4th edn. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis, 2014.Google Scholar
ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory women. Hum Reprod Update 2012;18:586–599.Google Scholar
The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM‐sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long‐term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2004;19:41–47.Google Scholar
Pritts, E, Parker, W, Olive, D. Fibroids and infertility: an updated systematic review of the evidence. Fertil Steril 2008;91:1215–1223.Google Scholar
Brown, J, Farquhar, C. Endometriosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;3:CD009590.Google Scholar
NICE. Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. Clinical Guidance No. 156. September 2017.Google Scholar
Human Fertilisation Embryology Authority. Fertility treatment 2014. In: Trends and Figures. London: HFEA, 2016.Google Scholar
Holstein, A-F, Schulze, W, Davidoff, M. Understanding spermatogenesis is a prerequisite for treatment. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003;1:107. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-107.Google Scholar
Yanagimachi, R. The Sperm Cell: Production, Maturation, Fertilization, Regeneration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017.Google Scholar
Sharpe, RM. Environmental/lifestyle effects on spermatogenesis. Philos Trans Roy Soc B 2010;365:1697–1712.Google Scholar
Gabrielsen, JS, Tanrikut, C. Chronic exposures and male fertility: the impacts of environment, diet, and drug use on spermatogenesis. Andrology 2016;4: 648–661.Google Scholar
Jungworth, A, Diemer, T, Kopa, Z, et al. Guidelines on Male Infertility. Arnhem: EAU, 2014.Google Scholar
Bozhedomov, VA, Lipatova, NA, Rokhlikov, IM, et al. Male fertility and varicocoele: role of immune factors. Andrology 2014;2: 51–58.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fertility Problems: Assessment and Treatment. London: NICE, 2017.Google Scholar
Kroese, ACJ, de Lange, NM, Collins, J, Evers, JLH. Surgery or embolization for varicoceles in subfertile men (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;10:CD000479.Google Scholar
Leroy, C, Rigot, J-M, Leroy, M, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs and fertility. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015;10:136.Google Scholar
Hotaling, J, Carrell, DT. Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: current applications and future directions. Andrology 2014;2: 339–350.Google Scholar
Griffin, DK, Finch, KA. The genetic and cytogenetic basis of male infertility. Hum Fertil 2005;8: 19–26.Google Scholar
Oates, RD. Clinical evaluation of the infertile male with respect to genetic etiologies. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2011;57:72–77.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Sperm, 5th edition. Geneva: WHO, 2010.Google Scholar
Katz, DJ, Teloken, P, Shoshany, O. Male infertility: the other side of the equation. Austral Fam Phys 2017;46:641–646.Google Scholar
Showell, MG, Mackenzie-Proctor, R, Brown, J, et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;12:CD007411.Google Scholar
Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Agarwal, A. An update on the clinical assessment of the infertile male. Clinics 2011;66:691–700.Google Scholar

References

Zegers-Hochschild, F, Adamson, GD, Dyer, S, et al. The international glossary on infertility and fertility care, 2017. Fertil Steril 2017;108:393–406.Google Scholar
Jose-Miller, AB, Boyden, JW, Frey, KA. Infertility. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:849–856.Google Scholar
Group ECW. Intrauterine insemination. Hum Reprod Update 2009;15:265–277.Google Scholar
Mankus, EB, Holden, AE, Seeker, PM, et al. Prewash total motile count is a poor predictor of live birth in intrauterine insemination cycles. Fertil Steril 2019;111:708–713.Google Scholar
De Geyter, C, Calhaz-Jorge, C, Kupka, MS, et al. ART in Europe, 2014: results generated from European registries by ESHRE: the European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). Hum Reprod 2018;33:1586–1601.Google Scholar
Steptoe, PC, Edwards, RG. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet 1978;2:366.Google Scholar
Palermo, G, Joris, H, Devroey, P, Van Steirteghem, AC. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet 1992;340:17–18.Google Scholar
Trounson, AO, Leeton, JF, Wood, C, Webb, J, Wood, J. Pregnancies in humans by fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer in the controlled ovulatory cycle. Science 1981;212:681–682.Google Scholar
