Greek Sources

doi:10.1017/9781316337424.038

14 - Greek Sources

from Volume II Part 1 - Literary Sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2024

István Vásáry

Edited by

Michal Biran and

Hodong Kim

Show author details

Michal Biran: Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Hodong Kim: Affiliation:
Seoul National University

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Byzantine Greek historiography forms an indispensable group of written sources for Eurasian history, including the history of the Mongol Empire. The sources must be interpreted within the framework of Byzantine civilization (Greek antiquity, Christianity, and the Roman imperial tradition). One of the major difficulties in interpreting Byzantine sources derives from the archaizing character of ethnonyms: one appellation may refer to several ethnic groups, and sometimes the same ethnos is designated by different terms. Another limitation is that the Byzantines’ horizon extended primarily to the western lands of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and Ilkhanid Iran. In this chapter the four major histories of the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries (Georgios Akropolites, Georgios Pachymeres, Nikephoros Gregoras, Ioannes Kantakouzenos) are treated. Then Byzantine sources relating to the Mongol period are enumerated and briefly characterized, according to their literary genres: histories, world chronicles, local histories, poems, epistles, geographical works, state and ecclesiastical documents, encomia, and oracles.

Keywords

Byzantine historiography Jochid Ulus Ilkhanid Iran world chronicles archaizing tendencies ethnonyms

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire , pp. 1236 - 1249

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316337424.038 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Akropolites, Georgios. 1836. Georgii Acropolitae Annales, ed. Bekker, I.. Bonn.Google Scholar

Akropolites, Georgios 1903. Georgii Acropolitae Opera, 2 vols, ed. Heisenberg, A.. Leipzig. (vol. 1: 1–189, Georgios Akropolites’ Chronike syngraphe).Google Scholar

Akropolites, Georgios 1989. Die Chronik, tr. W. Blum. Stuttgart.Google Scholar

Akropolites, Georgios 2005. Akropolit, Georgiĭ, Istoriia, tr. P. I. Zhavoronkov. St. Petersburg.Google Scholar

Akropolites, Georgios 2007. George Akropolites: The History, tr. and annotated by Ruth Macrides. Oxford.Google Scholar

Andreeva, M. A. 1938. “A propos de l’éloge de l’empereur Jean iii. Batatzès par son fils Théodore ii. Laskaris.” Seminarium Kondakovianum 10: 133–44.Google Scholar

Antonin, Arkhimandrit. 1863. “Zametki xii–xv veka otnosyashchiyesya k Krymskomu gorodu Sugdeye (Sudaku), pripisannyye na grecheskom Sinaksare.” Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva istorii i drevnosteĭ 5: 595–628.Google Scholar

Bartusis, Mark C. 1977. The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453. Philadelphia.Google Scholar

Bullialdus [Boulliau], I. 1712. Excerpta ex Georgii medici Chrysococcae syntaxi Persarum per Ismaelem Bullialdum. In Hudsoni, J., Geographiae veteris scriptores Graeci minores cum interpretatione latina dissertationibus et annotationibus, vol. 3. Oxford.Google Scholar

Byz.turc. See Moravcsik 1958.Google Scholar

Cahen, Claude. 1939. “Quelques textes négligés concernant les Turcomans de Rûm au moment de l’invasion mongole.” Byzantion 14: 131–39.Google Scholar

Canard, Marius. 1937. “Une lettre du Sultan Malik Nâsir Hasan à Jean vi Cantacuzène (760/1349).” Annales de l’Institut d’études orientales 3: 27–52.Google Scholar

Cassidy, Nathan. 2004. “A Translation and Historical Commentary of Book One and Book Two of the Historia of Geōrgios Pachymerēs.” Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Western Australia.Google Scholar

Chalkokondyles, Laonikos. 1843. Laonici Chalcocondylae Historiarum libri decem, ed. Bekker, I.. Bonn.Google Scholar

Chalkokondyles, Laonikos 1922–1927. Laonici Chalcocondylae historiarum demonstrations, ed. Darkó, E., 2 vols. Budapest.Google Scholar

Chalkokondyles, Laonikos 1958. Laonic Chalcocondil, Expuneri istorice, tr.Vasile Grecu. Bucharest.Google Scholar

Chalkokondyles, Laonikos 1972. Jones, J. R. Melville, The Siege of Constantinople: Seven Contemporary Accounts, 42–55. Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Chalkokondyles, Laonikos 1996. Demonstrations of Histories, tr. and annotated by Nikolaos Nikoloudis. Athens.Google Scholar

Chrysostomides, Juliana, ed. and tr. 1985. Manuel ii Palaeologus, Funeral Oration on His Brother Theodore. Thessaloniki.Google Scholar

Dennis, George T. 1977. The Letters of Manuel ii Palaeologus: Text, Translation, and Notes. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Dölger, Franz. 1924–1965. Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches, 5 vols. Munich and Berlin.Google Scholar

Doukas, . 1834. Ducae Michaelis Ducae nepotis historia Byzantina, ed. Bekker, I.. Bonn.Google Scholar

