Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:03:56.036Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Live food and non-food fisheries on coral reefs, and their potential management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Amanda C. J. Vincent
Edited by
Isabelle M. Côté  and
John D. Reynolds
Amanda C. J. Vincent
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia
Isabelle M. Côté
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
John D. Reynolds
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Biology and exploitation of coral reef organisms remain very under-studied, particularly with respect to live food and non-food fisheries. Coral reefs are found in over 100 countries, supporting more than 4000 species of fish and 1000 species of reef-building corals (Paulay, 1997). The resources in these ecosystems are exploited by tens of millions of fishers and supply about 10% of the world's seafood (Moberg and Folke, 1999). Such fisheries can be expected to put a myriad of pressures on reef environments: (1) they remove the organisms directly, thus depleting populations; (2) they harm or disturb other individuals, thus disrupting populations; and (3) they place pressures on the larger reef ecosystem, through community change or habitat damage. Despite their ecological and economic importance, however, coral reef fisheries are largely overlooked in national management plans and in international record-keeping. Such data and analyses as do exist generally refer to fisheries intended for food.

This chapter synthesizes current knowledge about fisheries and trades in five forms of reef product that are primarily or entirely sought for reasons other than nutrition: ostentatious meals, aquarium display, curiosities, traditional medicines and bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals. This chapter thereby complements the previous chapter by McClanahan, which focuses on fisheries based on nutrition. I will here refer to ‘live food and non-food’ products to embrace these and other forms of exploitation not directed at supplying nutrition, while the term ‘food’ alone alludes to dead fish.

Type
Chapter
Information
Coral Reef Conservation , pp. 183 - 236
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, R. T. (1980). The Shell and Coral Trade in Florida, Special Report No. 3. Washington, DC: TRAFFIC USAGoogle Scholar
Andrews, C. (1990). The ornamental fish trade and fish conservation. Journal of Fish Biology, 37(Suppl. A), 53–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, P. R., Borris, R., Dagne, E.et al. (1996). Preservation and utilization of natural biodiversity in the context of search for economically valuable medicinal biota. Recommendations. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68, 2325–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds.) (1996). 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Gland, Switzerland: IUCNGoogle Scholar
Barrett, C. B. and Lybbert, T. J. (2000). Is bioprospecting a viable strategy for conserving tropical ecosystems?Ecological Economics, 34, 293–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, J. K. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2006). Magnitude and inferred impacts of the seahorse trade in Latin America. Environmental Conservation (in press)
Benkendorff, K. (2002). Potential conservation benefits and problems associated with bioprospecting in the marine environment. In A Zoological Revolution: Using Native Fauna to Assist in Its Own Survival, eds. Lumley, D. and Dickman, C., pp. 90–100. Sydney: Royal Zoological Socitey of New South Wales and Australian MuseumGoogle Scholar
Bentley, N. (1998). An overview of the exploitation, trade and management of corals in Indonesia. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 17, 67–78Google Scholar
Bentley, N. (ed.) (1999). Fishing for Solutions: Can the Live Trade in Wild Groupers and Wrasses from Southeast Asia Be Managed?Petaling Jaya, Selangor: TRAFFIC Southeast AsiaGoogle Scholar
Bentley, N. and Aumeeruddy, R. (1999). The live reef fishery in the Seychelles. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin, 6, 5–7
Bertram, I. (1996). The aquarium fishery in the Cook Islands: is there a need for management?SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin, 1, 10–12Google Scholar
Bohnsack, J. A., Kumpf, H., Hobson, E.et al. (1989). Report on the concept of marine wilderness. Fisheries, 14, 22–4Google Scholar
Bongiorni, L. and Pietra, F. (1996). Marine natural products for industrial applications. Chemistry & Industry, 2, 54–8Google Scholar