Edwards, RG, Steptoe, PC, Purdy, JM. Establishing full-term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:737–756.Google Scholar
Macklon, NS, Stouffer, RL, Giudice, LC, Fauser, BC. The science behind 25 years of ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Endocr Rev 2006;27:170–207.Google Scholar
Gemzell, CA. Induction of ovulation with human pituitary gonadotrophins. Fertil Steril 1962;13:153–168.Google Scholar
Lunenfeld, B. Historical perspectives in gonadotrophin therapy. Hum Reprod Update 2004;10:453–467.Google Scholar
Howles, CM. Genetic engineering of human FSH (Gonal-F). Hum Reprod Update 1996;2:172–191.Google Scholar
Porter, RN, Smith, W, Craft, IL, Abdulwahid, NA, Jacobs, HS. Induction of ovulation for in-vitro fertilisation using buserelin and gonadotropins. Lancet 1984;2:1284–1285.Google Scholar
Huirne, JA, Lambalk, CB. Gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-receptor antagonists. Lancet 2001;358:1793–1803.Google Scholar
Al-Inany, HG, Youssef, MA, Ayeleke, RO, et al. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists for assisted reproductive technology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;4:CD001750.Google Scholar
Lambalk, CB, Banga, FR, Huirne, JA, et al. GnRH antagonist versus long agonist protocols in IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for patient type. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:560–579.Google Scholar
Wong, KM, Mastenbroek, S, Repping, S. Cryopreservation of human embryos and its contribution to in vitro fertilization success rates. Fertil Steril 2014;102:19–26.Google Scholar
Groenewoud, ER, Macklon, NS, Cohlen, BJ, et al. Cryo-thawed embryo transfer: natural versus artificial cycle: A non-inferiority trial (ANTARCTICA trial). BMC Women Health 2012;12:27.Google Scholar
Groenewoud, ER, Cantineau, AE, Kollen, BJ, Macklon, NS, Cohlen, BJ. What is the optimal means of preparing the endometrium in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:458–470.Google Scholar
Maheshwari, A, McLernon, D, Bhattacharya, S. Cumulative live birth rate: time for a consensus? Hum Reprod 2015;30:2703–2707.Google Scholar
Franasiak, JM, Forman, EJ, Hong, KH, et al. The nature of aneuploidy with increasing age of the female partner: a review of 15,169 consecutive trophectoderm biopsies evaluated with comprehensive chromosomal screening. Fertil Steril 2014;101:656–663 e1.Google Scholar
Mastenbroek, S, Twisk, M, van der Veen, F, Repping, S. Preimplantation genetic screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17:454–466.Google Scholar
Kang, HJ, Melnick, AP, Stewart, JD, Xu, K, Rosenwaks, Z. Preimplantation genetic screening: who benefits? Fertil Steril 2016;106:597–602.Google Scholar
Tal, R, Seifer, DB. Ovarian reserve testing: a user’s guide. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:129–140.Google Scholar
Broer, SL, Broekmans, FJ, Laven, JS, Fauser, BC. Anti-Mullerian hormone: ovarian reserve testing and its potential clinical implications. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:688–701.Google Scholar
La Marca, A, Sighinolfi, G, Radi, D, et al. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) as a predictive marker in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:113–130.Google Scholar
La Marca, A, Stabile, G, Artenisio, AC, Volpe, A. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone throughout the human menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 2006;21:3103–3107.Google Scholar
Broekmans, FJ, de Ziegler, D, Howles, CM, et al. The antral follicle count: practical recommendations for better standardization. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1044–1051.Google Scholar
Weenen, C, Laven, JS, Von Bergh, AR, et al. Anti-Mullerian hormone expression pattern in the human ovary: potential implications for initial and cyclic follicle recruitment. Mol Hum Reprod 2004;10:77–83.Google Scholar
Melnick, AP, Rosenwaks, Z. Oocyte donation: insights gleaned and future challenges. Fertil Steril 2018;110:988–993.Google Scholar
Brinsden, PR. Gestational surrogacy. Hum Reprod Update 2003;9:483–491.Google Scholar

References

Delvigne, A. Symposium: update on prediction and management of OHSS: epidemiology of OHSS. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;19:8–13.Google Scholar
Bhide, P, Homburg, R. Anti-Müllerian hormone and polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol 2016;37:38–45.Google Scholar