Doukas, 1958. Istoria turco-bizantină (1341–1462) (Turkish–Byzantine History (1341–1462)), ed. Grecu, Vasile. Bucharest.Google Scholar

Gidel, Charles, and Legrand, Emile. 1874. “Les oracles de l’empereur Léon le Sage expliqués et interprétés en grec vulgaire au xiiiè siècle.” Αnnuaire de l’Association pour l’encouragement des études grecques en France 8: 149–92. Repr. as Legrand 1875.Google Scholar

Gregoras, Nikephoros. 1829–1830. Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina historia, ed. Schopen, L. and Bekker, I., 3 vols. Bonn.Google Scholar

Gregoras, Nikephoros 1973–1988. Nikephoros Gregoras: Rhomäische Geschichte. Historia Rhomaike, tr. and annotated by Jan Louis van Dieten, 3 vols. Stuttgart.Google Scholar

Kantakouzenos, Ioannes. 1828–1832. Ioannis Cantacuzeni imperatoris historiarum libri iv, ed. Schopen, L., 3 vols. Bonn.Google Scholar

Kantakouzenos, Ioannes 1982–1986. Johannes Kantakuzenos, Geschichte, tr. and annotated by Georgios Fatouros and Tilman Krischer, 2 vols. Stuttgart.Google Scholar

Kantakouzenos, Ioannes 1987. Opera Johannis Cantacuzeni, ed. Voordeckers, E. and Tinnefeld, F.. Turnhout and Leuven.Google Scholar

Karayannopulos, Johannes, and Weiss, Günter. 1982. Quellenkunde zur Geschichte von Byzanz (324–1453), 2 vols. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar

Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. 1991. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3 vols. Oxford.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Scott, ed. and tr. 2018. Two Works on Trebizond: Michael Panaretos, Bessarion. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

Alexander Kh, Khakhanov. 1905, ed. and tr. Trapezundskaia khronika Mikhaila Panareta. Moscow.Google Scholar

Kiknadze, Vazha I. 2013. “Explanation of Some Points of Mikhail Panaretos ‘Trapesund Chronicle’.” Codrul Cosminului 19.2: 385–90.Google Scholar

Korobeinikov, Dimitri. 2014. Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford.CrossRef Google Scholar

Korobeinikov, Dimitri 2020. “The Ilkhans in the Byzantine Sources.” In New Approaches to Ilkhanid History, ed. May, Timothy, Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan, and Atwood, Christopher P., 385–424. Leiden.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kulakovskiĭ, Iu. A., tr. 1898. “Yepiskopa Feodora ‘Alanskoye Poslaniye’: Perevod.” Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva istorii i drevnosteĭ 21.2: 11–27.Google Scholar

Kurtz, ed. 1921. “Zu der Ansprache Tamerlans.” Byzantinisch–Neugriechische Jahrbücher 3: 77–79.Google Scholar

Kyriakidis, Savvas. 2011. Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204–1453. Leiden.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lambakis, St. 2004. Lampákis, Stylianós. Geórgios Pachyméris. Protékdikos kai Dikaiofýlax. Eisagogikó Dokímio. Athens.Google Scholar

Lambros, Spyridon P., ed. 1902. Ecthesis Chronica and Chronicon Athenarum. London.Google Scholar

Lambros, Spyridon P. 1907. “Tò Trapezountiakòn chronikòn toú protosevastoú kaí protonotaríou Michaíl Panarétou.” Néos Ellinomnímon 4: 266–94.Google Scholar

Lambros, Spyridon P. 1916. “Trapezountiakòn oroskópion toú étous 1336.” Néos Ellinomnímon 13: 33–50.Google Scholar

Lambros, Spyridon P. 1926. Palaiológeia kaí Peloponnisiaká, vol. 3. Athens.Google Scholar

Lampsides, Odysseus. 1938. “Georges Chrysococcis, le médecin et son œuvre.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 38: 312–22.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lampsides, Odysseus 1958. Michaíl toú Panarétou Perí ton Megálon Komninón (eisagogí-ékdosis-schólia). Athens.Google Scholar

Legrand, Emile. 1875. “Les Oracles de Léon le Sage.” In Collection de Monuments pour server à l’étude de la langue néo-hellénique, new series 5: 31–50.Google Scholar

Legrand, Emile 1893. Lettres de l’empereur Manuel Paléologue, publiées d’après trois manuscrits. Paris.Google Scholar

Macrides, Ruth. 2003. “The Thirteenth Century in Byzantine Historical Writing.” In Porphyrogenita: Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honour of Julian Chrysostomides, ed. Dendrinos, Ch, Harris, J., Harvalia-Crook, E., and Herrin, J., 63–76. Aldershot.Google Scholar

Magoulias, Harry J., tr. 1975. Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks. Detroit.Google Scholar

Mercati, G., and Franchi de’ Cavalieri, P.. 1923. Codices Vaticani Graeci, vol. 1. Rome.Google Scholar

