Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-v2bm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T10:41:56.205Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - Pacifism and pacificism

from Part IV - New social movements and the politics of difference

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Martin Ceadel
Edited by
Terence Ball  and
Richard Bellamy
Terence Ball
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Richard Bellamy
Affiliation:
University College London
Get access

Summary

Since the start of the modern political era, if not longer, most people in almost all countries have believed that the incidence of international war is most likely to be reduced if countries repudiate aggression yet maintain armed forces, and if necessary also military alliances, strong enough to stop others being tempted into expansionism by the prospect of easy pickings – a deterrent stance whose credibility requires a perceived willingness to fight.

This majority viewpoint is here labelled ‘defencism’ because it regards national defence efforts as the best prophylactics against war and believes that self-defence is a sufficient justification for fighting (Ceadel 1987, ch. 5). Its rejection of aggression distinguishes it both from militarism, which glorifies fighting and believes that the conquest of weak states by strong ones advances civilisation, and from crusading, which believes that aggressive force is justified where by promoting justice it ultimately contributes to peace (Ceadel 1987, chs. 3 and 4). Frequently summed up by the Latin tag si vis pacem, para bellum (‘if you want peace, prepare for war’), defencism was generally treated by its supporters as a self-evident truth until early in the Cold War when a ‘realist’ school of academic students of international relations began to articulate its intellectual assumptions in order to justify them. However, it has long been associated with an ethical tradition which has attempted to delimit the circumstances in which a ‘just war’ can be declared (jus ad bellum) and the methods of fighting which can be used in its name (jus in bello) (Johnson 1975; 1981).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought , pp. 471 - 492
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberti, Johanna (1989). Beyond Suffrage: Feminists in War and Peace 1914–28, Basingstoke.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amos, Valerie and Parmar, Pratibha (1984). ‘Challenging Imperial Feminism’, Feminist Review 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, Ien (1995). ‘I’m a feminist but … “Other” Women and Postnational Feminism’, in Caine, Barbara and Pringle, Rosemary (eds.) Transitions: New Australian Feminisms, New York.Google Scholar
Angell, Norman (1909a). Europe’s Optical Illusion, London.Google Scholar
Angell, Norman (1909b). The Great Illusion, London.Google Scholar
Angus, H. F. (1937). The Problem of Peaceful Change in the Pacific Area, London.Google Scholar
Bahro, Rudolf (1986). Building the Green Movement, trans. Tyler, Mary, London.Google Scholar
Baier, Annette (1994). ‘The Need for More than Justice’, in Moral Prejudices, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Ball, Terence (2001). ‘New Ethics for Old? Or, How (Not) to Think About Future Generations’, in Humphrey, Mathew (ed.) Political Theory and the Environment, London.Google Scholar
Ballard, Frank (1915). The Mistakes of Pacifism, or Why a Christian Can Have Anything to Do with War, London.Google Scholar
Banks, Olive (1981). Faces of Feminism. A Study of Feminism as a Social Movement, New York.Google Scholar
Barrett, Michele (1980). Women’s Oppression Today. Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis, London.Google Scholar
Barry, Brian (1989). Democracy, Power, and Justice, Oxford.Google Scholar
Barry, Brian (2000). Culture and Equality, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Barry, Brian and Sikora, R. I. (1978) (eds.). Obligations to Future Generations, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bartky, Sandra Lee (1990). Femininity and Domination. Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression, London.Google Scholar
Beauvoir, Simone (1972). The Second Sex, trans. and ed. Parshley, H. M., Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Bellamy, Richard (1999). Liberalism and Pluralism: Towards a Politics of Compromise, London.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla (1982). ‘The Generalised and the Concrete Other’, in Situating the Self, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla, Butler, Judith, Cornell, Drucilla and Fraser, Nancy (1995). Feminist Contributions, London.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla (1996) (ed.). Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Jessica (1990). The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and the Problem of Domination, London.Google Scholar
Berry, Wendell (1981). The Gift of Good Land, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi (1994). The Location of Culture, London.Google Scholar
Bhavnani, Kum Kum (2001). Feminism and Race, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bloch, I. S. (1899). Is War Now Impossible?, London (a translation of the last of the six volumes of The War of the Future, which had appeared in Russian and French the previous year).Google Scholar