Bruckner, A. W. (2001). Tracking the trade in ornamental coral reef organisms: the importance of CITES and its limitations. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 3, 79–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgoyne, D. L. and Andersen, R. J. (1992). Contignasterol, a highly oxygenated steroid with the ‘unnatural’ 14β configuration from the marine sponge Petrusia contignata Thiele, 1899. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 57, 525–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cesar, H. (1996). Economic Analysis of Indonesian Coral Reefs. Washington, DC: Environment Department, World BankGoogle Scholar
Chaffee, C., Leadbitter, D. and Alders, E. (2003). Seafood evaluation, certification and consumer information. In Eco-Labelling in Fisheries: What Is It All About?, eds. Phillips, B., Ward, T. and Chaffee, C., pp. 4–13. Oxford: Blackwell ScienceCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, P. S. W. (2000). The industry perspective: wholesale and retail marketing aspects of the Hong Kong live reef food fish trade. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin, 7, 3–7Google Scholar
Chan, P. S. W. (2001) Wholesale and retail marketing aspects of Hong Kong's live seafood business. In Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference and Exhibition, November 1999, eds. Paust, B. C. and Rice, A. A., pp. 201–6. Seattle, WA: University of Alaska Sea GrantGoogle Scholar
Chan, T. T. C. and Sadovy, Y. (1998). Profile of the marine aquarium fish trade in Hong Kong. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 2, 197–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chevallier, C., Richardson, A. D., Edler, M. C.et al. (2003). A new cytotoxic and tubulin-interactive milnamide derivative from a marine sponge Cymbastela sp. Organic Letters, 5, 3737–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chivian, E., Roberts, C. M. and Bernstein, A. S. (2003). The threat to cone snails. Science, 302, 391CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christie, P., White, A. and Deguit, E. (2002). Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Management, 66, 441–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CITES (2005). Appendix I and Appendix II. Available online at http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml
Cordell, G. A. (2000). Biodiversity and drug discovery – a symbiotic relationship. Phytochemistry, 55, 463–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa-Neto, E. M. (1999). Healing with animals in Feira de Santana City, Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65, 225–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cragg, G. M. (1998). Paclitaxel (Taxol¯): a success story with valuable lessons for natural product drug discovery and development. Medicinal Research Reviews, 18, 315–313.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daw, T. M., Rogers, G. C. C., Mapson, P. and Kynoch, J. E. (2001). Structure and management issues of the emerging ornamental fish trade in Eritrea. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 3, 53–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, T. J. and Sadovy, Y. (2001). Threatened fishes of the world: Cheilinus undulatus Ruppell, 1835 (Labridae). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 62, 428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dufour, V. (1997). Pacific Island countries and the aquarium fish market. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin, 2, 6–11Google Scholar
Dulvy, N., Sadovy, Y. and Reynolds, J. D. (2003). Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries, 4, 25–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulvy, N. K., Stanwell-Smith, D., Darwall, W. R. T. and Horrill, C. J. (1995). Coral mining at Mafia Island, Tanzania: a management dilemma. Ambio, 24, 358–65Google Scholar
Ellis, S. (1999). Farming Soft Corals for the Marine Aquarium Trade, Report No. 140. Waimanalo, HI: Center for Tropical and Subtropical AquacultureGoogle Scholar
Erdmann, M. V. and Pet-Soede, L. (1996). How fresh is too fresh? The live reef food fish trade in Eastern Indonesia. NAGA, International Center for Living Aquatic Resource Management Quarterly, 19, 4–8Google Scholar
Farrier, D. and Tucker, L. (2001). Access to marine bioresources: hitching the conservation cart to the bioprospecting horse. Ocean Development & International Law, 32, 213–39Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization (1996). Fisheries Statistics and Catch Landings, vol. 78. Rome: Fisheries Department, FAO.
Foster, S. J. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2004). Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Fish Biology, 65, 1–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, S. J. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2005). Enhancing sustainability of the international trade in seahorses with a single minimum size limit. Conservation Biology, 19, 1044–50Google Scholar
Fouda, M. M. (1995). Regional Report, Middle East Seas: Issues and Activities Associated with Coral Reefs and Related Ecosystems. Dumuguete City, Philippines: International Coral Reef Initiative WorkshopGoogle Scholar
Ganesan, A. (2001). Integrating natural product synthesis and combinatorial chemistry. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 73, 1033–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garson, M. (1997). Biodiversity and bioprospecting. Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy, 4, 227–239Google Scholar
Giles, B. G., Ky, T. S., Hoang, D. H. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2005). The catch and trade of seahorses in Vietnam. Biodiversity and Conservation. DOI: 10.1007/s10531–005–2432–6Google Scholar
GMAD (2005). Global Marine Aquarium Database, Available online at http://www.unep-wcmc.org/marine/GMAD
Green, E. (2003). International trade in marine aquarium species: using the Global Marine Aquarium Database. In Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture & Conservation, eds. Cato, C. J. and Brown, L. B., pp. 31–48. Ames, IA: Iowa State University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, E. and Shirley, F. (1999). The Global Trade in Coral. Cambridge: UNEP–World Conservation Monitoring CentreGoogle Scholar
Green, E. P. and Hendry, H. (1999). Is CITES an effective tool for monitoring trade in corals?Coral Reefs, 18, 403–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, J. J. (2003). Report on the workshop in bioprospecting in the High Seas: Interim summary. In Proceedings of the Deep Sea 2003 Conference, 1–5 December 2003, pp. 29–36. Queenstown, New Zealand: Conference Steering Committee
Grey, M., Blais, A.-M. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2005). The curio trade of marine fish in the United States. Oryx, 39, 413–20CrossRef
Halpern, B. S. (2003). The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter?Ecological Applications, 13, 117–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, M. K., Bugni, T. S., Cropp, B. R. et al. (2001). Introduction to the chemical ecology of marine natural products. In Marine Chemical Ecology, eds. McClintock, J. B. and Baker, B. J., pp. 3–29. Boca Raton, FL: CRC PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harriot, V. J. (1999). Coral recruitment at a high latitude Pacific site: a comparison with Atlantic reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science, 65, 881–91Google Scholar
Harriot, V. J. (2003). Can corals be harvested sustainably?Ambio, 32, 130–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J., Roberts, C. M. and Clark, V. (2000). The threatened status of restricted range coral reef species. Animal Conservation, 3, 81–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooper, J. N. A., Quinn, R. J. and Murphy, P. T. (1998) Bioprospecting for marine invertebrates. In Biodiversity, Biotechnology & Biobusiness, Proceedings of the 2nd Asia–Pacific Conference on Biotechnology, eds. Keulen, M. and Borowizka, M. A., pp. 109–12. Perth, WA: Murdoch UniversityGoogle Scholar
Hughes, T. P., Reed, D. C. and Boyle, M.-J. (1987). Herbivory on coral reefs: community structure following mass mortalities of sea urchins. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 113, 39–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, B. and Vincent, A. C. J. (in press). Management and sustainability of marine bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals. Ambio
Indrawan, M. (1999). Live reef food fish trade in the Banggai Islands (Suluwesi Indonesia): a case study. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin, 6, 7–14Google Scholar
IUCN (1998). Guidelines for Reintroductions. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
Indrawan, M. (2004). Red List of Threatened Species. Available online at http://www.redlist.org
Jennings, S., Reynolds, J. D. and Polunin, N. V. C. (1999). Predicting the vulnerability of tropical fishes to exploitation with phylogenies and life histories. Conservation Biology, 13, 466–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jha, R. K. and Xu, Z.-R. (2004). Biomedical compounds from marine organisms. Marine Drugs, 2, 123–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannes, R. E. (1981). Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia. Berkeley, CA: University of California PressGoogle Scholar
Johannes, R. E. (1998). The case for data-less marine resource management: examples from tropical nearshore finfisheries. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 243–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johannes, R. E. and Lam, M. (1999). The live reef food fish trade in the Solomon Islands. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin, 5, 8–15Google Scholar
