Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-pdxrj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-04T00:32:46.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Climate change effects on freshwater fishes, conservation and management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2015

By
Jani Heino ,
Jaakko Erkinaro ,
Ari Huusko  and
Miska Luoto
Edited by
Gerard P. Closs ,
Martin Krkosek  and
Julian D. Olden
Jani Heino
Affiliation:
University of Oulu
Jaakko Erkinaro
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Institute, Finland
Ari Huusko
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Institute, Finland
Miska Luoto
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki
Gerard P. Closs
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Martin Krkosek
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Julian D. Olden
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Fresh waters harbour exceptional levels of biodiversity (Chapter 1). However, various anthropogenic environmental forces threaten this splendid richness (Carpenter et al., 1992; Dudgeon et al., 2006; Strayer & Dudgeon, 2010; Chapter 2). These threats include invasive species (Rahel & Olden, 2008; Chapter 8), land-use changes (Allan, 2004), decreased connectivity (Jackson et al., 2001; Chapter 10) and various changes to water quantity and quality (Malmqvist & Rundle, 2002; Chapters 4–6). Furthermore, global climate change has been increasingly recognised as a pressing environmental change affecting many other stressors as well as having direct effects on fish diversity (Tonn, 1990; Comte et al., 2013). Climate change affects fish individuals, populations, species and communities at various spatial and temporal scales (Tonn, 1990; Carpenter et al., 1992; Graham & Harrod, 2009), ranging from effects on the behaviour of fish at a local scale to species distributions at biogeographic scales (Chu et al., 2005; Hickling et al., 2006; Ficke et al., 2007; Hein et al., 2011; Markovic et al., 2012).

Although climates have changed throughout the history of the Earth, the current rates of increases in temperature, changes in rainfall and occurrence of exceptional weather conditions are unprecedented (IPCC, 2007). For example, global annual average air temperatures are, depending on a climate change scenario, projected to increase from 1°C to 5°C by the end of this century, with much among-region variation. Highest changes in temperature have been seen and are likely to be recorded at high latitudes (IPCC, 2007), where the effects of increased water temperature on fish are also likely to be most profound (Lehtonen, 1996; Chu et al., 2005; Sharma et al., 2007; Heino et al., 2009). By contrast, closer to the equator, changes in temperature are not likely to be that pronounced, but changes in rainfall, decreases in river discharge and increases in human water withdrawal are likely to increase in the future (Xenopoulos et al., 2005; Thieme et al., 2010). Such changes suggest that there may be more irregular droughts and floods, which affect fish at various levels of organisation from individual physiology and population abundance to community structure and range shifts (Graham & Harrod, 2009; Morrongiello et al., 2011). Predicting the effects of climate change on the abundance and distribution of fish is thus highly challenging and regionally variable, but important for the conservation of fish diversity (Cochrane et al., 2009; Comte et al., 2013).