Bock, Gisela and Thane, Pat (1991). Maternity and Gender Politics. Women and the Rise of the European Welfare State, 1880s–1950s, London.Google Scholar
Bolt, Christine (1993). The Women’s Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1870s to the 1920s, Hemel Hempstead.Google Scholar
Bookchin, Murray (1990). Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future, Boston.Google Scholar
Bordo, Susan (1987). ‘The Cartesian Masculinisation of Thought’, in Harding, Sandra and O’Barr, Jean (eds.) Sex and Scientific Enquiry, Chicago.Google Scholar
Bordo, Susan (1993). Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body, Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, David (1996), ‘The Flight from Gaza: Aldous Huxley’s Involvement in the Peace Pledge Union in the Context of His Overall Intellectual Development’, in Nugel, B. (ed.) Now More Than Ever: Proceedings of the Aldous Huxley Centenary Symposium, Münster 1994, Berlin.Google Scholar
Braidotti, Rosi (1991). Patterns of Dissonance. A Study of Women in Contemporary Philosophy, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Brailsford, H. N. (1914). The War of Steel and Gold: A Study of the Armed Peace, London.Google Scholar
Bramwell, Anna (1989). Ecology in the 20th Century: A History, New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
Brennan, Teresa (1993). History after Lacan, London.Google Scholar
Brennan, Teresa (1989) (ed.). Between Feminism and Psychoanalysis, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, Henry (1935) (ed.). Does Capitalism Cause War?, London.Google Scholar
Brown, Wendy (1995). States of Injury, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Brownmiller, Susan (1976). Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, London.Google Scholar
Brownmiller, Susan (1984). Femininity, London.Google Scholar
Bubeck, Diemut (1995). Care, Gender and Justice, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, C., Schor, Naomi and Whitford, Margaret (1994). Engaging with Irigaray: Feminist Philosophy and Modern European Thought, New York.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith (1989). ‘Gendering the Body. Beauvoir’s Philosophical Contribution’, in Garry, A. and Pearsall, M. (eds.) Women, Knowledge and Reality, Boston.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, London.Google Scholar
Caine, Barbara (1997). English Feminism 1780–1980, Oxford.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Lynton K. (1972). In Defense of Earth: International Protection of the Biosphere, Bloomington, Ind.Google Scholar
Callicott, J. Baird (1989). In Defense of the Land Ethic, Albany, N.Y.Google Scholar
Canovan, Margaret (1977). The Political Thought of Hannah Arendt, London.Google Scholar
Canovan, Margaret (1987). ‘Rousseau’s Two Concepts of Citizenship’, in Kennedy, Ellen and Mendus, Susan (eds.) Women in Western Political Theory, Brighton.Google Scholar
Card, Claudia (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cardy, Maren Lockwood (1974). The New Feminist Movement, New York.Google Scholar
Carens, Joseph (2000). Culture, Citizenship and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, E. H. (1936). ‘Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace’, International Affairs 15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, E. H. (1939). The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London.Google Scholar
Carson, Rachel (1962). Silent Spring, New York.Google Scholar
Carter, April (1973). Direct Action and Liberal Democracy, London.Google Scholar
Carter, April, Hoggett, David and Roberts, Adam (1970). Non-Violent Action. A Selected Bibliography, revised and enlarged edn, London and Haverford, Penn.Google Scholar
Catton, William R. (1980). Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change, Urbana, Ill.Google Scholar
Ceadel, Martin (1980). Pacifism in Britain 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ceadel, Martin (1987). Thinking about Peace and War, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ceadel, Martin (1991). ‘Supranationalism in the British Peace Movement During the Early Twentieth Century’, in Bosco, Andrea (ed.) The Federal Idea, vol. II: The History of Federalism from the Enlightenment to 1945.Google Scholar
Ceadel, Martin (1996). The Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730–1854, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ceadel, Martin (2000). Semi-Detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chanter, Tina (1995). Ethics of Eros. Irigaray’s Reading of the Philosophers, London.Google Scholar
Chatfield, Charles (1971). For Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America 1914–1941, Knoxville, Tenn.Google Scholar
Chodorow, Nancy (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering, Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
Clements, Barbara Evans (1979). Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Alexandra Kollontai, Bloomington, Ind.Google Scholar
Code, Lorraine (1987). Epistemic Responsibility, Hanover, N.H.Google Scholar
Commoner, Barry (1971). The Closing Circle, New York.Google Scholar