Blankstein, J, Shalev, J, Saadon, T, et al. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: prediction by number and size of preovulatory ovarian follicles. Fertil Steril 1987;47:597–602.Google Scholar
De Leon, FD, Vijayakumar, R, Brown, M, et al. Peritoneal fluid volume, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin, and epidermal growth factor concentrations in patients with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:189–194.Google Scholar
Herr, D, Bekes, I, Wulff, C. Regulation of endothelial permeability in the primate corpora lutea: implications for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Reproduction 2015;149:R71–R79.Google Scholar
Gómez, R, Simón, C, Remohí, J, Pellicer, A. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 activation induces vascular permeability in hyperstimulated rats, and this effect is prevented by receptor blockade. Endocrinology 2002;143:4339–4348.Google Scholar
Abramov, Y, Barak, V, Nisman, B, Schenker, JG. Vascular endothelial growth factor plasma levels correlate to the clinical picture in severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril 1997;67:261–265.Google Scholar
Rodewald, M, Herr, D, Duncan, WC, et al. Molecular mechanisms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: paracrine reduction of endothelial claudin 5 by hCG in vitro is associated with increased endothelial permeability. Hum Reprod 2009;24:1191–1199.Google Scholar
Gavard, J, Gutkind, JS. VEGF controls endothelial cell permeability by promoting the beta-arrestin-dependent endocytosis or VE-cadherin. Nat Cell Biol 2006;8:1223–1234.Google Scholar
Villasante, A, Pacheco, A, Ruiz, A, Pellicer, A, Garcia-Velasco, YES. Vascular endothelial cadherin regulates vascular permeability: implications for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:314–321.Google Scholar
Polishuk, WZ, Schenker, JG. Ovarian overstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril 1969;20:443–450.Google Scholar
Lai-Fook, SJ, Houtz, PK, Jones, PD. Transdiaphragmatic transport or tracer albumin from peritoneal to pleural fluid measured in rats. J Appl Physiol 2005;99:2212–2221.Google Scholar
Bishop, CV, Lee, DM, Slayden, OD, Li, X. Intravenous neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor reduces vascular function/permeability of the ovary and prevents development of OHSS-like symptoms in rhesus monkeys. J Ovarian Res 2017;6:41.Google Scholar
Schenker, JG, Polishuk, WZ. The role of prostaglandins in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1976;6:47–52.Google Scholar
Navot, D, Margalioth, EJ, Laufer, N, et al. Direct correlation between plasma renin activity and severity of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril 1987;48:57–61.Google Scholar
Yayama, K, Okamoto, H. Angiotensin II-induced vasodilation via type 2 receptor: role of bradykinin and nitric oxide. Int Immunopharmacol 2008;8:312–318.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, Z. The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Vitam Horm 2018;107:423–451.Google Scholar
Grossman, LC, Michalakis, KG, Browne, H, Payson, MD, Segars, JH. The pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: an unrecognized compartment syndrome. Fertil Steril 2010;94:13928.Google Scholar
Evbuomwan, I. The role of osmoregulation in the pathophysiology and management of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2013;16:162–167.Google Scholar
Ferraretti, AP, Gianaroli, L, Tarlatzis, BC Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. Rome: Serono, 1997, pp. 21–34.Google Scholar
D’Angelo, A, Amso, NN, Hassan, R. Coasting (withholding gonadotrophins) for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;5:CD002811.Google Scholar
Lambalk, CB, Banga, FR, Huirne, JA, et al. GnRH antagonist versus long agonist protocols in IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis for patient type. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:560–579.Google Scholar
Youssef, MA, Van der Veen, F, Alinany, HG, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist versus HCG for oocyte triggering in antagonist-assisted reproductive technology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;31:CD008046.Google Scholar
Tang, H, Mourad, S, Zhai, SD, Heart, RJ. Dopamine agonists for prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;11:CD008605.Google Scholar
Youssef, MA, Mourad, S. Volume expanders for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;8:CD001302.Google Scholar
