Chapter 1 - Words

Summary

Introduction

This chapter contains the main definitions used in the rest of the book. It also presents some basic results about words that are of constant use in the sequel. In the first section are defined words, free monoids, and some terms about words, such as length and factors.

Section 1.2 is devoted to submonoids and to morphism of free monoids, one of the basic tools for words. Many of the proofs of properties of words involve a substitution from the alphabet into words over another alphabet, which is just the definition of a morphism of free monoids. A nontrivial result called the defect theorem is proved. The theorem asserts that if a relation exists among words in a set, those words can be written on a smaller alphabet. This is a weak counterpart for free monoids of the Nielsen–Schreier theorem for subgroups of a free group.

In Section 1.3 the definition of conjugate words is given, together with some equivalent characterizations. Also defined are primitive words, or words that are not a repetition of another word. A very useful result, due to Fine and Wilf, is proved that concerns the possibility of multiple repetitions. The last section introduces the notation of formal series that deal with linear combinations of words, which will be used in Chapters 5–7 and 11.

A list of problems, some of them difficult, is collected at the end.