Connolly, William (1991). Identity/Difference, Ithaca, N.Y.Google Scholar
Connolly, William (1995). The Ethos of Pluralization, Minneapolis, Minn.Google Scholar
Cooper, Sandi (1991). Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914, New York.Google Scholar
Cornell, Drucilla (1992). ‘Gender, Sex and Equivalent Rights’, in Butler, Judith and Scott, Joan W. (eds.) Feminists Theorise the Political, London.Google Scholar
Cornell, Drucilla (1995). The Imaginary Domain: Abortion, Pornography and Sexual Harassment, London.Google Scholar
Cornell, Drucilla (2000) (ed.). Feminism and Pornography, Oxford.Google Scholar
Crook, Paul (1994). Darwinism, War and History: The Debate Over the Biology of War from the ‘Origin of Species’ to the First World War, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. (1937). A History of Peaceful Change in the Modern World, London.Google Scholar
Dagger, Richard (2003). ‘Stopping Sprawl for the Good of All: The Case for Civic Environmentalism’, Journal of Social Philosophy 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De JongBeekDonk, B. (1917). Neutral Europe and the League of Nations, The Hague.Google Scholar
de-Shalit, Avner (1995). Why Posterity Matters: Environmental Policies and Future Generations, London.Google Scholar
Delphy, Christine (1977). The Main Enemy, London.Google Scholar
Delphy, Christine and Leonard, Diana (1992). Familiar Exploitation: A New Analysis of Marriage in Contemporary Western Societies, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Derrida, Jacques (1992). The Other Heading: Reflections on Today’s Europe, trans. Brault, Pascale-Anne and Naas, Michael, Bloomington, Ind.Google Scholar
Devall, Bill and Sessions, George (1985). Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Deveaux, Monique (2000). Cultural Pluralism and the Dilemmas of Justice, Ithaca, N.Y.Google Scholar
Dickinson, G. Lowes (1915). After the War, London.Google Scholar
Dickinson, G. (1916). The European Anarchy, London.Google Scholar
Dickinson, G. (1917). The Choice Before Us, London.Google Scholar
Dickinson, G. (1926). The International Anarchy 1904–1914, London.Google Scholar
Dietz, Mary G. (1985). ‘Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Trouble with Maternal Thinking’, Political Theory 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietz, Mary (1998). ‘Context is All: Feminism and Theories of Citizenship’, in Phillips, Anne (ed.) Feminism and Politics, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dobson, Andrew (1995). Green Political Thought, 2nd edn, London.Google Scholar
Dobson, Andrew (1998). Justice and the Environment, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, Michael W. (1983). ‘Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs’, Philosophy and Public Affairs 12.Google Scholar
Dryzek, John (1997). The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dryzek, John (2000). Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dryzek, John and Schlosberg, David (1998) (eds.). Debating the Earth, Oxford.Google Scholar
DuCille, Ann (1994). ‘The Occult of True Black Womanhood: Critical Demeanour and Black Feminist Studies’, Signs. Journal of Women in Culture and Society 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dworkin, Andrea (1981). Pornography: Men Possessing Women, London.Google Scholar
Eaubonne, Françoise (1974). Féminisme ou la mort, Paris.Google Scholar
Eaubonne, Françoise (1978). Féminisme-Ecologie: révolution ou mutation, Paris.Google Scholar
Ehrenfeld, David (1978). The Arrogance of Humanism, New York.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, Paul R. (1969). The Population Bomb, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Zillah R. (1979). Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Zillah (1981). The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism, New York.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Zillah (1982). ‘The Sexual Politics of the New Right: Understanding the “Crisis of Liberalism” for the 1980’s’, Signs. Journal of Women in Culture and Society 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstein, Zillah (1988). The Female Body and the Law, Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
Elshtain, Jean (1981). Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Engels, Friedrich (1985). The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Etzioni, Amitai (1962). The Hard Way to Peace: A New Strategy, New York.Google Scholar
Etzioni, Amitai (1964). Winning Without War, New York.Google Scholar
Evans, Richard (1977). The Feminists. Women’s Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australia, 1840–1920, London.Google Scholar
Evans, Richard (1987). Comrades and Sisters. Feminism, Socialism and Pacifism in Europe, 1870–1945, Brighton.Google Scholar
Evans, Ruth (1998). Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘The Second Sex’: New Interdisciplinary Essays, Manchester.Google Scholar
Evans, Sara (1979). Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left, New York.Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz (1963). The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Farrington, C., New York.Google Scholar
Farnsworth, Beatrice (1980). Aleksandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism and the Bolshevik Revolution, Stanford, Calif.Google Scholar
