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8.2 - Neurodevelopmental Models of Psychiatric Disorders

from 8 - Neurodevelopment and Neuroplasticity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2023

By
Richard Bethlehem  and
Jakob Seidlitz
Edited by
Mary-Ellen Lynall ,
Peter B. Jones  and
Stephen M. Stahl
Mary-Ellen Lynall
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Peter B. Jones
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Stephen M. Stahl
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
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Summary

The current era of diagnostics in psychiatry is nested within the axis between categorical labels which define distinct clusters of symptoms (e.g. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5); American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and the International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition (ICD-11; World Health Organization, 2018)), and dimensional constructs which define continuous quantitative traits (e.g. the US National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria). Unlike neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, there is currently no conclusive evidence of a causal mapping of biological mechanisms to clinical symptomatology nor are there reliable neuropathophysiological correlates on which to base or confirm diagnoses. Thus, the quest for biomarkers in psychiatric disorders rests on the ability to untangle the convergent (shared) and divergent (distinct) effects in these conditions at multiple levels of biological scale – from molecular-scale genetics and transcriptomics, macroscale endophenotypes derived from neuroimaging, through to observable and quantifiable behavioural, cognitive and psychological phenomena.

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Chapter
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Cambridge Textbook of Neuroscience for Psychiatrists , pp. 349 - 353
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

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