Type
Chapter
Information
Conservation of Freshwater Fishes , pp. 76 - 106
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allan, J. D. (2004). Landscape and riverscapes: the influence of land use on river ecosystems. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 35, 257–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, J. D. & Castillo, M. M. (2007). Stream Ecology, second edition. New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, N. R., Thomson, J., Reich, P. & Stein, J. A. (2011). Using species distribution models to infer potential climate change-induced range shifts of freshwater fish in south-eastern Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 1043–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, D. J., Bond, N. & MacReadie, P. (2011). Detecting range shifts among Australian fishes in response to climate change. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 1027–1042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botts, E. A., Erasmus, B. F. N. & Alexander, G. J. (2013). Small range size and narrow niche breadth predict range contractions on South African frogs. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22, 567–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32.Google Scholar
Brucet, S., Pédron, S., Mehner, T., et al. (2013). Fish diversity in European lakes: geographical factors dominate over anthropogenic pressures. Freshwater Biology, 58, 1779–1793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buisson, L. & Grenouillet, G. (2009). Contrasted impacts of climate change on stream fish assemblages along an environmental gradient. Diversity and Distributions, 15, 613–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buisson, L., Thuiller, W., Lek, S., Lim, P. & Grenouillet, G. (2008). Climate change hastens turnover of stream fish assemblages. Global Change Biology, 14, 2232–2248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, M. T., Schoeman, D. S., Buckley, L. B., et al. (2011). The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Science, 334, 652–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carline, R. F. (2006). Regulation of an unexploited brown trout population in Spruce Creek, Pennsylvania. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 135, 943–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, S. R., Fisher, S. G., Grimm, N. B. & Kitchell, J. F. (1992). Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23, 119–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, T. R. & Kankaanpää, S. (2003). A preliminary examination of adaptation to climate change in Finland. The Finnish Environment, 640, 1–66.Google Scholar
Chu, C., Mandrak, N. E. & Minns, C. K. (2005). Potential impacts of climate change on the distributions of several common and rare freshwater fish in Canada. Diversity and Distributions, 11, 299–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, K., De Young, C., Soto, D. & Bahri, T. (Eds). (2009). Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, 530, 1–212.Google Scholar
Comte, L., Buisson, L., Daufresne, M. & Grenouillet, G. (2013). Climate-induced changes in the distribution of freshwater fish: observed and predicted trends. Freshwater Biology, 58, 625–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooney, S. J., Covich, A. P., Lukacs, P. M., Harig, A. L. & Fausch, K. D. (2005). Modeling global warming scenarios in greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias) streams: implications for species recovery. Western North American Naturalist, 65, 371–381.Google Scholar
Crozier, L. G., Hendry, A. P., Lawson, P. W., et al. (2008). Potential responses to climate change in organisms with complex life histories: evolution and plasticity in Pacific salmon. Evolutionary Applications, 1, 252–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crozier, L. G., Scheuerell, M. D. & Zabel, R. W. (2011). Using time series analysis to characterize evolutionary and plastic responses to environmental change: a case study of a shift toward earlier migration date in sockeye salmon. American Naturalist, 178, 755–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daufresne, M. & Boët, P. (2007). Climate change impacts on structure and diversity of fish communities in rivers. Global Change Biology, 13, 2467–2478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daufresne, M., Lengfeller, K. & Sommer, U. (2009). Global warming benefits the small in aquatic ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 12788–12793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deutsch, C. A., Tewksbury, J. J., Huey, R. B., et al. (2008). Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 6668–6672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudgeon, D. (2011). Asian freshwater fishes in the Anthropocene: threats and conservation challenges in an era of rapid environmental change. Journal of Fish Biology, 79, 1487–1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A. H., Gessner, M. O., et al. (2006). Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews, 81, 163–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, J. G. & Scheller, R. M. (1996). Effects of climate warming on fish thermal habitat in streams of the United States. Limnology & Oceanography, 41, 1109–1115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elith, J., Leathwick, J. R. & Hastie, T. (2008). Boosted regression trees as a new technique for modelling ecological data. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 802–813.Google Scholar
Elliott, J. M., Hurley, M. A. & Elliott, J. A. (1997). Variable effects of droughts on the density of a sea-trout Salmo trutta population over 30 years. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1229–1238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, A. P., Hinch, S. G., Cooke, S. J., et al. (2008). Pacific salmon in hot water: applying aerobic scope models and biotelemetry to predict the success of spawning migrations. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 81, 697–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ficke, A. D., Myrick, C. A. & Hansen, L. J. (2007). Potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 17, 581–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finstad, A. G. & Forseth, T. (2006). Adaptation to ice-cover conditions in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 8, 1249–1262.Google Scholar
Finstad, A. G., Forseth, T., Nasje, T. F. & Ugedal, O. (2004). The importance of ice-cover for energy turnover in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 959–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedland, K. D., MacLean, J. C., Hansen, L. P., et al. (2009). The recruitment of Atlantic salmon in Europe. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66, 289–304.Google Scholar
