Book contents
- Cambridge Textbook Of Neuroscience for Psychiatrists
- Reviews
- Cambridge Textbook of Neuroscience for Psychiatrists
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Introduction
- 1 Cells
- 2 Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- 3 Basic Techniques in Neuroscience
- 4 Neuroanatomy
- 5 Neural Circuits
- 5.1 Appetite
- 5.2 Sleep
- 5.3 Sex and Sex Hormones
- 5.4 Violence and Aggression
- 5.5 Nociception and Pain
- 5.6 The Motor System and Movement Disorders
- 5.7 Computational Models of Learning
- 5.8 Habit Formation
- 5.9 Reward, Pleasure and Motivation
- 5.10 Emotion
- 5.11 Perception
- 5.12 Attention
- 5.13 Apathy, Anhedonia and Fatigue
- 5.14 Memory
- 5.15 Fronto-Executive Functions
- 5.16 Empathy and Theory of Mind
- 5.17 Language
- 5.18 Brain Networks and Dysconnectivity
- 6 Modulators
- 7 Genetics
- 8 Neurodevelopment and Neuroplasticity
- 9 Integrated Neurobiology of Specific Syndromes and Treatments
- 10 Neurodegeneration
- Index
- References
5.2 - Sleep
from 5 - Neural Circuits
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 November 2023
Book contents
- Cambridge Textbook Of Neuroscience for Psychiatrists
- Reviews
- Cambridge Textbook of Neuroscience for Psychiatrists
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Introduction
- 1 Cells
- 2 Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- 3 Basic Techniques in Neuroscience
- 4 Neuroanatomy
- 5 Neural Circuits
- 5.1 Appetite
- 5.2 Sleep
- 5.3 Sex and Sex Hormones
- 5.4 Violence and Aggression
- 5.5 Nociception and Pain
- 5.6 The Motor System and Movement Disorders
- 5.7 Computational Models of Learning
- 5.8 Habit Formation
- 5.9 Reward, Pleasure and Motivation
- 5.10 Emotion
- 5.11 Perception
- 5.12 Attention
- 5.13 Apathy, Anhedonia and Fatigue
- 5.14 Memory
- 5.15 Fronto-Executive Functions
- 5.16 Empathy and Theory of Mind
- 5.17 Language
- 5.18 Brain Networks and Dysconnectivity
- 6 Modulators
- 7 Genetics
- 8 Neurodevelopment and Neuroplasticity
- 9 Integrated Neurobiology of Specific Syndromes and Treatments
- 10 Neurodegeneration
- Index
- References
Summary
Sleep is a naturally recurring state of reduced activity and altered consciousness, which is relatively easily reversible [1–3]. While asleep, our awareness and ability to respond to stimuli is decreased. For centuries, sleep was considered a passive state with an unknown function [4]. However, in contrast to outer appearances, sleep is an active brain state with distinct changes in brain wave activity and physiological function, accompanying the different stages of sleep [1–5]. It is only in recent decades that we have started to uncover some of the complex neural systems underlying the regulation of sleep, although many aspects still remain a mystery [4, 6, 7]. In this section we look at the characteristics of sleep and its different stages. This is followed by an outline of the neural circuits involved in regulation of sleep, wakefulness and arousal, and the mechanisms underlying the circadian rhythm. Finally, the effects of sleep deprivation are discussed. Sleep disorders, the role of sleep in psychiatric conditions, and the effects of medication on sleep will be discussed in a later chapter, in Section 9.16.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Cambridge Textbook of Neuroscience for Psychiatrists , pp. 129 - 145Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Muza, R. Normal sleep. In Selsick, H (ed.). Sleep Disorders in Psychiatric Patients. Springer-Verlag, 2018, pp. 3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvard Medical School, Division of Sleep Medicine. Healthy Sleep. http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/ (accessed 19 November 2019).Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists. TrOn trainees online: The physiology of arousal and sleep. www.rcpsych.ac.uk/training/your-training/training-resources/trainees-online (accessed 19 November 2019).Google Scholar
Pelayo, R, Dement, WC. History of sleep physiology and medicine. In Kryger, M, Roth, T, Dement, WC. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 6th ed. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eban-Rothschild, A, Appelbaum, L, de Lecea, L. Neuronal mechanisms for sleep/wake regulation and modulatory drive. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43: 937–952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scammell, TE, Arrigoni, E, Lipton, JO. Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron Rev 2017; 93: 747–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, RE, Basheer, R, McKenna, JT, Strecker, RE, McCarley, RW. Control of sleep and wakefulness. Physiol Rev 2012; 92(3): 1087–1187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stahl, SM, Morrissette, DA. Stahl’s Illustrated Sleep and Wake Disorders. Cambridge University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caskardon, MA, Rechtschaffen, A. Monitoring and staging human sleep. In Kryger, M, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds.). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4th ed. Elsevier, 2005, pp. 1359–1377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, RB, Quan, SF, Abreu, AR et al. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Version 2.6. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2020.Google Scholar
Borbely, AA. A two-process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiol 1982; 1: 195–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Borbely, A, Daan, S, Wirz-Justice, A, Deboer, T. The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res 2016; 25: 131–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, RG. Sleep, circadian rhythms and health. Interface Focus 2020; 10: 20190098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saper, CB, Scammel, TE, Lu, J. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature 2005; 437: 1257–1263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saper, BC, Fuller, PM, Pedersen, NP, Lu, J, Scammel, TE. Sleep state switching. Neuron 2010; 68(6): 1023–1042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGinty, D, Szymusiak, R. Neural control of sleep in mammals. In Kryger, M, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds.). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 6th ed. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 62–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saper, C, Fuller, P. Wake–sleep circuitry: an overview. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44: 186–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holst, C, Landolt, H-P. Sleep–wake neurochemistry. Sleep Med Clin 2018; 13: 137–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Lecea, L, Huerta, R. Hypocretin (orexin) regulation of sleep-to-wake transitions. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5(16): 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freigne, JJ, Torontali, ZA, Snow, MB, Peever, JH. REM sleep at its core: circuits, neurotransmitters, and pathophysiology. Front Neurol 2015; 6: 123.Google Scholar
Abbott, SM, Reid, KJ, Zee, PC. Circadian disorders of the sleep–wake cycle. In: Kryger, M, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds.). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 6th ed. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 414–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickie, IB, Naismith, SL, Robillard, R et al. Manipulating the sleep–wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression. BMC Medicine 2013; 11(79): 1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gooley, JJ, Saper, CB. Anatomy of the mammalian circadian system. In Kryger, M, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds.). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 6th ed. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 343–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenwasser, AM, Turek, FW. Physiology of the mammalian circadian system. In Kryger, M, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds.). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 6th ed. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 351–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2017/press-release/ Google Scholar
Banks, S, Dorrian, J, Basner, M, Dingers, DF. Sleep deprivation. In Kryger, M, Roth, T, Dement, WC (eds.). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 6th ed. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 49–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dongen, HPA, Maislin, G, Mullington, JM, Dinges, DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioural functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 2003; 26(2): 117–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goel, N, Rao, H, Durmer, J, Dinges, DF. Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Semin Neurol 2009; 29(4): 320–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeve, S, Sheaves, B, Freeman, D. The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: a systematic review. ClinPsychol Rev 2015; 42: 96–115.Google ScholarPubMed
Waters, F, Chiu, V, Atkinson, A, Blom, JD. Severe sleep deprivation causes hallucinations and a gradual progression toward psychosis with increasing time awake. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9: 303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Cauter, E, Spiegel, K, Tasali, E, Leproult, R. Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Med 2008; 9(01): 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed