Appendix C - Anthropogenic sources of natural gas and methane

Summary

In situ, natural gas is a mixture consisting largely of methane, CH₄ (70–90% by volume); smaller amounts of ethane, C₂H₆, propane, C₃H₈, butane, C₄H₁₀, pentane, C₅H₁₂, and/or hexane, C₆H₁₄ (0–20%); carbon dioxide, CO₂ (0–8%); and trace amounts of other gases such as hydrogen sulfide, H₂S. As the pressure and temperature of the gas decrease during extraction from a well, pentane and hexane condense to their liquid states and separate from the gas. At the wellhead, CO₂ is removed, as is H₂S, which is both toxic and corrosive. The remaining gas can then be compressed and routed to a pipeline, or it can be liquefied at a temperature of –162 ^°C (– 260^°F)to increase its energy content per unit volume, facilitating transport as liquefied natural gas (LNG).

As late as 2006, conventional wisdom was that U.S. production of natural gas was in decline, with increasing imports needed to meet demand. But perceptions began to change with the discovery and exploitation of large gas-bearing shales, beginning with the Barnett Shale in Northeast Texas. Just two years later, with the discovery of the Marcellus Shale extending southwest from upstate New York through Appalachia, as well as the Haynesville (Louisiana), Fayetteville (Arkansas), Woodford-Arkoma (Arkansas and Oklahoma), and Bakken (North Dakota and Montana) shales, there was growing belief that the nation would soon be awash in natural gas and its reserves-to-production ratio would exceed 100 years (Krauss, 2008a, 2008b).

Conventional gas is extracted primarily from porous sandstone lying below impermeable cap rock. The large permeability of the sandstone makes it easy to extract the gas once a well has been drilled. That's not the case for unconventional gas found in coal seams, tight sands, and shale rock. The low permeability of these formations limits gas production by conventional means.

Shale is a soft, fine-grained rock formed from mud deposits in shallow seas some 400 million years ago. Although shale formations are buried up to 4,000 meters below ground and gas is trapped within the shale, advanced recovery techniques have made production economically viable. A well can be drilled to the requisite depth and extended horizontally for thousands of meters, thereby greatly expanding the size of a gas field accessible to a single well.