Garcia de Leaniz, C., Fleming, I. A., Einum, S., et al. (2007). A critical review of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation. Biological Reviews, 82, 173–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, J. L., Peters, A., Kearney, M. R., Joseph, L. & Heinsohn, R. (2011). Declining body size: a third universal response to warming. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 26, 285–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilman, S. E., Urban, M. C., Tewksbury, J., Gilchrist, G. W. & Holt, R. D. (2010). A framework for community interactions under climate change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 325–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, C. T. & Harrod, C. (2009). Implications of climate change for the fishes of the British Isles. Journal of Fish Biology, 74, 1143–1205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, D. (1997). Local and regional species richness in North American lacustrine fish. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66, 49–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, D. (2006). Pattern and process in the ecological biogeography of European freshwater fish. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 734–751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guisan, A. & Thuiller, W. (2005). Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters, 8, 993–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guisan, A. & Zimmermann, N. E. (2000). Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 135, 147–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannah, L., Midgley, G. F., Lovejoy, T., et al. (2002). Conservation of biodiversity in a changing climate. Conservation Biology, 16, 264–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. (1990). Generalized Additive Models. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Heikkinen, R. K., Luoto, M., Araújo, M. B., et al. (2006). Methods and uncertainties in bioclimatic envelope modelling under climate change. Progress in Physical Geography, 30, 751–777.Google Scholar
Hein, C. L., Öhlund, G. & Englund, G. (2011). Dispersal through stream networks: modelling climate-driven range expansions of fishes. Diversity and Distributions, 17, 641–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heino, J. (2011). A macroecological perspective of diversity patterns in the freshwater realm. Freshwater Biology, 56, 1703–1722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heino, J. (2013). The importance of metacommunity ecology for environmental assessment research in the freshwater realm. Biological Reviews, 88, 166–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heino, J., Virkkala, R. & Toivonen, H. (2009). Climate change and freshwater biodiversity: detected patterns, future trends and adaptations in northern regions. Biological Reviews, 84, 39–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helland, I. P., Finstad, A. G., Forseth, T., Hesthagen, T. & Ugedal, O. (2011). Ice-cover effects on competitive interactions between two fish species. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, 539–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickling, R., Roy, D. B., Hill, J. K., Fox, R. & Thomas, C. D. (2006). The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards. Global Change Biology, 12, 450–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huusko, A. & Hyvärinen, P. (2012). Atlantic salmon abundance and size track climate regimes in the Baltic Sea. Boreal Environment Research, 17, 139–149.Google Scholar
Huusko, A., Greenberg, L., Stickler, M., et al. (2007). Life in the ice lane: the winter ecology of stream salmonids. River Research and Applications, 23, 469–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, D. A. & Mandrak, N. E. (2002). Changing fish biodiversity: predicting the loss of cyprinid biodiversity due to global climate change. In Fisheries in a Changing Climate. American Fisheries Society Symposium 32. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, pp. 89–98.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. A., Peres-Neto, P. R. & Olden, J. D. (2001). What controls who is where in freshwater fish communities – the roles of biotic, abiotic, and spatial factors. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 157–170.Google Scholar
Jeppesen, E., Mehner, T., Winfield, I., et al. (2012). Impacts of climate warming on the long-term dynamics of key fish species in 24 European lakes. Hydrobiologia, 694, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, B. & Jonsson, N. (2011). Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout. Habitat as a Template for Life Histories. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, R. J. & Crozier, W. W. (2010). Evidence of changing migratory patterns of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in the River Bush, Northern Ireland, and possible associations with climate change. Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 1786–1805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuehne, L. M., Olden, J. D. & Duda, J. J. (2012). Costs of living for juvenile Chinook salmon in an increasingly warming and invaded world. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 69, 1621–1630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lassalle, G., Béguer, M., Beaulaton, L. & Rochard, E. (2008). Diadromous fish conservation plans need to consider global warming issues: an approach using biogeographical models. Biological Conservation, 141, 1105–1118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, D. J., Stewart-Koster, B., Olden, J. D., et al. (2014). The interactive effects of climate change, riparian management, and a non-native predator on stream-rearing salmon. Ecological Applications 24, 895–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehtonen, H. (1996). Potential effects of global warming on northern European freshwater fish and fisheries. Fisheries Ecology and Management, 3, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lek, S. & Guegan, J. (1999). Artificial neural networks as a tool in ecological modelling, an introduction. Ecological Modelling, 120, 65–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnansaari, T. & Cunjak, R. A. (2012). Fish: freshwater ecosystems. In Temperature Adaptation in a Changing Climate. Nature at Risk. Wallingford: CAB International, pp. 80–97.