Johannes, R. E. and Riepen, M. (1995). Environmental, Economic, and Social Implications of the Live Reef Fish Trade in Asia and the Western Pacific. New York: The Nature Conservancy and Forum Fisheries AgencyGoogle Scholar
Kuhlmann, J. (1997). Drug research: from the idea to the product. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 35, 541–52Google ScholarPubMed
Lau, P. P. F. and Parry-Jones, R. (1999). The Hong Kong Trade in Live Reef Fish for Food. Hong Kong: TRAFFIC East Asia and World Wide Fund for NatureGoogle Scholar
Lev, E. (2003). Traditional healing with animals (zootherapy): medieval to present-day Levantine practice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85, 107–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lev, E. and Amar, Z. (2002). Ethnopharmacological survey of traditional drugs sold in the Kingdom of Jordan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 82, 131–45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipton, D. A. (2000). Fishery for marine medicinal species in India: problems and responses. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on the Management and Culture of Marine Species Used in Traditional Medicines, 4–9 July 1998, Cebu City, Philippines, eds. Moreau, M. A., Hall, H. J. and Vincent, A. C. J., pp. 75–7. Montreal: Project SeahorseGoogle Scholar
Lovell, E. R. (2001a). Status Report: Collection of Coral and Other Benthic Reef Organisms for the Marine Aquarium and Curio Trade in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: World Wide Fund for NatureGoogle Scholar
Lovell, E. R. (2001b). Country report: status of the trade in stony corals, Republic of Fiji. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Trade in Stony Corals: Development of Sustainable Management Guidelines, ed. Bruckner, A. W., pp. 75–82. Jarkarta, Indonesia: National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationGoogle Scholar
Lunn, K. and Moreau, M.-A. (2004). Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental fishes: the case of Indonesia's Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni). Coral Reefs, 23, 344–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magsuci, H., Conlu, A. and Moyano-Aypa, S. (1980). The window pane oyster (Kapis) fishery of Western Visayas. Fisheries Research Journal of the Philippines, 5, 74–80Google Scholar
Marshall, N. (1998). Searching for a Cure: Conservation of Medicinal Wildlife Resources in East and Southern Africa. Cambridge: TRAFFIC InternationalGoogle Scholar
Martin-Smith, K. M. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2006). Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses and their relatives (syngnathids). Oryx (in press)
Martin-Smith, K. M., Samoilys, M. A., Meeuwig, J. J. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2004). Collaborative development of management options for an artisanal fishery for seahorses in the central Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management, 47, 165–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, B. (1997). The risks associated with TCM: a review and discussion of the literature. Pacific Journal of Oriental Medicine, 10, 30–44Google Scholar
May, B., Leadbitter, D., Sutton, M. and Weber, M. (2003). The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) background, rationale and challenges. In Eco-Labelling in Fisheries: What Is It All About?, eds. Phillips, B., Ward, T. and Chaffee, C., pp. 14–33. Oxford: Blackwell ScienceCrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClanahan, T. R. and Shafir, S. H. (1990). Causes and consequences of sea urchin abundance and diversity in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Oecologia, 83, 362–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, J. M. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2004). Assessing East African trade in seahorse species as a basis for conservation under international controls. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 14, 521–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendola, D. (2003). Aquaculture of three phyla of marine invertebrates to yield bioactive metabolites: process developments and economics. Biomolecular Engineering, 20, 441–58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministry of Economic Development (2002). Bioprospecting in New Zealand: Discussing the Options. Wellington: Resources and Networks Branch, New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development
Moberg, F. and Folke, C. (1999). Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Economics, 29, 215–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moe, M. A. (1999) Marine ornamental aquaculture: past, present and future. 1st International Conference of Marine Ornamentals, Abstracts, 63
Moe, M. A. (2003). Culture of marine ornamentals: for love, for money and for science. In Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture, & Conservation, eds. Cato, C. J. and Brown, C. L., pp. 11–28. Ames, IA: Iowa State University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulliken, T. A. and Nash, S. V. (1993). The recent trade in Philippine corals. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 13, 97–105Google Scholar
Munro, J. L. (1993). Giant clams. In Nearshore Marine Resources of the South Pacific, eds. Wright, A. and Hill, L., pp. 431–49. Honiara, Solomon Islands: Forum Fisheries AgencyGoogle Scholar