Ferry, Luc (1995). The New Ecological Order, trans. Volk, Carol, Chicago.Google Scholar
Finnis, John, Boyle, Joseph and Grisez, Germain (1987). Nuclear Deterrence, Morality and Realism, Oxford.Google Scholar
Firestone, Shulamith (1970). The Dialectic of Sex. The Case for Feminist Revolution, New York.Google Scholar
Flax, Jane (1983). ‘Political Philosophy and the Patriarchal Unconscious: A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Epistemology and Metaphysics’, in Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill (eds.) Discovering Reality, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Flax, Jane (1990). Thinking Fragments: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and Postmodernism in the Contemporary West, Berkeley Calif.Google Scholar
Foreman, Dave (1991). Confessions of an Eco-Warrior, New York.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel (1982). ‘The Subject and Power’, in Dreyfus, H. L. and Rabinow, P. (eds.) Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, Chicago.Google Scholar
Frye, Marilyn (1983). The Politics of Reality, Trumansburg, N.Y.Google Scholar
Gagnon, A.-G. and James, Tully (2001) (eds.). Multinational Democracies, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallop, Jane (1982). Between Feminism and Psychoanalysis, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galtung, Johan (1969). ‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research’, Journal of Peace Research 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatens, Moira (1991). Feminism and Philosophy: Perspectives on Difference and Equality, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gatens, Moira (1996). Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality, London.Google Scholar
Gatens, Moira and Lloyd, Genevieve (1999). Collective Imaginings, London.Google Scholar
Gilligan, Carol (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Goldman, Emma (1972). Red Emma Speaks. Selected Speeches and Writings of the Anarchist and Feminist Emma Goldman, ed. Kates, A., New York.Google Scholar
Goldman, Emma (1987). Living my Life, vol. I, London.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, Edward et al. (1972). ‘A Blueprint for Survival’, The Ecologist 2(1).Google Scholar
Goodin, Robert E. (1992). Green Political Theory, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Grünen, Die (1983). Programme of the German Green Party, trans. Fernbach, Hans, London.Google Scholar
Gregg, Richard B. (1936 [1934]), The Power of Non-Violence, London.Google Scholar
Grosz, Elizabeth (1989). Sexual Subversions. Three French Feminists, Sydney.Google Scholar
Grundmann, Reiner (1991). Marxism and Ecology, Oxford.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Amy (1994) (ed.). Multiculturalism, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Haaland, Bonnie (1993). Emma Goldman: Sexuality and the Impurity of the State, Montreal.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jüzrgen (1994). ‘Discourse Ethics: Notes on a Program of Philosophical Justification’, in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. Lenhardt, Christian and Nicholsen, S. W., Cambridge, Mass..Google Scholar
Habermas, Jüzrgen (1995). ‘Reconciliation Through the Use of Public Reason’, Journal of Philosophy, 92(3).Google Scholar
Habermas, Jüzrgen (1996). Between Facts and Norms, trans. Rehg, William, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Haeckel, Ernst (1904). The Wonders of Life, London.Google Scholar
Hampton, Jean (1993). ‘Feminist Contractarianism’, in Anthony, Louise M. and Witt, Charlotte (eds.) A Mind of One’s Own. Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity, Boulder, Colo.Google Scholar
Hardin, Garrett (1968). ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’, Science 162.Google ScholarPubMed
Harrison, Brian (1987). Prudent Revolutionaries: Portraits of British Feminists between the Wars, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hartman, Heidi (1981a). ‘The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union’, in Sargent, Lydia (ed.) Women and Revolution, London.Google Scholar
Hartman, Heidi (1981b). ‘The Family as the Locus of Gender, Class and Political Struggle. The Example of Housework’, in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartsock, Nancy C. M. (1979). ‘Feminist Theory and the Development of Revolutionary Consciousness’, in Eisenstein, Zillah R., Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, New York.Google Scholar
Havemann, Paul (1999) (ed.). Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, Oxford.Google Scholar
Heilbroner, Robert L. (1980). An Inquiry into the Human Prospect, New York.Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A. (1901). The Psychology of Jingoism, London.Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A. (1902). Imperialism: A Study, London.Google Scholar
Holroyd, Michael (1967). Lytton Strachey: A Critical Biography, 2 vols., London.Google Scholar
Honig, Bonnie (1993). Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics, Ithaca, N.Y.Google Scholar
Honig, Bonnie (1995). Feminist Interpretations of Hannah Arendt, University Park, Penn.Google Scholar