Lobon-Cervia, J. (2009). Why, when and how do fish populations decline, collapse and recover? The example of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Rio Chaballos (northwestern Spain). Freshwater Biology, 54, 1149–1162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnuson, J. J., Crowder, L. B. & Medvick, P. A. (1979). Temperature as an ecological resource. American Zoologist, 19, 331–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmqvist, B. & Rundle, S. J. (2002). Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world. Environmental Conservation, 29, 134–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mantua, N. J., Hare, S. R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M. & Francis, R. C. (1997). A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 1069–1079.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markovic, D., Freyhof, J. & Wolter, C. (2012). Where are all the fish: potential of biogeographical maps to project current and future distribution patterns of freshwater species. PLoS ONE, 7, e40530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, W. J. (1998). Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, W. J. & Marsh-Matthews, E. (2003). Effects of drought on fish across axes of space, time and ecological complexity. Freshwater Biology, 48, 1232–1253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEwen, B. S. & Wingfield, J. C. (2003). The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior, 42, 2–15.Google Scholar
Mims, M. C. & Olden, J. D. (2012). Life history theory predicts fish assemblage response to hydrologic regimes. Ecology, 93, 35–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mims, M. C., Olden, J. D., Shattuck, Z. R. & Poff, N. L. (2010). Life history trait diversity of native freshwater fishes in North America. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19, 390–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohseni, O., Stefan, H. G. & Eaton, J. G. (2003). Global warming and potential changes in fish habitat in U.S. streams. Climatic Change, 5, 389–409.Google Scholar
Morrongiello, J. R., Beatty, S. J., Bennett, J. C., et al. (2011). Climate change and its implications for Australia's freshwater fish. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62, 1082–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, J. L., Ruggerone, G. T. & Zimmerman, C. E. (2013). Adaptive strategies and life history characteristics in a warming climate: salmon in the Arctic?Environmental Biology of Fishes, 96, 1187–1226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemelä, E., Erkinaro, J., Julkunen, M. & Hassinen, E. (2005). Is juvenile salmon abundance related to subsequent and preceding catches? Perspectives from a long-term monitoring programme. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62, 1617–1629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberdorff, T., Tedesco, P. A., Hugueny, B., et al. (2011). Global and regional patterns in riverine fish species richness: a review. International Journal of Ecology, 2011, Article ID 967631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olden, J. D. & Jackson, D. A. (2002). A comparison of statistical models for modelling fish species distributions. Freshwater Biology, 47, 1976–1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olden, J. D., Kennard, M. K., Leprieur, F., et al. (2010). Conservation biogeography of freshwater fishes: past progress and future directions. Diversity and Distributions, 16, 496–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olden, J. D., Kennard, M. J., Lawler, J. J. & Poff, N. L. (2011). Challenges and opportunities for implementing managed relocation of species for freshwater conservation. Conservation Biology, 25, 40–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otero, J., L'Abée-Lund, J. H., Castro-Santos, T., et al. (2014). Basin-scale phenology and effects of climate variability on global timing of initial seaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Global Change Biology, 20, 61–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pascual, M. A., Cussac, V., Dyer, B., et al. (2007). Freshwater fishes of Patagonia in the 21st century after a hundred years of human settlement, species introductions, and environmental change. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 10, 212–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poff, N. L., Brinson, M. M. & Day, J.W. (2002). Aquatic Ecosystems and Global Climate Change. Potential Impacts on Inland Freshwater and Coastal Wetland Ecosystems in the United States. Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change.Google Scholar
Poff, N. L., Olden, J. D. & Strayer, D. L. (2012). Climate change and freshwater fauna extinction risk. In Saving A Million Species. Extinction Risk From Climate Change. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 309–336.Google Scholar