Tso, LO, Costello, MF, Albuquerque, LE, Andriolo, RB, Macedo, CR. Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;11:CD006105.Google Scholar
Guo, JL, Zhang, DD, Zhao, Y, et al. Pharmacologic interventions in preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:19093.Google Scholar
Walls, ML, Hart, RJ. In vitro maturation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018;53:60–72.Google Scholar
Sunkara, SK, Rittenberg, V, Raine-Fenning, N, et al. Association between the number of eggs and live birth in IVF treatment: an analysis of 400 135 treatment cycles. Hum Reprod 2011;26:1768–1774.Google Scholar
la Cour Freiesleben, N, Gerds, TA, Forman, JL, et al. Risk charts to identify low and excessive responders among first-cycle IVF/ICSI standard patients. Reprod Biomed Online 2011;22:50–58.Google Scholar

References

Steptoe, PC, Edwards, RG. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet 1978;312:366.Google Scholar
ESHRE. A policy audit on Fertility: analysis of 9 EU countries. 2017. Available at: www.fertilityeurope.eu/our-projects/policy-audit.Google Scholar
Symeonidou-Kastanidou, E, Tarlatzis, B. Assisted Reproduction in Europe: Social, Ethical and Legal Issues. Athens:Sakkoulas Publications, 2015.Google Scholar
Symeonidou-Kastanidou, E, Tarlatzis, B. Medically Assisted Reproduction: Towards a Common European Legislation? Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 2015.Google Scholar
WHO. Infertility definitions and terminology. Available at: www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/infertility/definitions/en.Google Scholar
WHO. Constitution of the World Health Organization. Available at: www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Milapidou, M. Medical inability as a prerequisite for access to assisted reproduction. In: Medically Assisted Reproduction: Towards a Common European Legislation? Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 2015, pp. 55 et seq.Google Scholar
Chortara, Th. Legislative restrictions of the requirements for the application of assisted reproduction. In: Medically Assisted Reproduction: Towards a Common European Legislation? Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 2015, pp. 123 et seq.Google Scholar
Handyside, AH, Kontogianni, EH, Hardy, K, Winston, RM. Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification. Nature 1990;344:768–770.Google Scholar
Tarlatzis, B. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: medical and ethical dilemmas. In: Medically Assisted Reproduction: Towards a Common European Legislation? Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 2015, pp. 155 et seq.Google Scholar
De Wert, G, Dondorp, W, Shenfield, F, et al. ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 22: preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1614–1615.Google Scholar
Milapidou, M. Assisted reproduction and alternative family models. In: Medically assisted Reproduction: Proposal for Common European Policy. Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 2015, pp. 41–58.Google Scholar
Vasileiou, M. Genetic operations in MAR and pre-implantation diagnosis. In: Medically Assisted Reproduction: Towards a Common European Legislation? Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 2015, pp. 161 et seq.Google Scholar
The ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law. Taskforce 9: the application of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for human leukocyte antigen typing of embryos. Hum Reprod 2005;20:845–847.Google Scholar
Pennings, G. Family balancing as a morally acceptable application of sex selection. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2339–2343.Google Scholar
Dondorp, W, De Wert, G, Pennings, G, et al. ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 20: sex selection for non-medical reasons. Hum Reprod 2013;28:1448–1454.Google Scholar
Andornο, R. Biomedicine and international human rights law: in search of a global consensus. Bull World Health Organ 2002;80:959–963.Google Scholar
Burns, S. The Law of Assisted Reproduction. London: Bloomsbury Professional; 2012, pp. 546–548.Google Scholar
ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law. ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 10: surrogacy. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2705–2707.Google Scholar