Migne, J. P., ed. 1857–1866. Patrologia Graeca, vol. 161. Paris.Google Scholar

Fr, Miklosich., and Müller, J., eds. 1860–1862. Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopolitani mcccxv–mccccii e codicibus manu scriptis Bibliothecae Palatinae Vindobonensis, 2 vols. Vienna.Google Scholar

Miller, T. S. 1975. “The History of John Cantacuzenus (Book iv): text, translation, and commentary.” Unpublished PhD dissertation, the Catholic University of America.Google Scholar

Moravcsik, Gyula. 1958. Byzantinoturcica, 2nd ed., 2 vols. Berlin.Google Scholar

Nicol, Donald M. 1999. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, 2nd ed. Cambridge.Google Scholar

Nystazopoulos, Мarias G. 1965. I en ti Tavrikí Chersóniso pólis Sougdaía apó toú IG. mechrí toú IE. aiónos. Symvolí eis tín istorían toú mesaionikoú ellinismoú tís Notíou Rosías. Athens.Google Scholar

Ostogorsky, George. 1957. History of the Byzantine State, tr. Joan Hussey. New Brunswick.Google Scholar

ODB. See Kazhdan 1991.CrossRef Google Scholar

Pachymeres, Georgios. 1835. Georgii Pachymeris de Michaele et Andronico Palaeologis libri xiii, ed. Bekker, I., 2 vols. Bonn.Google Scholar

Pachymeres, Georgios 1984. Georges Pachymérès, Relations historiques [only the first six books of Pachymeres’s History], ed. and annotated by Albert Failler, tr. Vitalien Laurent, 2 vols. Paris.Google Scholar

Panaretos, Michaēl. 1958. Michaēl tou Panaretou Peri tōn megalōn Komnēnōn; eisagōgē, ekdosis, scholia, ed. Odysseus, Lampsidēs. Athens.Google Scholar

Papadimitriu, S. D. 1894. “Kriticheskiye etyudy k srednevekovym grecheskim tekstam.” Letopis′ istoriko-filologicheskogo Obshchestva pri Imperatorskom Novorossiyskom Universitete 4.1: 173–77.Google Scholar

Petrides, Antonis K. 2009. “Georgios Pachymeres between Ethnography and Narrative: Syngrafikaí Istoríai 3.3–5.” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 49: 295–318.Google Scholar

Philippides, Marios, tr. 1980. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401–1477. Amherst, MA.Google Scholar

Philippides, Marios 1990. Emperors, Patriarchs, and Sultans of Constantinople, Brookline, MA.Google Scholar

Phrantzes, Georgios. 1838. Georgius Phrantzes, Ioannes Cananus, Ioannes Anagnostes, ed. Bekker, I.. Bonn.Google Scholar

Phrantzes, Georgios 1935. Georgii Phrantzae Chronicon, vol. 1 [Books i–ii], ed. Papadopoulos, Jean B.. Leipzig.Google Scholar

Phrantzes, Georgios 1966. Memorii (1401–1477) (Memoirs (1401–1477)), ed. and tr. Vasile Grecu. Bucharest.Google Scholar

Regel, Wilhelm. 1891. Analecta byzantino-russica. St. Petersburg and Leipzig.Google Scholar

Sathas, Konstantinos N., ed. 1872. [Hierax’s Chronicle] Mesaionikí Vivliothíki 1: 243–568. Venice.Google Scholar

Shukurov, Rustam. 2016. The Byzantine Turks 1204–1461. Leiden and Boston.CrossRef Google Scholar

Skoutariotes, Theodoros. 1894. Synopsis chronike, ed. Sathas, Konstantinos. N.. Mesaionikí Vivliothíki 7: 1–556. Venice and Paris.Google Scholar

Skoutariotes, Theodoros 1903. Theodori Scutariotae additamenta. In Georgii Acropolitae opera, ed. Heisenberg, A., vol. 1, 275–302. Leipzig.Google Scholar

Tocci, Raimondo. 2005. “Zu Genese und Kompositionsvorgang der Syngrafikaí Istoríai des Theodoros Skutariotes.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 98: 551–67.CrossRef Google Scholar

Trapp, Erich, Hunger, Herbert, Walther, Rainer, and Beyer, Hans-Veit, eds. 1976–1994. Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, 13 vols. Vienna.Google Scholar

Treu, Max. 1910. “Eine Ansprache Tamerlans.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 19.1: 15–28.CrossRef Google Scholar

Vásáry, István. 1988. “Orthodox Christian Qumans and Tatars of the Crimea in the Thirteenth–Fourteenth Centuries.” CAJ 32.3–4: 260–71.Google Scholar

Vásáry, István 2005. Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wagner, G. 1870. Medieval Greek Texts. London.Google Scholar

Wagner, G. 1874. Carmina graeca medii aevi. Leipzig.Google Scholar

Zachariadou, E. 1978. “Observations on Some Turcica of Pachymeres.” Revue des études byzantines 36: 261–67.CrossRef Google Scholar

Zafeiris, Konstantinos. 2011. “The Issue of the Authorship of the Synopsis Chronike and Theodore Skoutariotes.” Revue des études byzantines 69: 253–63.CrossRef Google Scholar