Pöyry, J. & Toivonen, H. (2005). Climate change adaptation and biological diversity. Finnish Environment Institute Mimeographs, 333, 1–46.Google Scholar
Prowse, T. D. (2001a). River ice ecology. Part A: hydrologic, geomorphic, and water-quality aspects. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 15, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prowse, T. D. (2001b). River-ice ecology. II: Biological aspects. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 15, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahel, F. J. & Olden, J. D. (2008). Assessing the effects of climate change on aquatic invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22, 521–533.Google ScholarPubMed
Rahel, F. J., Keleher, C. J. & Anderson, J. L. (1996). Potential habitat loss and population fragmentation for cold water fish in the North Platte River drainage of the Rocky Mountains: response to climate warming. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 1116–1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reist, J. D., Wrona, F. J., Prowse, T. D., et al. (2006). General effects of climate change on arctic fishes and fish populations. Ambio, 35, 370–380.Google ScholarPubMed
Reyjol, Y., Hugueny, B., Pont, D., et al. (2007). Patterns in species richness and endemism of European freshwater fish. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricciardi, A. & Simberloff, D. (2009). Assisted colonization is not a viable conservation strategy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24, 248–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, D. M., Hellmann, J. J., McLachlan, J., et al. (2009). Multidimensional evaluation of managed relocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9721–9724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, R. A., Crick, H. Q. P., Learmonth, J. A., et al. (2009). Travelling through a warming world: climate change and migratory species. Endangered Species Research, 7, 87–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roni, P., Hanson, K. & Beechie, T. (2008). Global review of the physical and biological effectiveness of stream habitat rehabilitation techniques. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28, 856–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruesch, A. S., Torgersen, C. E., Lawler, J. J., et al. (2012). Projected climate-induced habitat loss for salmonids in the John Day River network, Oregon, U.S.A. Conservation Biology, 26, 873–882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salonen, E. & Mutenia, A. (2007). Alien fish species in northernmost Finland. Riista- ja kalatalous. Tutkimuksia, 2, 1–16.Google Scholar
Sanborn, S. C. & Bledsoe, B. P. (2006). Predicting streamflow regime metrics for ungauged streams in Colorado, Washington, and Oregon. Journal of Hydrology, 325, 241–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schleuter, D., Daufresne, M., Veslot, J., et al. (2012). Geographic isolation and climate govern the functional diversity of native fish communities in European drainage basins. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 1083–1095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, S., Jackson, D. A., Minns, C. K. & Shuter, B. J. (2007). Will northern fish populations be in hot water because of climate change?Global Change Biology, 13, 2052–2064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shuter, B. J., Finstad, A. G., Helland, I. P., Zweimuller, I. & Hölker, F. (2012). The role of winter phenology in shaping the ecology of freshwater fish and their sensitivities to climate change. Aquatic Sciences, 74, 637–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spens, J., Englund, G. & Lundqvist, H. (2007). Network connectivity and dispersal barriers: using geographical information system (GIS) tools to predict landscape scale distribution of a key predator (Esox lucius) among lakes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 1127–1137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straile, D., Livingstone, D. M., Weyhenmeyer, G. A. & George, G. (2003). The response of freshwater ecosystems to climate variability associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. In The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact. Geophysical Monograph Series 134. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 263–279.Google Scholar