Pennings, G, de Wert, G, Shenfield, F, et al. ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 15: Cross-border reproductive care. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2182.Google Scholar
Fragkou, R. Common legal regulation of surrogacy: necessity or choice? In: Medically assisted Reproduction: Proposal for Common European Policy. Athens: Sakkoulas Publications, 2015, pp. 187 et seq.Google Scholar
Stoll, J. Surrogacy Arrangements and Legal Parenthood, Swedish Law in a Comparative Context. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2013, pp. 99 et seq.Google Scholar
Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics. Assisted reproduction – ethical aspects. Report summary. 2013. Available at: www.smer.se/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Slutversion-sammanfattning-eng-Assisted-reproduction.pdf.Google Scholar
Nordic Council of Ministers. Legislation on Biotechnology in the Nordic Countries: An Overview 2014. Copenhagen: Nordforsk, 2014.Google Scholar
Pluym, L. Mennesson v. France and Labassee v. France: surrogate motherhood across borders. 2014. Available at: https://strasbourgobservers.com/2014/07/16/mennesson-v-france-and-labassee-v-france-surrogate-motherhood-across-borders.Google Scholar

References

Hewlett, M, Mahalingaiah, S. Update on primary ovarian insufficiency. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015;22:483–489.Google Scholar
De Vos, M, Devroey, P, Fauser, BC. Primary ovarian insufficiency. Lancet 2010;376:911–921.Google Scholar
Cordts, EB, Christofolini, DM, Dos Santos, AA, Bianco, B, Barbosa, CP. Genetic aspects of premature ovarian failure: a literature review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;283:635–643.Google Scholar
Torrealday, S, Kodaman, P, Pal, L. Premature ovarian insufficiency: an update on recent advances in understanding and management. F1000Res 2017;6:2069.Google Scholar
Webber, L, Davies, M, Anderson, R, et al. ESHRE Guideline: management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 2016;31:926–937.Google Scholar
Donnez, J, Dolmans, MM. Fertility preservation in women. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013;9:735–749.Google Scholar
Sklar, CA, Mertens, AC, Mitby, P, et al. Premature menopause in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Nat Cancer Instit 2006;98:890–896.Google Scholar
Larsen, EC, Muller, J, Schmiegelow, K, Rechnitzer, C, Andersen, AN. Reduced ovarian function in long-term survivors of radiation- and chemotherapy-treated childhood cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5307–5314.Google Scholar
Oktay, K, Kim, JY, Barad, D, Babayev, SN. Association of BRCA1 mutations with occult primary ovarian insufficiency: a possible explanation for the link between infertility and breast/ovarian cancer risks. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:240–244.Google Scholar
Caburet, S, Arboleda, VA, Llano, E, et al. Mutant cohesin in premature ovarian failure. N Engl J Med 2014;370:943–949.Google Scholar
Bakalov, VK, Gutin, L, Cheng, CM, et al. Autoimmune disorders in women with Turner syndrome and women with karyotypically normal primary ovarian insufficiency. J Autoimmun 2012;38:315–321.Google Scholar
Reato, G, Morlin, L, Chen, S, et al. Premature ovarian failure in patients with autoimmune Addison’s disease: clinical, genetic, and immunological evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E1255–E1261.Google Scholar
Smith, JA, Vitale, S, Reed, GF, et al. Dry eye signs and symptoms in women with premature ovarian failure. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:151–156.Google Scholar
Luborsky, JL, Meyer, P, Sowers, MF, Gold, EB, Santoro, N. Premature menopause in a multi-ethnic population study of the menopause transition. Hum Reprod 2003;18:199–206.Google Scholar
Popat, VB, Calis, KA, Vanderhoof, VH, et al. Bone mineral density in estrogen-deficient young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:2277–2283.Google Scholar
Snowdon, DA, Kane, RL, Beeson, WL, et al. Is early natural menopause a biologic marker of health and aging? Am J Public Health 1989;79:709–714.Google Scholar
Pellegrini, VA, Calis, KA. Ovarian insufficiency. 2016. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271046-overview#a5.Google Scholar
Buijsen, RA, Visser, JA, Kramer, P, et al. Presence of inclusions positive for polyglycine containing protein, FMRpolyG, indicates that repeat-associated non-AUG translation plays a role in fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 2016;31:158–168.Google Scholar