Honneth, Axel (1995). The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts, trans. Anderson, J., Cambridge.Google Scholar
hooks, bell (1984). Feminist Theory from Margin to Center, Boston.Google Scholar
Hughes, Jonathan (2000). Ecology and Historical Materialism, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, Aldous (1936), What Are You Going To Do About It? The Case for Constructive Peace, London.Google Scholar
Huxley, Aldous (1937). Ends and Means: An Inquiry into the Nature of Ideals and into the Methods Employed for their Realisation, London.Google Scholar
Hyatt, John (1972). Pacifism: A Selected Bibliography, London.Google Scholar
Irigaray, Luce (1993). Je, Tu, Nous: Towards a Culture of Difference, trans. Martin, Alison, London.Google Scholar
Ivison, Duncan, Patton, Paul and Sanders, Douglas (2000) (eds.). Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Jaggar, Alison (1983). Feminist Politics and Human Nature, Totowa, N.J.Google Scholar
James, Susan (1992). ‘The Good Enough Citizen: Citizenship and Independence’, in Bock, Gisela and James, Susan (eds.) Beyond Equality and Difference. Citizenship, Feminist Politics and Female Subjectivity, London.Google Scholar
Johnson, James Turner (1975). Ideology, Reason, and the Limitation of War: Religious and Secular Concepts, 1200–1740, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Johnson, James Turner (1981). Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Johnson, James Turner (1984). Can Modern War Be Just?, New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
Johnson, Lawrence E. (1991). A Morally Deep World: An Essay on Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jones, Kathleen B. (1993). Compassionate Authority: Democracy and the Representation of Women, London.Google Scholar
Jordan, Jane (2001). Josephine Butler, London.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel (1903 [1795]). Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, trans. with intro. and notes Campbell-Smith, M., London.Google Scholar
Katz, Eric, Light, Andrew and Rothenberg, David (2000) (eds.). Beneath the Surface: Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Kelly, Petra (1994). Thinking Green! Essays on Environmentalism, Feminism and Nonviolence, Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
Kelly, Paul and Held, David (2002) (eds.). Multiculturalism Reconsidered, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kent, Susan Kingsley (1990). Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860–1914, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, Susan Kingsley (1993). Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. (1971) (eds.). Transnational Relations and World Politics, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. (1977). Power and Interdependence, Boston, Mass.Google Scholar
Kiss, Elizabeth (1997). ‘Alchemy or Fool’s Gold. Assessing Feminist Doubts about Rights’, in Shanley, Mary Lyndon and Narayan, Uma (eds.) Reconstructing Political Theory, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kollontai, Alexandra (1977). Selected Writings, trans and ed. Holt, A., London.Google Scholar
Kollontai, Alexandra (1984a). Communism and the Family, London.Google Scholar
Kollontai, Alexandra (1984b). Sexual Relations and the Class Struggle, London.Google Scholar
Kraus, Peter (2000). ‘Political Unity and Linguistic Diversity in Europe’, Archives Européennes de Sociologie 41(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kymlicka, Will (1991). Liberalism, Community, and Culture, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural Citizenship, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will (1999). Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will and Wayne, Norman (2000) (eds.). Citizenship in Diverse Societies, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacey, Nicola (1998). Unspeakable Subjects: Feminist Essays in Legal and Social Theory, Oxford.Google Scholar
Laden, Anthony (2001). Reasonably Radical: Deliberative Liberalism and the Politics of Identity, Ithaca, N.Y.Google Scholar
Landes, Joan (1998) (ed.). Feminism, the Public and the Private, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lane, Ralph [Norman Angell] (1903). Patriotism under Three Flags: A Plea for Rationalism in Politics, London.Google Scholar
Le Bon, Gustave (1895). Psychologie des foules, Paris.Google Scholar
Leiss, William (1972). The Domination of Nature, New York.Google Scholar
Leopold, Aldo (1949). A Sand County Almanac, Oxford and New York.Google Scholar
Lewis, Jane (1984). Women in England, 1870–1950: Sexual Divisions and Social Change, Brighton.Google Scholar
Lewy, Guenther (1988). Peace or Revolution: The Moral Crisis of American Pacifism, Grand Rapids, Mich.Google Scholar
Light, Andrew (2001). ‘The Urban Blind Spot in Environmental Ethics’, in Humphrey, Mathew (ed.) Political Theory and the Environment, London.Google Scholar
List, Peter C. (1993) (ed.). Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics, Belmont, Calif.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Genevieve (1984). The Man of Reason: ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ in Western Philosophy, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, John (1992 [1690]). Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lugones, Maria (1996). ‘Playfulness, World Travelling and Loving Perception’, in Garry, Ann and Pearsall, Marilyn (eds.) Women, Knowledge and Reality, London.Google Scholar