Strayer, D. L. & Dudgeon, D. (2010). Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29, 344–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strecker, A. L., Olden, J. D., Whittier, J. B. & Paukert, C. P. (2011). Defining conservation priorities for freshwater fishes according to taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Ecological Applications, 21, 3002–3013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swihart, R. K., Gehring, T. M., Kolozsvary, M. B. & Nupp, T. E. (2003). Responses of “resistant” vertebrates to habitat loss and fragmentation: the importance of niche breadth and range boundaries. Diversity and Distributions, 9, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taniguchi, Y. & Nakano, S. (2000). Condition-specific competition: implications for the altitudinal distribution of stream fishes. Ecology, 81, 2027–2039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedesco, P. A., Leprieur, F., Hugueny, B., et al. (2012). Patterns and processes of global freshwater fish endemism. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 977–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thieme, M. L., Lehner, B., Abell, R. & Matthews, J. (2010). Exposure of Africa's freshwater biodiversity to a changing climate. Conservation Letters, 3, 324–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorstad, E. B., Whoriskey, F., Uglem, I., et al. (2012). A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post-smolt migration. Journal of Fish Biology, 81, 500–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S. & Araujo, M. (2005). Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, 347–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thuiller, W., Lafourcade, B., Engler, R. & Araújo, M. B. (2009). BIOMOD – a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Ecography, 32, 369–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tisseuil, C., Leprieur, F., Grenouillet, G., Vrac, M. & Lek, S. (2012a). Projected impacts of climate change on spatio-temporal patterns of freshwater fish beta diversity: a deconstructing approach. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 1213–1222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tisseuil, M., Vrac, M., Grenouillet, G., et al. (2012b) Strengthening the link between climate, hydrological and species distribution modelling to assess the impacts of climate change on freshwater biodiversity. Science of the Total Environment, 424, 193–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, C. D., Friedland, K. D., MacLean, J. C., Hazon, N. & Jensen, A. J. (2011). Getting into hot water? Atlantic salmon responses to climate change in freshwater and marine environments. In Atlantic Salmon Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 409–443.Google Scholar
Tonn, W. M. (1990). Climate change and fish communities: a conceptual framework. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 119, 337–352.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vähä, J.-P., Erkinaro, J., Niemelä, E. & Primmer, C. R. (2007). Life-history and habitat features influence the within–river genetic structure of Atlantic salmon. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2638–2654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venables, W. N. & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, D. R., Ernst, A. G. & Baldigo, B. P. (2009). Influence of spring floods on year-class strength of fall- and spring-spawning salmonids in Catskill Mountain streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 138, 200–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, S. J., Isaak, D. J., Luce, C. H., et al. (2011). Flow regime, temperature, and biotic interactions drive differential declines of trout species under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 14175–14180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittaker, R. H. (1960) Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30, 279–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, R. J., Araújo, M. B., Jepson, P., et al. (2005). Conservation biogeography: assessment and prospect. Diversity and Distributions, 11, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wikelski, M. & Cooke, S. (2006). Conservation physiology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 38–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wisz, M. S., Pottier, J., Kissling, W. D., et al. (2013). The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised assemblages of species: implications for species distribution modelling. Biological Reviews, 88, 15–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, C. M. & McDonald, G. (1997). Global Warming – Implications for Freshwater and Marine Fish. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S. N. 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. London: Chapman and Hall/CRC.Google Scholar
Xenopoulos, M. A., Lodge, D. M., Alcamo, J., et al. (2005). Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from climate change and water withdrawal. Global Change Biology, 11, 1557–1564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youngson, A. F., Jordan, W. C., Verspoor, E., et al. (2003). Management of salmonid fisheries in the British Isles: towards a practical approach based on population genetics. Fisheries Research, 62, 193–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×