Munro, M. H. G., Blunt, J. W., Dumdei, E. J.et al. (1999). The discovery and development of marine compounds with pharmaceutical potential. Journal of Biotechnology, 70, 15–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Cancer Institute (2000). Questions and Answers about NCI's Natural Products Branch. Available online at http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/7_33.htm
Munro, M. H. G., Blunt, J. W., Dumdei, E. J. (2005). Natural Products Branch: Natural Products Repository. Available online at http://dtp.nci.nih.gov/branches/npb/repository.html
Naylor, R. L., Williams, S. L. and Strong, D. R. (2001). Aquaculture: a gateway for exotic species. Science, 294, 1655–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M. and Snader, K. M. (2003). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981–2002. Journal of Natural Products, 66, 1022–37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivera, B. M. (2000). ɷ?-Conotoxin MVIIA: from marine snail venom to analgesic drug. In Drugs from the Sea, ed. Fusetani, N., pp. 74–85. Basel, Switzerland: KargerCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier, K. (2003). World trade in ornamental species. In Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture, & Conservation, eds. Cato, C. J. and Brown, C. L., pp. 49–64. Ames, IA: Iowa State University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
OmniTrak. (1997). Summary of the Taste Test between the Mariculture and Wild-Caught Malabar Grouper. Honolulu, HI: The Nature Conservancy
Pajaro, M. (1993). Alternatives to sodium cyanide use in aquarium fish collection: a community based approach. Sea Wind, 6, 3–17Google Scholar
Pajaro, M. G., Meeuwig, J. J., Giles, B. G. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2004). Biology, fishery and trade of sea moths (Pisces: Pegasidae) in the central Philippines. Oryx, 38, 432–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parma, A. M., Orensanz, J. M., Elías, I. and Jerez, G. (2003). Diving for shellfish and data: incentives for the participation of fishers in the monitoring and management of artisanal fisheries around southern South America. In Towards Sustainability of Data-Limited Multi-Sector Fisheries, Australian Society for Fish Biology Workshop Proceedings, eds. Newman, S. J., Gaughan, D. J., Jackson, G.et al. pp. 8–29. Bunbury, WA: Department of FisheriesGoogle Scholar
Paulay, G. (1997). Diversity and distribution of reef organisms. In Life and Death of Coral Reefs, ed. Birkeland, C., pp. 298–353. New York: Chapman and HallCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, A. (2000). Global survey of marine medicinals. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on the Management and Culture of Marine Species Used in Traditional Medicines, 4–9 July 1998, Cebu City, Philippines, eds. Moreau, M. A., Hall, H. J. and Vincent, A. C. J., pp. 35–43. Montreal: Project SeahorseGoogle Scholar
Petelo, A. (2001). The Kingdom of Tonga: status of trade in stony corals. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Trade in Stony Corals: Development of Sustainable Management Guidelines, ed. Bruckner, A. W., pp. 87–96. Jarkarta, Indonesia: National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationGoogle Scholar
Pettit, G. R., Chicacz, Z. A., Gao, F.et al. (1993). Antineoplastic agents. 257. Isolation and structure of spongistatin. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58, 1302–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettit, G. R., Gao, F., Cerny, R. L.et al. (1994). Antineoplastic agents. 278. Isolation and structure of axinastatins 2 and 3 from a Western Caroline Island marine sponge. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 37, 1165–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettit, G. R., Knight, J. C., Collins, J. C.et al. (2000). Antineoplastic agents. 430. Isolation and structure of cribrostatins 3, 4, and 5 from the Republic of Maldives Cribrochalina species. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 793–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinheiro, C. U. (1997). Jaborandi (Pilocarpus sp., Rutaceae): a wild species and its rapid transformation into a crop. Economic Botany, 51, 49–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pointier, J. P. and Lamy, D. (1985). Rearing of Pterynotus phyllopterus, Mollusca, Muricidae, from Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Proceedings 5th International Coral Reef Congress, 5, 171–6Google Scholar
Ponder, W. F. and Grayson, J. E. (1998). The Australian Marine Molluscs Considered to be Potentially Vulnerable to the Shell Trade. Sydney, NSW: Department of Environment and HeritageGoogle Scholar
Preparatory Committee on Chinese Medicine (1997). Consultation on the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Hong Kong: PCCM
Proksch, P., Edrada, R. A. and Ebel, R. (2002). Drugs from the sea: current status and microbiological implications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 59, 125–34Google Scholar
Queensland Fisheries Management Authority (1999). Prepared by the Aquarium Fish and Coral Fisheries Working Group. Queensland Marine Fish and Coral Collecting Fisheries, Discussion Paper No. 10, Brisbane: Queensland Fisheries Management Authority and Harvest MAC