Mackay, Louis and Fernbachr, David (1983) (eds.). Nuclear-Free Defence, London.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, Catriona (1998). ‘A Certain Lack of Symmetry: Beauvoir on Autonomous Agency and Women’s Embodiment’, in Evans, Ruth (ed.) Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘The Second Sex’, Manchester.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1989). Towards a Feminist Theory of the State, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Manning, C. A. W. (1937) (ed.). Peaceful Change: An International Problem, London.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane (1993). ‘Feminism and Democratic Community’, in Chapman, John W. and Shapiro, Ian (eds.) Democratic Community, NOMOS vol. XXXV, New York.Google Scholar
Mappen, Ellen F. (1986). ‘Strategists for Change: Socialist Feminist Approaches to the Problem of Women’s Work’, in John, Angela V. (ed.) Unequal Opportunities: Women’s Employment in England 1800–1918, Oxford.Google Scholar
Maynard, Mary (1994). ‘Race, Gender and the Concept of Difference in Feminist Thought’, in Afsha, H. and Maynard, M. (eds.) The Dynamics of Race and Gender, London.Google Scholar
McKinnon, Catriona and Iain, Hampsher-Monk (2000). ‘Introduction’, in McKinnon, C. and Hampsher-Monk, I. (eds.) The Demands of Citizenship, London and New York.Google Scholar
Meehan, Elizabeth (1990). ‘British Feminism from the 1960s to the 1980s’, in Smith, Harold L. (ed.) British Feminism in the Twentieth Century, Aldershot.Google Scholar
Miller, David (1995). On Nationality, Oxford.Google Scholar
Millett, Kate (1977). Sexual Politics, London.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha (1990). Making all the Difference, Ithaca, N.Y.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Juliet (1971). Women’s Estate, Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Juliet (1974). Psychoanalysis and Feminism, Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Moi, Toril (1987). French Feminist Thought. A Reader, Oxford.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, Hans J. (1949). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York.Google Scholar
Murry, John Middleton (1937). The Necessity of Pacifism, London.Google Scholar
Murry, John Middleton (1938). The Pledge of Peace, London.Google Scholar
Muste, A. J. (1947). Not By Might. Christianity: The Way to Human Decency, New York.Google Scholar
Naess, Arne (1989). Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy, trans. and ed. Rothenberg, David, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, Roderick Frazier (1989). The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics, Madison, Wis.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Linda (1987). ‘Feminism and Marx: Integrating Kinship with the Economic’, in Benhabib, Seyla and Cornell, Drucilla (eds.) Feminism as Critique, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Linda (1990). Feminism/Postmodernism, London.Google Scholar
Noddings, Nel (1984). Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, Berkeley, Calif.Google Scholar
Novicow, Jacques (1893). Les luttes entre sociétés humaines et leurs phases successives, Paris.Google Scholar
Novicow, Jacques (1912), Wa r and its Alleged Benefits, London.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha (1999). ‘The Professor of Parody: The Hip Defeatist Feminism of Judith Butler’, New Republic 22 February.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Mary (1979). ‘Reproducing Marxist Man’, in Clark, Lorenne M. G. and Lange, Lynda (eds.) The Sexism of Social and Political Theory: Women and Reproduction from Plato to Nietzsche, Toronto.Google Scholar
O’Neill, John (1993). Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Neill, Michael and Dennis, Austin (2000) (eds.). ‘Democracy and Cultural Diversity’, special edition of >Parliamentary Affairs 53(1).Google Scholar
Oelschlaeger, Max (1991). The Age of Ecology: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology, New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan (1989). Justice, Gender and the Family, New York.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan (1991). ‘Gender, the Public and the Private’, in Held, David (ed.) Political Theory Today, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa (1988). ‘Colonialism and Modernity: Feminist Re-presentations of Women in Non-Western Societies’, Inscriptions 3(4).Google Scholar
Ophuls, William (1977). Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity: Prologue to a Theory of the Steady State, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Ortner, Sherry (1974). ‘Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?’, in Rosaldo, Michelle Z. and Lampere, Louise (eds.) Woman, Culture and Society, Stanford, Calif.Google Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor (1991). Governing the Commons, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Parekh, Bhikhu (2000). Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Parsons, Howard (1977) (ed.). Marx and Engels on Ecology, Westport, Conn.Google Scholar
Partridge, Ernest (1981) (ed.). Responsibilities to Future Generations, Buffalo, N.Y.Google Scholar
Passmore, John (1980). Man’s Responsibility for Nature, 2nd edn, London.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carol (1988). The Sexual Contract, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carol (1989). The Disorder of Women, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carole and Gross, Elizabeth (1986). Feminist Challenges. Social and Political Theory, Sydney.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne (1995). The Politics of Presence, Oxford.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne (2002). ‘Feminism and the Politics of Difference, Or Where Have All the Women Gone?’, in James, S. and Palmer, S. (eds.) Visible Women, Oxford.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne (1987) (ed.). Introduction to Feminism and Equality, Oxford.Google Scholar
Plumwood, Val (1993). Feminism and the Mastery of Nature, London.Google Scholar
Pois, Robert A. (1986). National Socialism and the Religion of Nature, London.Google Scholar
Ponsonby, Arthur (1925). Now is the Time: An Appeal for Peace, London.Google Scholar
Poole, Ross (1999). Nation and Identity, London and New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porritt, Jonathon (1984). Seeing Green: The Politics of Ecology Explained, London.Google Scholar
Porter, Cathy (1980). Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography, London.Google Scholar
Porter, Roy (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present, London.Google Scholar
Proceedings of the 10th Universal Peace Congress (1901). Glasgow.
Ramsey, Paul (1961). Wa r and the Christian Conscience: How Shall Modern War Be Conducted Justly?, Durham, N.C.Google Scholar
Ramsey, Paul (1988). Speak up for Just War or Pacifism, University Park, Penn.Google Scholar
Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice, Cambridge Mass.Google Scholar
Rawls, John (1993). Political Liberalism, New York.Google Scholar
Rawls, John (1995). ‘Reply to Habermas’, Journal of Philosophy, 92(3).Google Scholar
Rawls, John (1998). Collected Papers, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Rendall, Jane (1985). The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and the United States 1780–1860, Basingstoke.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhode, Deborah (1992). ‘The Politics of Paradigms: Gender Difference and Gender Disadvantage’, in Bock, G. and James, S. (eds.) Beyond Equality and Difference: Citizenship, Feminist Politics and Female Subjectivity, London.Google Scholar
Rich, Adrienne (1987). Blood, Bread and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979–1985, London.Google Scholar
Richmond, Sarah (2000). ‘Feminism and Psychoanalysis: Using Melanie Klein’, in Fricker, Miranda and Hornsby, Jennifer (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Roberts, Adam (1915). ‘The Question of Christian Duty in Wartime’, in Fry, Joan M. (ed.) Christ and Peace: A Discussion of some Fundamental Issues Raised by the War, London.Google Scholar
Roberts, Adam (1967) (ed.). The Strategy of Civilian Defence, London.Google Scholar
Rowbotham, Sheila (1992). Women in Movement: Feminism and Social Action, London.Google Scholar
Ruddick, Sara (1989). Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace, London.Google Scholar
Russell, Bertrand (1936). Which Way to Peace?, London.Google Scholar
Sagoff, Mark (1988). The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law, and the Environment, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Said, Edward W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism, New York.Google Scholar
Salleh, Ariel (1997). Ecofeminism as Politics, London.Google Scholar
Sapiro, Virginia (1981). ‘When are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women’, American Political Science Review 75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarah, Elizabeth (1983). ‘Christabel Pankhurst. Reclaiming her Power’, in Spender, Dale (ed.) Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers, New York.Google Scholar
Schumacher, E. F. (1973). Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered, New York.Google Scholar
Scott, Joan Wallach (1996). ‘Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis’, in Feminism and History, Oxford.Google Scholar
Sessions, George (1995) (ed.). Ecology for the 21st Century, Boston.Google Scholar
Sevenhuijsen, Selma (1998). Citizenship and the Ethics of Care. Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics, London.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Judith (2001). Mao’s War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, Gene (1973). The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Boston.Google Scholar
Shaw, Jo (1999). ‘Postnational Constitutionalism in the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy, special issue 6(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiva, Vandana (1988). Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development in India, London.Google Scholar
Simon, Julian and Kahn, Herman (1984) (eds.). The Resourceful Earth, New York.Google Scholar
Skinner, Quentin (1996). Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Harold L. (1981). ‘The Problem of Equal Pay for Equal Work in Great Britain during World War II’, Journal of Modern History 53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spelman, Elizabeth (1988). Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought, Boston.Google Scholar
Squires, Judith (2000). ‘The State in (and of) Feminist Visions of Political Citizenship’, in McKinnon, Catriona and Hampsher-Monk, Iain (eds.) The Demands of Citizenship, London.Google Scholar
Stannard, David E. (1992). American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World, Oxford.Google Scholar
Stites, Richard (1978). The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia. Feminism, Nihilism and Bolshevism 1860–1930, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Stites, Richard (1981). ‘Alexandra Kollontai and the Russian Revolution’, in Slaughter, Jane and Kern, Robert (eds.) European Women on the Left. Socialism, Feminism and the Problems Faced by Political Women, 1880 to the Present, Westport, Conn..Google Scholar
Strachey, John (1940). Federalism or Socialism?, London.Google Scholar
Strathern, Marilyn (1987). ‘An Awkward Relationship: The Case of Feminism and Anthropology’, Signs 12(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A. J. P. (1957). The Trouble Makers: Dissent over Foreign Policy 1792–1939, London.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles (1994). ‘The Politics of Recognition’, in Gutmann, A. (ed.) Multiculturalism, Princeton, N.J..Google Scholar
Taylor, Paul W. (1986). Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Thomas, Keith (1984). Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500–1800, London.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. (1980). ‘Notes on Exterminism, the Last Stage of Civilisation’, New Left Review 121.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. (1982). Zero Option, London.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Leo (1885). What I Believe, trans. Popoff, C., London.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Leo (1894). The Kingdom of God Is Within You, trans. Delano, A., London.Google Scholar
Tully, James (1995). Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tully, James (2000). ‘The Challenge of Reimagining Citizenship and Belonging in Multicultural and Multinational Societies’, in McKinnon, C. and Hampsher-Monk, I. (eds.) The Demands of Citizenship, London and New York.Google Scholar
Voet, Rian (1998). Feminism and Citizenship, London.Google Scholar
Walby, Sylvia (1990). Theorising Patriarchy, Oxford.Google Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy (1992). ‘Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative’, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 25(3).Google Scholar
Walzer, Kenneth (1977). Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, New York.Google Scholar
Wexler, Alice (1989). Emma Goldman in Exile, Boston, Mass.Google Scholar
White, Lynn Jr (1968). ‘The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis’, in Machina ex Deo: Essays in the Dynamism of Western Culture, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Whitford, Margaret (1991a). ‘Irigaray’s Body Symbolic’, Hypatia 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitford, Margaret (1991b). Luce Irigaray. Philosophy in the Feminine, London.Google Scholar
Wilkie, Wendell L. (1943). One World, New York.Google Scholar
Williams, Beryl (1986). ‘Kollontai and After: Women in the Russian Revolution’, in Reynolds, Sian (ed.) Women, State and Revolution. Essays on Power and Gender in Europe since 1789, Brighton.Google Scholar
Williams, Patricia (1991). The Alchemy of Race and Rights, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Wittig, Monique (1988a). ‘One is not Born a Woman’, in Hoagland, Sarah L. and Penelope, Julia (eds.) For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology, London.Google Scholar
Wittig, Monique (1988b). ‘The Straight Mind’, in Hoagland, Sarah L. and Penelope, Julia (eds.) For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology, London.Google Scholar
Worster, Donald (1994). Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas, 2nd edn, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wright, Cyril and Augarde, Tony (1990) (eds.). Peace is the Way: A Guide to Pacifist Views and Action, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Yeatman, Anna (1994). Postmodern Revisionings of the Political, London.Google Scholar
Yoder, John (1976). Nevertheless, 2nd edn, Scottdale, Penn.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion (1981). ‘Beyond the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: A Critique of the Dual Systems Theory’, in Sargent, Lydia (ed.) Women and Revolution, London.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion (1990a). Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion (1990b). ‘Throwing Like a Girl: A Phenomenology of Feminine Body Comportment, Motility and Spatiality’, in Throwing Like a Girl and Other Essays in Feminist Philosophy and Social Theory, Bloomington, Ind..Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion (2000). Democracy and Inclusion, Oxford.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×