Bardoni, B, Mandel, JL, Fisch, GS. FMR1 gene and fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet 2000;97:153–163.Google Scholar
Murray, A, Schoemaker, MJ, Bennett, CE, et al. Population-based estimates of the prevalence of FMR1 expansion mutations in women with early menopause and primary ovarian insufficiency. Genet Med 2014;16:19–24.Google Scholar
Kim, TJ, Anasti, JN, Flack, MR, et al. Routine endocrine screening for patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 1997;89(5 Pt 1): 777–779.Google Scholar
Rebar, RW, Connolly, HV. Clinical features of young women with hypergonadotropic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 1990;53:804–810.Google Scholar
Beck-Peccoz, P, Persani, L. Premature ovarian failure. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006;1:9.Google Scholar
Rebar, RW. Premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:1355–1363.Google Scholar
Nelson, LM. Clinical practice. Primary ovarian insufficiency. N Engl J Med 2009;360:606–614.Google Scholar
Vujovic, S. Aetiology of premature ovarian failure. Menopause Int 2009;15:72–75.Google Scholar
Baker, VL. Primary ovarian insufficiency in the adolescent. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2013;25:375–381.Google Scholar
Ipswich, M. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). 1995. Available at: www-dynamed-com.knowledge.idm.oclc.org/topics/dmp~AN~T114914.Google Scholar
Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2008;90:S219–S225.Google Scholar
Dewailly, D, Andersen, CY, Balen, A, et al. The physiology and clinical utility of anti-Mullerian hormone in women. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:370–385.Google Scholar
Novosad, JA, Kalantaridou, SN, Tong, Z-B, Nelson, LM. Ovarian antibodies as detected by indirect immunofluorescence are unreliable in the diagnosis of autoimmune premature ovarian failure: a controlled evaluation. BMC Women Health 2003;3:2.Google Scholar
ACOG. Committee opinion no. 691: carrier screening for genetic conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2017;129:e41–e55.Google Scholar
Kalantaridou, SN, Calis, KA, Vanderhoof, VH, et al. Testosterone deficiency in young women with 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2006;86:1475–1482.Google Scholar
Lydic, ML, Liu, JH, Rebar, RW, Thomas, MA, Cedars, MI. Success of donor oocyte in in vitro fertilization: embryo transfer in recipients with and without premature ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 1996;65:98–102.Google Scholar
Silber, SJ, Gosden, RG. Ovarian transplantation in a series of monozygotic twins discordant for ovarian failure. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1382–1384.Google Scholar
Silber, SJ, Lenahan, KM, Levine, DJ, et al. Ovarian transplantation between monozygotic twins discordant for premature ovarian failure. N Engl J Med 2005;353:58–63.Google Scholar
Silber, SJ, Grudzinskas, G, Gosden, RG. Successful pregnancy after microsurgical transplantation of an intact ovary. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2617–2618.Google Scholar
Maruyama, T, Miyazaki, K, Uchida, H, et al. Achievement of pregnancies in women with primary ovarian insufficiency using close monitoring of follicle development: case reports. Endocrine J 2013;60:791–797.Google Scholar
Gold, EB, Bromberger, J, Crawford, S, et al. Factors associated with age at natural menopause in a multiethnic sample of midlife women. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:865–874.Google Scholar
Hu, FB, Grodstein, F, Hennekens, CH, et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1061–1066.Google Scholar
Schmidt, PJ, Cardoso, GM, Ross, JL, et al. Shyness, social anxiety, and impaired self-esteem in Turner syndrome and premature ovarian failure. JAMA 2006;295:1374–1376.Google Scholar
Cooper, AR, Baker, VL, Sterling, EW, et al. The time is now for a new approach to primary ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1890–1897.Google Scholar
Practice Committees of American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Mature oocyte cryopreservation: a guideline. Fertil Steril 2013;99:37–43.Google Scholar
ACOG. Committee opinion no. 584: oocyte cryopreservation. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:221–222.Google Scholar
Bisharah, M, Tulandi, T. Laparoscopic preservation of ovarian function: an underused procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:367–370.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×