Quinn, R. J., Almeida Leone, P., Guymer, G. and Hooper, J. N. A. (2002). Australian biodiversity via its plants and marine organisms: a high throughput screening approach to drug discovery. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74, 519–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramohia, P. (2001) A brief country report: status of trade in stony coral in the Soloman Islands. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Trade in Stony Corals: Development of Sustainable Management Guidelines, ed. Bruckner, A. W., pp. 83–6. Jarkarta, Indonesia: National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationGoogle Scholar
Roberts, L. (1992). Chemical prospecting: hope for vanishing ecosystems?Science, 256, 1142–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, M. A. (1984). A quantitative study of the stony coral fishery in Cebu, Philippines. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I: Marine Ecology, 5, 75–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouhi, A. M. (2003a). Rediscovering natural products. Chemical and Engineering News, October 13, 77–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, M. A. (1984). A quantitative study of the stony coral fishery in Cebu, Philippines. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I: Marine Ecology, 5, 75–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouhi, A. M. (2003b). Betting on natural products for cures. Chemical and Engineering News, October 13, 93–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubec, P. J. (1988). Cyanide fishing and the International Marinelife Alliance Net-Training Program. Tropical Coastal Area Management, 23, 11–13Google Scholar
Sadovy, Y. (2000). Regional Survey of Fry/Fingerling Supply and Current Practices for Grouper Mariculture: Evaluating Current Status and Long-Term Prospects for Grouper Mariculture in Southeast Asia. Hong Kong: University of Hong KongGoogle Scholar
Sadovy, Y. (2001a). The live reef fish trade in Hong Kong: problems and prospects. In Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference and Exhibition, November 1999, eds. Paust, B. C. and Rice, A. A., pp. 183–92. Seattle, WA: University of Alaska Sea GrantGoogle Scholar
Sadovy, Y. (2001a). The live reef fish trade in Hong Kong: problems and prospects. In Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatic Products, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference and Exhibition, November 1999, eds. B. C. Paust and A. A. Rice, (2001b). The threat of fishing to highly fecund fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 59(Suppl. A), 90–108
Sadovy, Y. and Cheung, W. L. (2003). Near extinction of a highly fecund fish: the one that nearly got away. Fish and Fisheries, 4, 86–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadovy, Y. and Eklund, A.-M. (1999). Synopsis of Biological Data on the Nassau Grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792), and the Jewfish, E. itajara, Technical Report NMFS-146. Seattle, WA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Sadovy, Y. and Vincent, A. C. J. (2002). Ecological issues and the trades in live reef fishes. In Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in Complex Reef Ecosystems, ed. Sale, P., pp. 391–420. San Diego, CA: Academic PressGoogle Scholar
Sadovy, Y., Donaldson, T. J., Graham, T. R.et al. (2003a). While Stocks Last: The Live Reef Fish Food Trade. Manila: Asian Development BankGoogle Scholar
Sadovy, Y., Kulbicki, M., Labrosse, P.et al. (2003b). The humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus: synopsis of a threatened and poorly known giant coral reef fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 13, 327–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salamanca, A. M. and Pajaro, M. G. (1996). The utilization of seashells in the Philippines. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 16, 61–72Google Scholar
Schaufelberger, D. E., Koleck, M. P., Beutler, J. A.et al. (1991). The large-scale isolation of bryostatin 1 from Bugula neritina following good manufacturing practices. Journal of Natural Products, 54, 1265–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Semmens, B. X., Buhle, E. R., Salomon, A. K. and Pattengill-Semmens, C. V. (2004). A hotspot of non-native marine fishes: evidence for the aquarium trade as an invasion pathway. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 266, 239–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakeel, H. and Ahmed, H. (1997). Exploitation of reef resources, grouper and other food fishes in the Maldives. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin, 2, 14–20Google Scholar
Siar, S. V., Johnston, W. L. and Sim, S. Y. (2002). Study on Economics and Socio-Economics of Small-Scale Marine Fish Hatcheries and Nurseries, with Special Reference to Grouper Systems in Bali, Indonesia, Report prepared under APEC Project FWG 01/2001 – Collaborative APEC Grouper Research and Development Network Publication 2/2002. Bangkok: Network of Aquaculture Centers in the Asia–PacificGoogle Scholar
Sloan, N. A. (1984). Echinoderm fisheries of the world: a review. In Proceedings of the 5th International Echinoderm Conference, eds. Keegan, B. F. and O'Connor, B. D. S., pp. 109–24. Galway, Ireland: A. A. BalkemaGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. (1999). Education and Awareness of Marine Environments Project (EAMEP): Concerns and Solutions for the Protection of the Coral Reef in Fiji. Lautoka, Fiji: Walt SmithGoogle Scholar
Stoner, A. W. and Ray-Culp, M. (2000). Evidence for allee effects in an over-harvested marine gastropod: density-dependent mating and egg production. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 202, 297–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, W.-C. (1987). Chinese medicinal materials from the sea. Abstracts of Chinese Medicine, 1, 571–600Google Scholar
Tissot, B. N. and Hallacher, L. E. (2003). Effects of aquarium collectors on coral reef fishes in Kona, Hawaii. Conservation Biology, 17, 1759–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Coral Reef Task Force (2000). International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States, Report to the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the US Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, DC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries
Vallejo, B. (1997). Survey and review of the Philippine marine aquarium fishery industry. Sea Wind, 11, 2–16Google Scholar
Vincent, A. C. J. (1996). The International Trade in Seahorses. Cambridge: TRAFFIC InternationalGoogle Scholar
Vincent, A. C. J. (1997). Trade in pegasid fishes (sea moths), primarily for traditional Chinese medicine. Oryx, 31, 199–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, A. and Sadovy, Y. (1998). Reproductive ecology in the conservation and management of fishes. In Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology, ed. Caro, T., pp. 209–45. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Vincent, A. C. J., Marsden, A. D. and Sumaila, U. R. (in press). The role of globalization in creating and addressing seahorse conservation problems. In Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources, eds. Taylor, W. W., Schetcher, M. G. and Wolfson, L. G.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wabnitz, C., Taylor, M., Green, E. and Razak, T. (2003). From Ocean to Aquarium. Cambridge: UNEP–World Conservation Monitoring Centre.Google Scholar
Wantiez, L., Thollot, P. and Kulbicki, M. (1997). Effects of marine reserves on coral reef fish communities from five islands in New Caledonia. Coral Reefs, 16, 215–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren-Rhodes, K., Sadovy, Y. and Cesar, H. (2003). Marine ecosystem appropriation in the Indo-Pacific: case study of the live reef food fish trade. Ambio, 32, 481–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, S. M. (1982). Marine Conservation in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea with Special Emphasis on the Ornamental Coral and Shell Trade, unpublished report. London: Winston Churchill Memorial TrustGoogle Scholar
Wells, S. M. (1988). Impacts of the precious shell harvest and trade: conservation of rare or fragile resources. In Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Their Assessment and Management, ed. Caddy, J. F., pp. 443–54. Rome: FAOGoogle Scholar
Wells, S. M. and Wood, E. (1991). The Marine Curio Trade: Conservation Guidelines and Legislation. Ross-on-Wye, UK: Marine Conservation SocietyGoogle Scholar
White, A. T., Courtney, C. A. and Salamanca, A. (2002). Experience with marine protected area planning and management in the Philippines. Coastal Management, 30, 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijesekara, R. G. S. and Yakupitiyage, A. (2001). Ornamental fish industry in Sri Lanka: present status and future trends. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 3, 241–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. E., Lassota, P. and Andersen, R. J. (1998). Motuporamines A-C, cytotoxic alkaloids isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua (Kirkpatrick). Journal of Organic Chemistry, 63, 4838–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, D. H., Russ, G. R. and Ayling, A. M. (2004). No-take marine reserves increase abundance and biomass of reef fish on inshore fringing reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation, 31, 149–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, E. (2001a). Collection of Coral Reef Fish for Aquaria: Global Trade, Conservation Issues and Management Strategies. Ross-on-Wye, UK: Marine Conservation SocietyGoogle Scholar
Wood, E. (2001b). Global advances in conservation and management of marine ornamental resources. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 3, 65–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, E. M. and Wells, S. M. (1988). The Marine Curio Trade: Conservation Issues. Ross-on-Wye, UK: Marine Conservation SocietyGoogle Scholar
Wood, E. M. and Wells, S. M. (1995). The Shell Trade: A Case for Sustainable Utilization. Cambridge: IUCNGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (2002). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002–2005. Geneva: WHO
Zeng, M. (1995). Zhong-guo Zhong-yao Qu-hua (Translated as: Chinese Medicinal Districts in China). Beijing: Ke-xue Chu-ban-sheGoogle Scholar
Zilinskas, R. A. and Lundin, C. G. (1993). Marine Biotechnology and Developing Countries. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×