Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:01:51.995Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Philip Sabin
Affiliation:
King's College London
Hans van Wees
Affiliation:
University College London
Michael Whitby
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, C. E. P. (1996) ‘Supplying the Roman army: O. Petr. 245’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 109: 119–24.Google Scholar
Adams, C. E. P. (1999) ‘Supplying the Roman army: bureaucracy in Roman Egypt’, in Goldsworthy, and Haynes, (1999) 119–25.
Adams, C. E. P. (2001) ‘Feeding the wolf: logistics and the Roman army’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 14: 465–72.Google Scholar
Adams, C. E. P. and Laurence, R. (eds.) (2001) Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire. London and New York.
Adcock, F. E. (1940) The Roman Art of War under the Republic. Cambridge, Mass.
Adshead, K. (1990), ‘Procopius’ Poliorcetica: continuities and discontinuities’, in Clarke, et al. (1990) 93–104.
Albert, S. (1980) Bellum Iustum. Die Theorie des ‘gerechten Krieges’ und ihre Praktische Bedeutung für die auswartigen Auseinandersetzungen Roms in republikanischer Zeit. Kallmunz.Google Scholar
Alföldi, A. (1952) ‘The moral barrier on Rhine and Danube’, in Birley, (1952) 1–16.
Alföldi, A. (1959) ‘Cornuti: a Teutonic contingent in the service of Constantine the Great’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13: 169–79.Google Scholar
Alföldi, G., Dobson, B. and Eck, W. (eds.) (2000) Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Gedenkschrift für Eric Birley. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Alföldi, M. (ed.) (1984) Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike, II. Aufsätze. Berlin.Google Scholar
Alston, R. (1994) ‘Roman military pay from Caesar to Diocletian’, Journal of Roman Studies 84: 113–23.Google Scholar
Alston, R. (1995) Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt. London and New York.
Alston, R. (1999) ‘The ties that bind: soldiers and societies’, in Goldsworthy and Haynes (1999) 175–95.
Alwyn Cotton, M. and Métraux, G. (1985) The San Rocco Villa at Francolise. London.
Amatuccio, G. (1996) ‘Peri Toxeias’. L’arco da guerra nel mondo bizantino e tardo antico. Bologna.Google Scholar
Ando, C. (2000) Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Ando, C. (2002) ‘Vergil’s Italy: ethnography and politics in first-century Rome’, in Levine and Nellis (2002) 123–42.
Andreau, J., Briant, P. and Descat, R. (eds.) (1997) Economic antique. Prix et formation des prix dans les économies antiques. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.
Andreau, J. and Virlouvet, C. (eds.) (2002) L’information et la mer dans le monde antique. Rome.
Astin, A. E. (1967) Scipio Aemilianus. Oxford.
Astin, A. E. (1978) Cato the Censor. Oxford.
Astin, A. E. (1989) ‘Roman government and politics 200–134 B.C.’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. VIII, 163–96.Google Scholar
Austin, M. M., Harries, J. D. and Smith, C. J. (eds.) (1998) Modus Operandi: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Rickman. London.
Austin, N. J. E. and Rankov, N. B. (1995) ‘Exploratio’: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople. London and New York.
Aymard, A. (1961) ‘Les otages barbares au début de l’empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 51: 136–42.Google Scholar
Baatz, D. and Bockius, R. (1997) Vegetius und die römische Flotte (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte Monographien 39). Mainz.Google Scholar
Baatz, D. (1978) ‘Recent finds of ancient artillery’, Britannia 9: 1–17.Google Scholar
Baatz, D. (1994) Bauten und Katapulte des romischen Heeres (Mavors II). Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Baatz, D. (1999) ‘Katapulte und mechanische Handwaffen des spätrömischen Heeres’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 10: 5–19.Google Scholar
Badian, E. (1958) Foreign Clientelae, 264–70 B.C.. Oxford.
Badian, E. (1968) Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic, 2nd edn. Oxford.
Badian, E. (1972; 2nd edn/1983) Publicans and Sinners. Oxford.
Badian, E. (1982) Review of Hopkins (1978), Journal of Roman Studies 72: 164–9.Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. (1977) ‘Army and police in upper Egypt’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 14: 67–86.Google Scholar
Bagnall, R. S. (1982) ‘Upper and lower guard posts’, Chronique d’Egypte 57: 125–8.Google Scholar
Bailey, D. (ed.) (1996) Archaeological Research in Roman Egypt. Ann Arbor.
Baillie, Reynolds P. K. (1923) ‘The troops quartered in the Castra Peregrina’, Journal of Roman Studies 13: 168–89.Google Scholar
Baillie, Reynolds P. K. (1926) The Vigiles of Imperial Rome. Oxford.
Bainton, R. H. (1961) Christian Attitudes toward War and Peace. London.
Balsdon, J. P. V. D. (1979) Romans and Aliens. London.
Balty, J. C. and van Rengen, W. (1993) Apamea in Syria: The Winter Quarters of Legio II Parthica. Brussels.
Balty, J. C. (1988) ‘Apamea in the second and third centuries A.D.’, Journal of Roman Studies 78: 91–104.Google Scholar
Banaji, J. (2001) Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity: Gold, Labour and Aristocratic Dominance. Oxford.
Barker, G. and Hodges, R. (1981) Archaeology and Italian Society: Prehistoric, Roman and Medieval Studies (BAR Int. Ser. 102). Oxford.
Barker, G. (1995) A Mediterranean Valley: Landscape Archaeology and Annales History in the Biferno Valley. London and New York.
Barlow, J. and Brennan, P. (2001) ‘Tribuni Scholarum Palatinarum, c. A.D. 353–64: Ammianus Marcellinus and the Notitia Dignitatum’, Classical Quarterly 51: 237–54.Google Scholar
Barlow, J. (1996) ‘Kinship identity and fourth-century Franks’, Historia 45: 223–39.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. (1986) ‘Cicéron et la guerre juste’, Bulletin de la Société française de Philosophic 80: 41–80.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. (1979) ‘The date of Vegetius’, Phoenix 33: 254–7.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. (1985a) ‘The career of Abinnaeus’, Phoenix 39: 368–74.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. (1985b) ‘Constantine and the Christians of Persia’, Journal of Roman Studies 75: 126–36.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. (1996) ‘The military career of Martin of Tours’, Analecta Bollandiana 144: 25–32.Google Scholar
Barnish, S., Lee, A. D. and Whitby, M. (2000) ‘Government and administration’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIV, 164–206.Google Scholar
Bastien, P. (1988) Monnaie et ‘Donativa’ au Bas-Empire. Wetteren.
Bayard, D. and Massy, J.-L. (1983) Amiens romain, Samarobriva Ambianorum. Amiens.
Baynes, N. H. (1937) ‘The death of Julian the Apostate in a Christian legend’, Journal of Roman Studies 27: 22–9.Google Scholar
Beard, M. and Crawford, M. (1985) Rome in the Late Republic. London.
Beard, M., North, J. and Price, S. (1998) Religions of Rome. Cambridge.
Beck, H. (1998) ‘Fylking’, in Beck, H. et al. (eds.) Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde (Berlin 1973–), X, 291–3.Google Scholar
Bederman, D. J. (2001) International Law in Antiquity. Cambridge.
Belfiglio, V. J. (2001) A Study of Ancient Roman Amphibious and Offensive Sea-Ground Task Force Operations. New York.
Bell, H. I., Martin, V., Turner, E. G. and van Bercham, D. (eds.) (1962) The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantine II. Oxford.
Bell, M. J. V. (1965) ‘Tactical reform in the Roman Republican army’, Historia 14: 404–22.Google Scholar
Bellen, H. (1981) Die germanische Leibwache der römische Kaiser des jülischclaudischen Hauses. Wiesbaden.
Bellinger, A. R. (1966) Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and the Whittemore Collection. Vol. I: Anastasius I to Maurice, A.D. 491–602. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bennet, J. (1991) ‘Plumbatae from Pitsunda (Pityus), Georgia, and some observations on their probable use’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 2: 59–63.Google Scholar
Bérard, F. (1992) ‘Territorium legionis. Camps militaires et agglomérations civiles aux premiers siècles de l’empire’, Cahiers Glotz 3: 75–105.Google Scholar
Betrand, A. (1997) ‘Stumbling through Gaul: maps, intelligence and Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum’, The Ancient History Bulletin II: 107–22.Google Scholar
Bird, H. W. (1984) Sextus Aurelius Victor: A Historiographical Study. Liverpool.
Bird, H. W. (tr. and comm.) (1994) Liber de Caesaribus of Sextus Aurelius Victor (TTH 17). Liverpool.
Birley, E. (1949) ‘The equestrian officers of the Roman army’, Durham University Journal n.s. II: 8–19 (repr. in Birley (1988b) 147–64).Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1954) ‘Senators in the Emperors’ service’, Papers of the British Academy 39: 197–214 (repr. in Birley (1988b) 75–92).Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1963–4) ‘Promotions and transfers in the Roman army, II: The Centurionate’, Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1963/64: 21–33 (repr. in Birley (1988b) 206–20).Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1966) ‘Alae and cohortes milliariae’, in Corolla Memoriae Erich Swoboda Dedicata (Römische Forschungen in Niederösterreich 5) 54–67 (repr. in Birley (1988b) 349–64).Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1969) ‘Septimius Severus and the Roman army’, Epigraphische Studien 8: 63–82 (repr. in Birley (1988b) 21–40).Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1978) ‘The religion of the Roman army 1895–1977’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung II.16.2: 1506–41.Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1981) ‘Evocati Aug.: a review’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 43: 25–9 (repr. in Birley (1988b) 326–30).Google Scholar
Birley, E. (1988a) ‘Promotions and transfers in the Roman army: senatorial and equestrian officers’, in Birley, (1988b) 93–114 (orig. publ. in Carnuntum-Jahrbuch, 1957: 3–20).
Birley, E. (1988b) The Roman Army: Papers, 1929–1986 (Mavors 4). Amsterdam.
Birley, E. (1988c) ‘Senators in the Emperor’s service’, in Birley, (1988b) 75–92.
Birley, E., Dobson, B. and Jarrett, M. (eds.) (1974) Roman Frontier Studies, 1969: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Limesforschung. Cardiff.
Birley, E. (ed.) (1952) First Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Durham.
Bishop, M. C. and Coulston, J. C. N. (1993) Roman Military Equipment: From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. London; 2nd edn, Oxford 2006.
Bishop, M. C. (1985a) ‘The military fabrica and the production of arms in the early principate’, in Bishop, (1985b) 1–42.
Bishop, M. C. (1999) ‘Praesidium: social, military and logistical aspects of the Roman army’s provincial distribution during the early Principate’, in Goldsworthy, and Haynes, (1999): 111–18.
Bishop, M. C. (ed.) (1985b) The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment (BAR Int. Ser. 275). Oxford.
Bivar, A. D. H. (1955) ‘The stirrup and its origins’, Oriental Art n.s. I: 61–5.Google Scholar
Bivar, A. D. H. (1972) ‘Cavalry equipment and tactics on the Euphrates frontier’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26: 271–91.Google Scholar
Bivar, A. D. H. (1983a) ‘The history of eastern Iran’, in Yarshater (1983) I.181–231.
Bivar, A. D. H. (1983b) ‘The political history of Iran under the Arsacids’, in Yarshater, (1983) 1.21–99.
Blagg, T. and Millet, M. (eds.) (1990) The Early Roman Empire in the West. Oxford.
Blockley, R. C. (1972) ‘Dexippus, Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea’, Phoenix 26: 18–27.Google Scholar
Blockley, R. C. (1983) The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, vol. II (ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 10). Liverpool.Google Scholar
Blockley, R. C. (1985a) ‘Subsidies and diplomacy: Rome and Persia in late Antiquity’, Phoenix 39: 62–74.Google Scholar
Blockley, R. C. (1992) East Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius (ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 30). Leeds.Google Scholar
Blockley, R. C. (1998) ‘Warfare and diplomacy’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIII, 411–36.Google Scholar
Blockley, R. C. (ed. and tr.) (1985b) The History of Menander the Guardsman. (ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs) Liverpool.Google Scholar
Boak, A. E. R. (1955) Manpower Shortage and the Fall of the Roman Empire. London.
Bosworth, A. B. (1977) ‘Arrian and the Alani’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 81: 217–55.Google Scholar
Bosworth, C. E. (tr.) (1999) The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakmids and Yemen (The History of al-Tabari v). Albany, NY.
Bowersock, G., Brown, P. and Grabar, O. (eds.) (1999) Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, Mass.
Bowie, E. and Elsner, J. (eds.) (forthcoming) Philostratus. Cambridge.
Bowman, A. K. and Thomas, J. D. (1996) ‘New writing-tablets from Vindolanda’, Britannia 27: 299–328.Google Scholar
Bowman, A. K. (1994) Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier. London.
Brandt, H. (1988) Zeitkritik in der Spätantike. Untersuchungen zu den Reformvorschlägen des Anonymus De rebus bellicis. Munich.
Braund, D. (1984) Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship. London, Canberra and New York.
Braund, D. (1993) ‘Piracy under the Principate’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 195–212.
Braund, D. (1996) ‘River frontiers in the environmental psychology of the Roman world’, in Kennedy (1996) 43–7.
Breccia, G. (2004) ‘L’arco e la spada. Procopio e il nuovo esercito bizantino’, Rivista di ricerche bizantinistiche I (= Studi di amici e colleghi in onore di Vera von Falkenhausen): 73–99.Google Scholar
Breeze, D. J. and Dobson, B. (1987) Hadrian’s Wall. London.
Breeze, D. J. (1969) ‘The organisation of the legion: the First Cohort and the equites legionis’, Journal of Roman Studies 59: 50–5 (repr. in Breeze and Dobson (1993) 65–70).Google Scholar
Breeze, D. J. (1971) ‘Pay grades and ranks below the centurionate’, Journal of Roman Studies 61: 130–5 (repr. in Breeze and Dobson (1993) 59–64).Google Scholar
Breeze, D. J. (1974a) ‘The career structure below the centurionate during the Principate’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 11.1: 434–51.Google Scholar
Breeze, D. J. (1974b) ‘The organisation of the career structure of the immunes and Principals of the Roman army’, Banner Jahrbücher 174: 245–92 (repr. in Breeze and Dobson (1993) 11–58).Google Scholar
Breeze, D. J. (1984) ‘Demand and supply on the northern frontier’, in Miket and Burgess (1984) 264–86 (repr. in Breeze and Dobson (1993) 526–56).
Breeze, D. J. (1986–7) ‘The logistics of Agricola’s final campaign’, Talanta 18/19: 7–28.Google Scholar
Breeze, D. J. (1993) Roman Officers and Frontiers (Mavors 10). Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Brennan, P. (1980) ‘Combined legionary detachments as artillery units in late-Roman Danubian bridgehead positions’, Chiron 10: 553–67.Google Scholar
Brennan, P. (1996) ‘The Notitia Dignitatum’, in Nicolet (1996) 147–78.
Brennan, P. (1998a) ‘Divide and fall: the separation of legionary cavalry and the fragmentation of the Roman Empire’, in Hillard et al. (1998) 238–44.
Brennan, P. (1998b) ‘The last of the Romans: Roman identity and the Roman army in the late Roman Near East’, Mediterranean Archaeology 11: 191–203.Google Scholar
Brewer, R. J. (ed.) (2000) Roman Fortresses and their Legions. London and Cardiff.
Brisson, J.-P. (ed.) (1969) Problèmes de la guerre à Rome. Paris.
Brock, S. P. (1982) ‘Christians in the Sasanian Empire: a case of divided loyalties’, in Mews (1982) 1–19.
Brodersen, K. (1995) Terra Cognita. Studien zur römischen Raumerfassung. Zurich and New York.Google Scholar
Brodersen, K. (2001) ‘The presentation of geographical knowledge for travel and transport in the Roman world: itineraria non tantum adnotata sed etiam picta’, in Adams and Laurence (2001) 7–21.
Brown, P. (1992) Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire. Madison, Wis.
Brown, T. S. (1984) Gentlemen and Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy, A.D. 554–800. Rome.
Brunt, P. A. (1950) ‘Pay and superannuation in the Roman army’, Papers of the British School at Rome 18: 50–71.Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. (1962) ‘The army and the land in the Roman revolution’, Journal of Roman Studies 52: 69–86 (repr. and rev. in Brunt (1988) 240–80).Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. (1971) Italian Manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14. Oxford.
Brunt, P. A. (1974) ‘Conscription and volunteering in the Roman imperial army’, Scripta Classica Israelica I: 90–115.Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. (1975) ‘The administrators of Roman Egypt’, Journal of Roman Studies 65: 124–47 (repr. in Brunt (1990b) 215–54).Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. (1978) ‘Laus imperil’, in Garnsey and Whittaker (1978) 159–91 (rev. in Brunt (1990b) 288–323).
Brunt, P. A. (1983) ‘Princeps and equites’, Journal of Roman Studies 73: 42–75.Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. (1988) The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays. Oxford.
Brunt, P. A. (1990a) ‘Conscription and volunteering in the Roman Imperial Army’, in Brunt (1990b) 188–214, 512–15.
Brunt, P. A. (1990b) Roman Imperial Themes. Oxford.
Bruun, P. (1966) The Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. VII: Constantine and Licinius, ad 313–337. London.Google Scholar
Buora, M. (1997) ‘Nuovi studi sulle plumbatae (= mattiobarbuli?). A proposito degli stanziamenti militari nell’Illirico occidentale e nell’Italia orientale nell IV e all’inizio del V secolo’, Aquileia Nostra 68: 237–46.Google Scholar
Burkitt, E. C. (1913) Euphemia and the Goth: A Legendary Tale from Edessa with the Acts of the Martyrdom of the Confessors of Edessa. Oxford and London (repr. with additions by Brockelmann, C. (Amsterdam 1981)).
Burndt, R. and Slofstra, J. (eds.) (1983) Roman and Native in the Low Countries: Spheres of Interaction (BAR Int. Ser. 184). Oxford.
Burns, T. (1973) ‘The battle of Adrianople: a reconsideration’, Historia 22: 336–45.Google Scholar
Burton, G. P. (1976) ‘The issuing of mandata to proconsuls and a new inscription from Cos’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 21: 63–8.Google Scholar
Bury, J. B. (1897) ‘The Nika riot’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 17: 92–119.Google Scholar
Butler, A. J. (1902) The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion. Oxford.
Callies, H. (1964) ‘Die fremden Truppen im römischen Heer des Prinzipats und die sogenannten nationalen Numeri’, Bericht der Römisch-germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 45: 130–227.Google Scholar
Callwell, C. E. (1906) Small Wars: A Tactical Textbook for Imperial Soldiers, rev. 3rd edn. London.
Cameron, Alan and Long, J. (1993) Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius. Berkeley.
Cameron, Alan and Schauer, D. (1982) ‘The last consul: Basilius and his diptych’, Journal of Roman Studies 72: 126–45.Google Scholar
Cameron, Averil and Hall, S. G. (1999) Eusebius, Life of Constantine. Oxford.
Cameron, Averil (1969/70) ‘Agathias on the Sassanians’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23/4: 67–183.Google Scholar
Cameron, Averil (1970) Agathias. Oxford.
Cameron, Averil (1976) Flavius Cresconius Corippus, In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris libri IV. London.
Cameron, Averil (1985) Procopius and the Sixth Century. London.
Cameron, Averil (1993) The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, A.D. 395–600. London.
Cameron, Averil and Conrad, L. I. (eds.) (1992) The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Vol. I: Problems in the Literary Source Material. Princeton.Google Scholar
Cameron, Averil and Garnsey, P. D. A. (eds.) (1998) The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XIII, ad 337–425. Cambridge.
Cameron, Averil, Ward-Perkins, B. and Whitby, M. (eds.) (2000) The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. xiv, ad 425–600. Cambridge.
Cameron, Averil (ed.) (1995) The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Vol. III: States, Resources and Armies. Princeton.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. B. (1986) ‘What happened at Hatra? The Problems of the Severan Siege Operations’, in Freeman, and Kennedy, (1986) 51–8.
Campbell, D. B. (1989) ‘A Chinese puzzle for the Romans’, Historia: 371–6.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. B. (1975) ‘Who were the “viri militares”?’, Journal of Roman Studies 65: 11–31.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. B. (1984, reprinted with corrections 1996) The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 bc–ad 235. Oxford.
Campbell, J. B. (1987) ‘Teach yourself how to be a general’, Journal of Roman Studies 77: 13–29.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. B. (1993) ‘War and diplomacy: Rome and Parthia, 31 B.C.–A.D. 235’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 213–40.
Campbell, J. B. (1994) The Roman Army, 31 bc–ad 337: A Sourcebook. London and New York.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. B. (1999) ‘The Roman empire’, in Raaflaub, and Rosenstein, (1999) 217–40.
Campbell, J. B. (2001) ‘Diplomacy in the Roman world, c. 500 B.C.–A.D. 235’, Diplomacy and Statecraft 12: 1–22.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. B. (2002) War and Society in Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.–A.D. 284. London and New York.
Carandini, A. (1985) Settefinestre. Una villa schiavistica nell’Etruria romana. Modena.
Carandini, A. (1988) Schiavi in Italia. Gli strumenti pensanti dei Romani fra tarda Repubblica e medio Impero. Rome.
Carettoni, G. (1983) ‘Das Haus des Augustus auf dem Palatin’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts: römische Abteilung 90: 373–419.Google Scholar
Carrié, J.-M. and Janniard, S. (2000–2) ‘L’armée romaine dans quelques travaux récents’, Antiquité Tardive 8 (2000): 321–41; 9 (2001): 351–61; 10 (2002): 27–42.Google Scholar
Carrié, J.-M. (1977) ‘Le rôle économique de l’armée dans l’Égypte romaine’, in Chastagnol, et al. (1977) 373–93.
Carrié, J.-M. (1989) ‘Le soldat’, in Giardina, (1989) 127–72.
Carrié, J.-M. (1993) ‘Eserciti e strategie’, in Schiavone, (1993) 83–134.
Carrington, P. (ed.) (2002) Deva Victrix. Roman Chester Re-assessed. Chester.Google Scholar
Carter, J. M. (1970) The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar. London and New York.
Casey, P. J. (1993) ‘The end of garrisons on Hadrian’s Wall’, in Clark, et al. (1993) 69–80.
Casey, P. J. (1996) ‘Justinian, the limitanei and Arab–Byzantine relations in the sixth century’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 9: 214–22.Google Scholar
Casper, J. and Kraemer, J. (1958) Non-Literary Papyri: Excavations at Nessana III. Princeton.
Casson, L. (1974) Travel in the Ancient World. Baltimore and London.
Çelik, Z., Favro, D. and Ingersoll, R. (eds.) (1994) Streets: Critical Perspectives on Public Space. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Chalon, G. (1964) L’édit de Tiberius lulius Alexander. Etude historique et exégétique. Olten.
Champlin, E. (1981) ‘Owners and neighbours at Ligures Baebiani’, Chiron II: 239–64.Google Scholar
Charles, M. B. (2003) ‘Vegetius on armour: the pedites nudati of the Epitoma Rei Militaris’, AncSoc 30: 127–67.Google Scholar
Charles, M. B. (2004) ‘Mattiobarbuli in Vegetius’ Epitoma Rei Militaris: the Ioviani and the Herculiani’, The Ancient History Bulletin 18.3–4: 109–21.Google Scholar
Chastagnol, A., Nicolet, C. and vanEffenterre, H. (eds.) (1977) Armées et fiscalité dans le monde antiques. Paris.
Chaumont, M.-L. (1988) La Christianisation de l’Empire Iranien, des origines aux grandes persécutions du IVe siècle (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 499, Subsidia 80). Louvain.Google Scholar
Chauvot, A. (1986) Procope de Gaza, Priscien de Césarée. Panégyriques de l’empereur Anastase Ier. Bonn.
Cheeseman, G. L. (1914) The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army. Oxford.
Chevedden, P. E., Gilbert, S., Kagay, D. and Shiller, Z. (2000) ‘The traction trebuchet: a triumph of four civilizations’, Viator 31: 433–86.Google Scholar
Chevedden, P. E. (1995) ‘Artillery in late antiquity: prelude to the Middle Ages’, in Corfis, and Wolfe, (1995) 131–73.
Chevedden, P. E. (2000) ‘The invention of the counterweight trebuchet: a study in cultural diffusion’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54: 72–116.Google Scholar
Chrissanthos, S. G. (2001) ‘Caesar and the mutiny of 47 B.C.’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 91: 63–75.Google Scholar
Christie, N. (1991) ‘Longobard weaponry and warfare, A.D. 1–800’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 2: 1–26.Google Scholar
Christie, N. (ed.) (1995) Settlement and Society in Italy, 1500 B.C.–A.D. 1500. Oxford.
Christodoulou, D. N. (2002) ‘Galerius, Gamzigrad and the Fifth Macedonian Legion’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 15: 275–81.Google Scholar
Chrysos, E. (1978) ‘The title “Basileus” in early Byzantine international relations’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 32: 29–75.Google Scholar
Chrysos, E. (1992) ‘Byzantine diplomacy, A.D. 300–800: means and ends’, in Shepard, and Franklin, (1992) 25–39.
Cichorius, C. (1894) ‘Ala’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classichen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. Wissowa, G. et al. Stuttgart 1894–1972. I.I, 1224–70.Google Scholar
Cichorius, C. (1901) ‘Cohors’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. Wissowa, G. et al. Stuttgart 1894–1972. IV.I, 231–356.Google Scholar
Clark, D. F., Roxan, M. M. and Wilkes, J. J. (eds.) (1993) The Later Roman Empire Today. London.
Clarke, G. et al. (eds.) (1990) Reading the Past in Late Antiquity. Canberra.
Claus, M., Haarnagel, W. and Raddatz, K. (eds.) (1968) Studien zur europäischen Vor-und Frühgeschichte. Neumünster.
Clauss, M. (1973) Untersuchungen zu den principales des römischen Heeres von Augustus bis Diokletian. Cornicularii, Speculatores, Frumentarii. Bochum.
Clover, F. M. and Humphreys, R. S. (eds.) (1989) Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity. Madison, Wis.
Coello, T. (1996) Unit Sizes in the Late Roman Army (BAR Int. Ser. 645). Oxford.
Connolly, P. and van Driel-Murray, C. (1991) ‘The Roman cavalry saddle’, Britannia 22: 33–50.
Connolly, P. (1987) ‘The Roman saddle’, in Dawson, (1987) 7–27.
Connolly, P. (1991) ‘The Roman fighting technique deduced from armour and weaponry’, in Maxfield, and Dobson, (1991) 358–63.
Conrad, L. I. (2000) ‘The Arabs’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIV, 678–700.Google Scholar
Corbier, M. (1977) ‘L’aerarium militare’, in Chastagnol et al. (1977) 197–234.
Corcoran, S. (1996) Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, A.D. 284–324. Oxford.
Corfis, I. A. and Wolfe, M. (eds.) (1995) The Medieval City under Siege. Woodbridge.
Cornell, T. (1995) The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars, c. 1000–264. bc. London and New York.
Cornell, T. (1996a) ‘Hannibal’s legacy: the effects of the Hannibalic War on Italy’, in Cornell et al. (1996) 97–117.
Cornell, T. (1996b) ‘Warfare and urbanization in ancient Italy’, in Cornell and Lomas (1996) 121–34.
Cornell, T. J., Rankov, B. and Sabin, P. A. (eds.) (1996) The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 67). London.
Cornell, T. and Lomas, H. K. (eds.) (1996) Urban Society in Roman Italy. London.
Cosentino, S. (2000) ‘Syrianos’ Strategikon – a ninth-century source?’, Bizantinistica. Rivista di studi bizantini e slavi 2: 243–80.Google Scholar
Cotton, H. (1981) Documentary Letters of Recommendation in Latin from the Roman Empire. Königstein.
Coulston, J. C. N. (1985) ‘Roman archery equipment’, in Bishop, (1985b) 220–366.
Coulston, J. C. N. (1986) ‘Roman, Parthian and Sassanid tactical developments’, in Freeman, and Kennedy, (1986) 59–75.
Coulston, J. C. N. (1990) ‘Late Roman armour, third–sixth centuries A.D.’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 1: 139–60.Google Scholar
Coulston, J. C. N. (1998) ‘How to arm a Roman soldier’, in Austin, et al. (1998) 167–90.
Coulston, J. C. N. (ed.) (1988) Military Equipment and the Identity of Roman Soldiers: Proceedings of the Fourth Roman Military Equipment Conference. Oxford.
Cowan, R. H. (2002) ‘Aspects of the Severan field army: the praetorian guard, legio II Parthica and legionary vexillations, A.D. 193–238’ (University of Glasgow diss.).
Crawford, M. H., Keppie, L. J. F., Patterson, J. R. and Vercnocke, M. (1986) ‘Excavations at Fregellae, 1978–1984’, Papers of the British School at Rome 54: 40–68.Google Scholar
Crawford, M. H. (1980) Review of Potter, T. W., The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (London, 1979), Athenaeum 58: 497–8.Google Scholar
Crawford, M. H. (1995) Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic. London.
Creighton, J. D. and Wilson, R. J. A. (1999) Roman Germany: Studies in Cultural Interaction (Journal of Roman Archaeology Suppl. 32). Portsmouth, RI.Google Scholar
Creighton, J. (2000) Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge.
Criscuolo, L. and Geraci, G. (eds.) (1989) Egitto e storia antica dall’ellenismo all’età araba. Bologna.
Croke, B. (1980) ‘Justinian’s Bulgar victory celebration’, Byzantinoslavica 41: 188–95.Google Scholar
Crook, J. (1955) ‘Consilium Principis’: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian. Cambridge.
Crow, J. and Ricci, A. (1997) ‘Investigating the hinterland of Constantinople: interim report on the Anastasian long wall’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 10: 235–62.Google Scholar
Crump, G. A. (1973) ‘Ammianus and the late Roman army’, Historia 22: 91–103.Google Scholar
Crump, G. A. (1975) Ammianus Marcellinus as a Military Historian. Wiesbaden.
Curtis, J. (ed.) (2000) Mesopotamia and Iran in the Parthian and Sasanian Periods: Rejection and Revival, c. 238 B.C.–A.D. 642. London.
Dabrowa, E. (1993) ‘Legio X Fretensis’: A Prosopographical Study of its Officers, I–III A.D. (Historia Einzelschriften 66). Stuttgart.
Dabrowa, E. (2001) Roman Military Studies (Electrum 5). Cracow.
Dabrowa, E. (ed.) (1994) The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East. Cracow.
Dagron, G. (1974) Naissance d’une capitale. Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 à 451. Paris.
Dagron, G. (1987) ‘Ceux d’en face. Les peuples étrangers dans les traités militaires byzantins’, Tnavaux et mémoires 10: 207–32.Google Scholar
Dagron, G. (1993) ‘Modèles de combattants et technologie militaire dans le Stratégikon de Maurice’, in Vallet, and Kazanski, (1993) 279–84.
Dain, A. (1943) Naumachica. Paris.
Dain, A. (1967) ‘Les stratégistes Byzantins’, Tnavaux et mémoires 2: 317–92.Google Scholar
Daniels, C. (1980) ‘Excavations at Wallsend and the fourth-century barracks on Hadrian’s Wall’, in Hanson, and Keppie, (1980) 173–94.
Daris, S. (1992) ‘Le carte dello stratego Damarion’, Aegyptus 72: 23–59.Google Scholar
Dark, K. R. (1992) ‘A sub-Roman re-defence of Hadrian’s Wall?’, Britannia 23: 111–20.Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1968a) ‘The training grounds of the Roman cavalry’, AJ 125: 73–100 (repr. in Davies, (1989b) 93–124).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1968b) ‘Roman Wales and Roman military practice camps’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 117: 103–20 (repr. in Davies, (1989b) 125–40).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1969a) ‘Joining the Roman army’, Bonner Jahrbücher 169: 208–32 (repr. in Davies, (1989b) 3–32).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1969b) ‘The supply of animals to the Roman army and the remount system’, Latomus 28: 429–59 (repr. in Davies, (1989b) 153–74).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1969c) ‘The medici of the Roman armed forces’, Epigraphische Studien 8: 83–99.Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1970) ‘The Roman military medical service’, Saalburg Jahrbuch 27: 84–104 (repr. in Davis, (1989b) 209–36).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1971a) ‘Cohortes equitatae’, Historia 20: 751–63 (repr. in Davies, (1989b) 141–52).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1971b) ‘The Roman military diet’, Britannia 2: 122–42 (repr. in Davies, (1989b) 187–208).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1974a) ‘The daily life of a Roman soldier under the Principate’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung II.I: 299–338 (repr. in Davies, (1989b) 33–70).Google Scholar
Davies, R. W. (1974b) ‘Roman military training grounds’, in Birley, et al. (1974) 20–6.
Davies, R. W. (1989a) ‘The Roman military medical service’, in Davies, (1989b) 209–36 (orig. publ. in Jahrbuch, Saalburg 27 (1970) 84–104).
Davies, R. W. (1989b) Service in the Roman Army (ed. Breeze, D. and Maxfield, V. A.). Edinburgh.
Davis, R. (2000) The Book of Pontiffs (‘Liber Pontificalis’): The Ancient Biographies of the First Ninety Roman Bishops to A.D. 715, rev. 2nd edn. (Translated Texts for Historians 6) Liverpool.Google Scholar
Dawson, D. (1996) The Origins of Western Warfare: Militarism and Morality in the Ancient World. Boulder, Colo. and Oxford.
Dawson, M. (ed.) (1987) Roman Military Equipment: The Accoutrements of War (BAR Int. Ser. 336). Oxford.
de Blois, L. (1976) The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus. Rome.
de Boe, G. (1975) ‘Villa romana in località “Posta Crusta”. Rapporto provvisorio sulle campagne di scavo 1972 e 1973’, Notizie degli scavi di antichità 1975: 516–30.Google Scholar
de Mayer, L. and Haerinck, E. (eds.) (1989) Archaeologia Iranica et Orientalis. Miscellanea in honorem Louis Vanden Berge, 2 vols. Ghent.
de Neeve, P. W. (1984) Peasants in Peril: Location and Economy in Italy in the Second Century bc. Amsterdam.
de Ruggiero, E. (ed.) (1949) Dizionario epigrafico di antichità romana, IV. Rome.
de Ste. Croix, G. E. M. (1981) The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. London.
Deacy, S. and Pierce, K. F. (eds.) (1997) Rape in Antiquity: Sexual Violence in the Greek and Roman Worlds. London.
Degen, R. (1992) ‘Plumbatae. Wurfgeschosse der Spätantike’, Helvetia Archaeologica 33: 139–47.Google Scholar
Degrassi, A. (ed.) (1947) Inscriptiones Italicae. Vol. XIII.I. Rome.
Delbrück, H. (1975) History of the Art of War within the Framework of Political History. Lincoln, Nebr.
Delbrueck, R. (1933) Spätantike Kaiserporträts von Constantinus Magnus bis zum Ende des Westreichs. Berlin and Leipzig.
Demandt, A. (1965) Zeitkritik und Geschichtsbild im Werke Ammians. Bonn.
Demandt, A. (1970) ‘Magister Militum’, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. Wissowa, G. et al. Stuttgart 1894–1972. Suppl. 12, 553–798.Google Scholar
Dennis, G. T. (1981a) ‘Flies, mice and the Byzantine crossbow’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 7: 1–5.Google Scholar
Dennis, G. T. (1984) Maurice’s ‘Strategikon’: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy. Philadelphia.
Dennis, G. T. (1985) Three Byzantine Military Treatises. Washington, DC.
Dennis, G. T. (1993) ‘Religious services in the Byzantine army’, in Eulogema: Studies in Honor of Robert Taft (Studia Anselmiana 110). Rome, 107–17.Google Scholar
Dennis, G. T. (ed.) (1981b) Das Strategikon des Maurikios (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. 1967-. 17). Vienna.Google Scholar
Dessau, H. (1908) ‘Afrikanische Munizipal-und afrikanische Militärinschrift’, Klio 8: 457–63.Google Scholar
Develin, R. (1971) ‘The army pay rises under Septimius Severus and Caracalla and the question of the Annona militaris’, Latomus 30: 687–95.Google Scholar
Devijver, H. (1989) The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army I (Mavors 6). Amsterdam.
Devijver, H. (1992) The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army II (Mavors 9). Stuttgart.
Diesener, H. -J. (1972) ‘Das Buccelariertum von Stilicho und Sarus bis auf Aetius’, Klio 54: 321–50.Google Scholar
Diethart, J. M. and Dintsis, P. (1984) ‘Die Leontoklibanarier. Versuch einer archäologisch-papyrologischen Zusammenschau’, in Hörandner, W., Koder, J., Kresten, O. and Trapp, E. (eds.), Festschrift für H. Hunger zurr 70. Geburtstag. Vienna, 67–84.Google Scholar
Dillon, H. A. (1814) The Art of Embattling an Army, being the second part of Aelian’s Tactica. London.
Dixon, K. R. and Southern, P. (1992) The Roman Cavalry from the First to the Third Century ad. London.
Dobson, B. (1972) ‘Legionary centurion or equestrian officer? A comparison of pay and prospects’, Ancient Society 3: 193–208.Google Scholar
Dobson, B. (1974) ‘The significance of the centurion and primipilaris in the Roman army and administration’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung II.I: 392–434.Google Scholar
Dobson, B. (1978) Die Primipilares. Cologne and Bonn.
Downey, G. (1940) ‘Justinian as Achilles’, Transactions of the Proceedings of the American Philological Association 71: 68–77.Google Scholar
Downey, G. (1950) ‘Aurelian’s victory over Zenobia at Immae in A.D. 272’, Transactions of the Proceedings of the American Philological Association 81: 57–68.Google Scholar
Drew-Bear, T. and Eck, W. (1976) ‘Kaiser-, Militär- und Steinbruchinschriften aus Phrygien’, Chiron 6: 289–318.Google Scholar
Drew-Bear, T. (1977) ‘A late-fourth century Latin soldier’s epitaph at Nakolea’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 81: 257–74.Google Scholar
Drew-Bear, T. (1981) ‘Les voyages d’ Aurélius Gaius, soldat de Dioclétian’, in La géographie administrative et politique d’ Alexandre à Mahomet. (Travaux du Centre de recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la Grèce antiques 6) 93–141. Leiden.Google Scholar
Drijvers, J. W. and Hunt, D. (eds.) (1999) The Late Roman World and its Historian: Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus. London.
Drinkwater, J. F. (1990) ‘For better or worse? Towards an assessment of the economic and social consequences of the Roman conquest of Gaul’, in Blagg and Millet (1990) 210–19.
Drinkwater, J. F. (1992) ‘The Bacaudae of fifth-century Gaul’, in Drinkwater, and Elton, (1992) 208–17.
Drinkwater, J. F. and Elton, H. (eds.) (1992) Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? Cambridge.
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1978) ‘Pay and numbers in Diocletian’s army’, Chiron 8: 541–60 (rev. in Duncan-Jones (1990) 105–17, 220–1).Google Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1990) Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy. Cambridge.
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1994) Money and Government in the Roman Empire. Cambridge.
Duncan-Jones, R. P. (1996) ‘The impact of the Antonine plague’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 9: 108–36.Google Scholar
Durry, M. (1938) Les cohortes prétoriennes. Paris.
Dyson, S. (1985) The Creation of the Roman Frontier. Princeton.
Eadie, J. W. (1967) ‘The development of Roman mailed cavalry’, Journal of Roman Studies 57: 165–9.Google Scholar
Eagles, J. (1989) ‘Testing Plumbatae’, in Driel-Murray, (1989) 247–53.
Eck, W. and Wolff, H. (eds.) (1986) Heer und Integrationspolitik. Die römischen Militär diplome als historische Quelle. Cologne.
Eckstein, A. M. (1987) Senate and General: Individual Decision-Making and Foreign Relations, 264–194 bc. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Eilers, C. (2002) Roman Patrons of Greek Cities. Oxford.
Elsner, J. (1991) ‘Cult and sculpture: sacrifice in the Ara Pacis Augustae’, Journal of Roman Studies 81: 50–61.Google Scholar
Elton, H. W. (1992) ‘Defence in fifth-century Gaul’, in Drinkwater, and Elton, (1992) 167–76.
Elton, H. W. (1996a) ‘Romans and Goths: recent approaches’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 9: 566–74.Google Scholar
Elton, H. W. (1996b) Warfare in Roman Europe, A.D. 350–425. Oxford.
Engels, D. (1978) Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Berkeley and London.
Erdkamp, P. (1998) Hunger and the Sword: Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars, 264–30 B.C.. Amsterdam.
Erdkamp, P. (ed.) (2002) The Roman Army and the Economy. Amsterdam.
Erskine, A. (1996) ‘Money-loving Romans’, Papers of the Leeds International Latin Seminar 9: I–II.Google Scholar
Erskine, A. (2001) Troy between Greece and Rome: Local Tradition and Imperial Power. Oxford.
Evans, J. K. (1980) ‘Plebs rustica: the peasantry of Classical Italy I and II’, American Journal of Ancient History 5: 19–47, 134–73.Google Scholar
Fanning, S. (1992) ‘Emperors and empires in fifth-century Gaul’, in Drinkwater, and Elton, (1992) 288–97.
Favro, A. (1994) ‘Rome, the street triumphant: the urban impact of Roman triumphal parades’, in Çelik, et al. (1994) 151–64.
Favro, A. (1996) The Urban Image of Augustan Rome. Cambridge.
Fentress, E. (1979) Numidia and the Roman Army: Social, Military and Economic Aspects of the Frontier Zone (BAR Int. Ser. 53). Oxford.
Fentress, E. (1983) ‘Forever Berber?’, Opus 2: 161–75.Google Scholar
Ferrill, A. (1986) The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation. London.
Ferrill, A. (1991a) ‘The Grand Strategy of the Roman empire’, in Kennedy, (1991) 71–86.
Ferrill, A. (1991b) Roman Imperial Grand Strategy. Lanham, Md.
Ferris, I. M. (2000) Enemies of Rome: Barbarians through Roman Eyes. Stroud.
Fink, R. O. (1971) Roman Military Records on Papyrus. Cleveland.
Finley, M. I. (1958) Review of Boak (1955), Journal of Roman Studies 48: 157–64.Google Scholar
Fitz, J. (ed.) (1977) Limes. Akten des XI Internationalen Limeskongresses. Budapest.
Forni, G. (1953) Il reclutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano. Milan and Rome.
Förster, R. (1877) ‘Studien zu den griechischen Taktikern II. Kaiser Hadrian und die Taktik des Urbicius’, Hermes 12: 449–71.Google Scholar
Foss, C. and Winfield, D. (1986) Byzantine Fortifications: An Introduction. Pretoria.
Fowden, G. (1993) Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Princeton.
Foxhall, L. (1990) ‘The dependent tenant: land leasing and labour in Italy and Greece’, Journal of Roman Studies 80: 97–114.Google Scholar
Foxhall, L. (1993) ‘Farming and fighting in ancient Greece’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 134–45.
Frank, R. I. (1969) Scholae Palatinae. Rome.
Frank, T. (1940) An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, vol. v. Baltimore.
Frank, T. (ed.) (1937) An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, vol. III. Baltimore.
Frantz, A. (1988) Late Antiquity: A.D. 267–700 (The Athenian Agora 24). Princeton.Google Scholar
Freeman, P. (1996) ‘The annexation of Armenia and imperial Grand Strategy’, in Kennedy, (1996) 91–118.
Freeman, P. and Kennedy, D. (eds.) (1986) The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East (BAR Int. Ser. 297). Oxford.
Freis, H. (1967) Die Cohortes Urbanae (Epigraphische Studien 2). Cologne and Graz.Google Scholar
Frere, S. S. (1980) ‘Hyginus and the first cohort’, Britannia II: 51–60.Google Scholar
Friedlander, L. (1928) Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire (4 vols.). London and New York.
Frye, R. N. (1984) The History of Ancient Iran. Munich.
Fuentes, N. (1987) ‘The Roman military tunic’, in Dawson, (1987) 41–75.
Fuentes, N. (1991) ‘The mule of a soldier’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 2: 65–99.Google Scholar
Fulford, M. (1996) ‘Economic hotspots and provincial backwaters: modelling the late Roman economy’, in King, and Wigg, (1996) 153–77.
Fuller, J. (1965) Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier and Tyrant. New Brunswick, NJ.
Gabba, E. (1976a) ‘The origins of the professional army at Rome: the “proletarii” and Marius’ reform’, in Gabba, (1976b) 1–19 (repr. from Athenaeum 27 (1949) 173–209).Google Scholar
Gabba, E. (1976b) Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies. Oxford.
Gabba, E. (1980) ‘Tecnologia militare antica’, in Gabba, E. (ed.) Tecnologia, economia e società nel mondo romano (Como) 219–34.Google Scholar
Gagé, J. (1933) ‘La théologie de la victoire impériale’, Revue historique 171: 1–43.Google Scholar
Gagé, J. (1959) ‘L’ empereur romain et les rois’, Revue historique 221: 221–60.Google Scholar
Gagos, T. and Bagnall, R. S. (eds.) (2001) Essays and Texts in Honor of J. David Thomas (American Studies in Papyrology 42). Oakville, Conn.Google Scholar
Gardiner, R. and Morrison, J. S. (eds.) (1995) The Age of the Galley. London.
Gardner, R. and Heider, K. (eds.) (1974) The Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. Harmondsworth.
Garlan, Y. (1972) La guerre dans l’antiquité. Paris.
Garlan, Y. (1975) War in the Ancient World: A Social History. London.
Garnsey, P. D. A. and Humfress, C. (2001) The Evolution of the Late Antique World. Cambridge.
Garnsey, P. D. A. and Saller, R. (1987) The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. London.
Garnsey, P. D. A. and Whittaker, C. R. (1983) Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge.
Garnsey, P. D. A. and Whittaker, C. R. (eds.) (1978) Imperialism in the Ancient World. Cambridge.
Garsoïan, N. G. (1967) ‘Politique ou orthodoxie? L’Arménie au IV siècle’, Revue des études arméniennes n.s. 4: 287–320.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, N. G. (1983) ‘Byzantium and the Sasanians’, in Yarshater, (1983) 1.568–92.
Garsoïan, N. G. (tr.) (1989) The Epic Histories Attributed to P’awstos Buzand (Buzandaran Patmutiwnk’). Cambridge, Mass.
Gazzetti, G. (1995) ‘La villa romana in località Selvicciola (Ischia di Castro-VT)’, in Christie, (1995) 297–302.
Geary, P. J. (2002) The Myth of the Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton.
Ghirshman, R. (1973) ‘La selle en Iran’, Iranica Antiqua 10: 95–107.Google Scholar
Giardina, A. (1989) L’homme romain. Bari.
Gibbon, E. (1994) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (ed. Wolmersley, D.). London.
Gichon, M. (1986) ‘Aspects of a Roman army in war according to the Bellum Judaicum of Josephus’, in Freeman, and Kennedy, (1986) 287–310.
Gillett, A. (2003) Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411–533. Cambridge.
Gilliam, J. F. (1941) ‘The Dux Ripae at Dura’, Transactions of the Proceedings of the American Philological Association 72: 157–75.Google Scholar
Gilliver, C. M. (1993) ‘Hedgehogs, caltrops and palisade stakes’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 4: 49–54.Google Scholar
Gilliver, C. M. (1996a) ‘Mons Graupius and the role of auxiliaries in battle’, Greece and Rome 43: 54–67.Google Scholar
Gilliver, C. M. (1996b) ‘The Roman army and morality in war’, in Lloyd, (1996) 219–38.
Gilliver, C. M. (1999) The Roman Art of War. Stroud.
Giuffrida, C. (1985) ‘Disciplina Romanorum. Dall’epitome di Vegezio allo Strategikon dello Pseudo-Mauricius’, in Mazza, and Giuffrida, (1985) 837–61.
Glück, J. J. (1964) ‘Reviling and monomachy as battle preludes in ancient warfare’, Acta Classica 7: 25–31.Google Scholar
Gobl, R. (1961) ‘“Rex … DATVS”. Ein kapitel von der interpretation numismatischer zeugnisse und ihren grundlagen’, Rheinisches Museum 104: 70–80.Google Scholar
Goffart, W. (1977) ‘The date and purpose of VegetiusDe re militari’, Traditio 33: 65–100.Google Scholar
Goffart, W. (1980) Barbarians and Romans: The Techniques of Accommodation. Princeton.
Goldsworthy, A. K. (1996) The Roman Army at War, 100 B.C.–A.D. 200. Oxford.
Goldsworthy, A. K. (1998) ‘Instinctive genius: the depiction of Caesar as a general in the Commentarii’, in Welch, and Powell, (1998) 193–219.
Goldsworthy, A. K. and Haynes, I. (eds.) (1999) The Roman Army as a Community (Journal of Roman Archaeology Suppl. 34). Portsmouth, RI.Google Scholar
Goodburn, R. and , Bartholomew P. (eds.) (1976) Aspects of the ‘Notitia Dignitatum’. Oxford.
Gowing, A. M. (1992) The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio. Ann Arbor.
Graf, D. (1979) ‘The Saracens and the defense of the Arabian frontier’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem and Baghdad 229: 1–26.Google Scholar
Grant, R. M. (1980) ‘War – just, holy, unjust – in Hellenistic and early Christian thought’, Augustinianum 20: 173–89.Google Scholar
Greatrex, G. and Bardill, J. (1996) ‘Antiochus the Praepositus: a Persian eunuch at the court of Theodosius II’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 50: 171–97.Google Scholar
Greatrex, G., Burgess, R. and Elton, H. (2005) ‘Urbicius, Epitedeuma: an edition, translation and commentary’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 98: 35–74.Google Scholar
Greatrex, G. (1997) ‘The Nika riot: a reapraisal’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 117: 60–86.Google Scholar
Greatrex, G. (1998) Rome and Persia at War, 502–532 (ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 37). Leeds.Google Scholar
Greatrex, G. (2000a) ‘The background and aftermath of the partition of Armenia in A.D. 387’, The Ancient History Bulletin 14: 35–48.Google Scholar
Greatrex, G. (2000b) ‘Procopius the outsider?’, in Smythe, (2000) 215–28.
Greatrex, G. (2001) ‘Justin I and the Arians’, Studia Patristica 34: 72–81.Google Scholar
Grosse, R. (1920) Römische Militärgeschichte von Gallienus bis zum Beginn der byzantinischen Themenverfassung. Berlin.
Gruen, E. (1974) The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. Berkeley.
Gruen, E. (1984) The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome. Berkeley.
Gruen, E. (1990) ‘The imperial policy of Augustus’, in Raaflaub, and Toher, (1990) 395–416.
Gurval, R. A. (1995) Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War. Ann Arbor.
Haldon, J. F. (1970) ‘“Solenarion” — the Byzantine crossbow?’, University of Birmingham Historical Journal 12: 155–7.Google Scholar
Haldon, J. F. (1975) ‘Some aspects of Byzantine military technology from the sixth to the tenth centuries’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 1: 11–47.Google Scholar
Haldon, J. F. (1984) Byzantine Praetorians: An Administrative, Institutional and Social Survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata, c. 580–900. Bonn.
Haldon, J. F. (1989) Recruitment and Conscription in the Byzantine Army, c. 550–950: A Study on the Origins of the ‘Stratiotika Ktemata’. Vienna.
Haldon, J. F. (1990a) Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge.
Haldon, J. F. (1990b) Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions. Vienna.
Haldon, J. F. (1993) ‘Administrative continuities and structural transformations in east Roman military organisation, ca. 580–640’, in Vallet, and Kazanski, (1993) 45–53.
Haldon, J. F. (1994) ‘Synonê: reconsidering a problematic term of middle Byzantine administration’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 18: 116–53.Google Scholar
Haldon, J. F. (1995) ‘Seventh-century continuities: the Ajnad and the “Thematic Myth”’, in Cameron, (1995) 379–423.
Haldon, J. F. (1997) Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture, 2nd edn. Cambridge.
Haldon, J. F. (1999) Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204. London.
Hall, B. S. and West, D. C. (eds.) (1976) On Pre-modern Technology and Science: A Volume of Studies in Honor of Lynn White, Jr. Malibu, Calif.
Hamblin, W. (1986) ‘Sassanian military science and its transmission to the Arabs’, in British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Proceedings of the 1986 International Conference on Middle Eastern Studies. Oxford, 99–106.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. (tr.) (1986) Ammianus Marcellinus, the Later Roman Empire, A.D. 354–378. Harmondsworth.
Hannestad, N. (1988) Roman Art and Imperial Policy. Aarhus.
Hansen, M. H. (1993) ‘The battle exhortation in ancient historiography: fact or fiction?’, Historia 42: 161–80.Google Scholar
Hanson, A. E. (2001) ‘Sworn declaration to agents from the centurion Cattius Catullus: P. Col. Inv. 90’, in Gagos, and Bagnall, (2001) 91–7.
Hanson, W. S. and , Keppie L. J. F. (1980) Roman Frontier Studies, 1979: Papers Presented to the 12th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Oxford.
Hanson, W. S. (1987) Agricola and the Conquest of the North. London.
Harl, O. (1996) ‘Die Kataphraktarier in römischen Heer. Panegyrik und Realität’, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanishcen Zentralmuseums Mainz 43.2: 601–27.Google Scholar
Harmand, J. (1967) L’armée et le soldat à Rome de 107 à 50 avant notre ère. Paris.
Harmand, J. (1969) ‘Le prolétariat dans la légion de Marius à la veille du second bellum civile’, in Brisson, (1969) 61–73.
Harries, J. (1998) Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge.
Harris, W. V. (1979) War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 B.C.. oxford.
Harris, W. V. (ed.) (1984) The Imperialism of Mid-Republican Rome. Rome.
Hassall, M. W. C. (1970) ‘Batavians and the Roman conquest of Britain’, Britannia 1: 131–6.Google Scholar
Hassall, M. W. C. (2000) ‘The army’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XI, 320–43.Google Scholar
Hassall, M. W. C. and Ireland, R. I. (eds.) (1979) De rebus bellicis (BAR Int. Ser. 63). Oxford.
Hawkes, C. (1929) ‘The Roman siege of Masada’, Antiquity 3: 195–213.Google Scholar
Haynes, I. (1999) ‘Military service and cultural identity in the auxilid’, in Goldsworthy, and Haynes, (1999) 165–73.
Hazell, P. J. (1981) ‘The Pedite Gladius’, Antiquaries Journal 61: 73–82.Google Scholar
Hazell, P. J. (1986) ‘The crossing of the Danube and the Gothic conversion’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 27: 289–318.Google Scholar
Hazell, P. J. (1991) Goths and Romans, 332–489. Oxford.
Hazell, P. J. (1992) ‘The emergence of the Visigothic kingdom’, in Drinkwater, and Elton, (1992) 84–94.
Hazell, P. J. (1995) ‘The Huns and the end of the Roman Empire in western Europe’, English Historical Review 110: 4–41.Google Scholar
Hazell, P. J. (1996) The Goths. Oxford.
Hazell, P. J. (1997) ‘Foedera and foederati of the fourth century’, in Pohl, (1997b) 57–74.
Hazell, P. J. (1999a) ‘Ammianus on Jovian: history and literature’, in Drijvers, and Hunt, (1999) 105–16.
Hazell, P. J. (1999b) ‘The barbarian in late antiquity: image, reality and transformation’, in Miles, (1999) 234–58.
Hazell, P. J. (2000) ‘The Western Empire, 425–76’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005 XIV, 1–32.Google Scholar
Heather, P. J. and Matthews, J. (1991) The Goths in the Fourth Century (Translated Texts for Historians II). Liverpool.Google Scholar
Heather, P. J. and Moncur, D. (2001) Politics, Philosophy and Empire in the Fourth Century: Select Orations of Themistius. (Translated Texts for Historians 36) Liverpool.Google Scholar
Helgeland, J. (1978) ‘Roman army religion’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kulter Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 11.16.2: 1470–1505.Google Scholar
Helm, R. (1932) ‘Untersuchungen über den auswärtigen diplomatischen Verkehr des römischen Reiches im Zeitalter der Spätantike’, Archiv für Urkunden-forschung 12: 375–436.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. (1998) A Roman Life: Rutilius Gallicus on Paper and in Stone. Exeter.
Hendy, M. F. (1985) Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, c. 300–1450. Cambridge.
Hendy, M. F. (1989a) ‘Economy and state in late Rome and early Byzantium: an introduction’, in Hendy, (1989b) 1–23.
Hendy, M. F. (1989b) The Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage in Byzantium. Northampton.
Hermann, G. (1989) ‘Parthian and Sasanian saddlery’, in Mayer, and Haerinck, (1989) 757–809.
Hermann, G. (2000) ‘The rock reliefs of Sasanian Iran’, in Curtis, (2000) 35–45.
Hill, D. and Jesson, M. (eds.) (1971) The Iron Age and its Hillforts. Southampton.
Hillard, T. W., Kearsley, R. A., Nixon, C. E. V. and Nobbs, A. M. (eds.) (1998) Ancient History in a Modern University (2 vols.). Grand Rapids, Mich.
Höckmann, O. (1982) ‘Rheinschiffe aus der Zeit Ammianus. Neue Funde in Mainz’, Antike Welt 13: 40–7.Google Scholar
Hoddinott, R. (1975) Bulgaria in Antiquity. London.
Hoffmann, B. (2002) ‘Where have all the soldiers gone? Some thoughts on the presence and absence of soldiers in fourth-century Chester’, in Carrington, (2002) 79–88.
Hoffmann, D. (1961–2) ‘Der “numerus equitum Persoiustinianorum” auf einer Mosaikinschrift von Sant’Eufemia in Grado’, Aquileia Nostra 32/3: 81–98.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. (1963) ‘Die spätrömischen Soldatengrabschriften von Concordia’, Museum Helveticum 20: 22–57.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. (1969–70) Das spätrömische Bewegungsheer und die ‘Notitia Dignitatum’ (2 vols.) (Epigraphische Studien 7.1 and 7.2). Düsseldorf.
Hoffmann, D. (1981) ‘Wadomar, Bacurius und Hariulf’, Museum Helveticum 35: 307–18.Google Scholar
Holder, P. A. (1980) Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan (BAR Int. Ser. 70). Oxford.
Holum, K. G. (1977) ‘Pulcheria’s crusade and the ideology of imperial victory’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 18: 153–72.Google Scholar
Hope, V. M. (1997) ‘Words and pictures: the interpretations of Romano-British tombstones’, Britannia 28: 245–58.Google Scholar
Hope, V. M. (2001) Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquileia, Mainz and Nîmes. Oxford.
Hopkins, K. (1978) Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge.
Hopkins, K. (1980) ‘Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire, 200 B.C.–A.D. 400’, Journal of Roman Studies 70: 101–25.Google Scholar
Hopwood, K. (1997) ‘Byzantine princesses and lustful Turks’, in Deacy, and Pierce, (1997) 231–42.
Hopwood, K. (ed.) (1999) Organised Crime in Antiquity. London.
Horden, P. and Purcell, N. (2000) The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford and Malden, Mass.
Horsmann, G. (1991) Untersuchungen zur militärischen Ausbildung im republikanischen und kaiserzeitlichen Rom. Boppard am Rhein.
Howard, M. (1976) War in European History. London.
Howard-Johnston, J. D. (1995a) ‘The siege of Constantinople in 626’, in Mango, and Dagron, (1995) 131–42.
Howard-Johnston, J. D. (1995b) ‘The two great powers in late antiquity: a comparison’, in Cameron, (1995) 157–226.
Hoyland, R. G. (2001) Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. London.
Humphrey, J. H. (ed.) (1999) The Roman and Byzantine Near East. Vol. II: Some Recent Archaeological Research (Journal of Roman Archaelogy Suppl. 31). Portsmouth, RI.Google Scholar
Humphries, M. (2000) ‘Italy, A.D. 425–605’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005 XIV, 525–51.Google Scholar
Hunger, H. (1978) Die hochsprachliche profaner Literatur der Byzantiner. Munich.
Hunt, D. (1998) ‘The successors of Constantine’, in Cameron, and Garnsey, (1998) 1–43.
Hyland, A. (1990) ‘Equus’: the Horse in the Roman World. London.
Hyland, A. (1993) Training the Roman Cavalry: From Arrian’s ‘Ars Tactica’. Stroud and Dover, NH.
Ibeji, M. C. (1991) ‘The evolution of the Roman army during the third century A.D.’ (University of Birmingham diss.).
Inostrancev, C. A. (1926) ‘The Sasanian military theory’, Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 7: 7–52.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. (1988) ‘The meaning of the terms limes and limitanei’, Journal of Roman Studies 78: 125–47.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. (1990, rev. edn 1992) The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East. Oxford.
Isaac, B. (1995) Review of Dabrowa (1993), Scripta Classica Israelica 14: 169–71.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. (1996) ‘Eusebius and the geography of Roman provinces’, in Kennedy, (1996) 153–67.
Isaac, B. (1998) ‘The eastern frontier’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIII, 437–60.Google Scholar
Istanbuli, Y. (2001) Diplomacy and Diplomatic Practice in the Early Islamic Era. Oxford and Karachi.
Jahn, J. (1983) ‘Der Sold römischer Soldaten im 3. Jh. n. Chr.. Bemerkungen zu Chartae Latinae Antiquiores, ed. A. Bruckner et al. Basel, Dietikon-Zurich 1954–. 446, 473 und 495’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 53: 217–27.Google Scholar
Jahn, J. (1984) ‘Zur Entwicklung römischer Soldzahlungen von Augustus bis auf Diocletian’, in Alföldi, (1984) 53–74.
James, E. (1988) The Franks. Oxford.
James, S. J. (1986) ‘Evidence from Dura-Europos for the origins of late Roman helmets’, Syria 63: 107–34.Google Scholar
James, S. J. (1987) ‘Dura-Europos and the introduction of the Mongolian release’, in Dawson, (1987) 77–83.
James, S. J. (1988) ‘The fabricae: state arms factories of the late Roman empire’, in Coulston, (1988) 257–331.
James, S. J. (2001) ‘Soldiers and civilians: identity and interaction in Roman Britain’, in James, and Millet, (2001) 77–89.
James, S. J. and Millet, M. (eds.) (2001) Britons and Romans: Advancing an Archaeological Agenda. York.
Janin, R. (1964) Constantinople byzantine. Développement urbain et répertoire topographique. Paris.
Janni, P. (1984) La mappa e il periplo. Cartografia antica e spazio odologico. Rome.
Janniard, S. (2004a) ‘Armati, scutati et la catégorisation des troupes dans l’Antiquité tardive’, in Le Bohec, and Wolff, (2004) 389–95.
Janniard, S. (2004b) ‘Les formations tactiques en éperon et en tenaille dans l’armée romaine’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome (Antiquité) 116.2: 1001–38.Google Scholar
Johnson, A. (1983) Roman Forts of the First and Second Centuries A.D. in Britain and the German Provinces. London.
Johnson, A. C., Coleman-Norton, P. R. and Bourne, F. C. (trs.) (1961) Ancient Roman Statutes. Austin.
Johnson, S. (1983) Late Roman Fortifications. London.
Johnston, D. E. (ed.) (1977) The Saxon Shore. London.
Jones, A. H. M. (1953) ‘Military chaplains in the Roman army’, Harvard Theological Review 46: 239–40.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. (1964) The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Oxford.
Jones, A. H. M. (1970) Review of Frank (1969), Journal of Roman Studies 60: 227–9.Google Scholar
Jones, C. P. (1999) Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World. Cambridge, Mass.
Junkelmann, M. (1998) Die Reiter Roms (3 vols.), 3rd edn. Mainz.
Kaegi, W. E. (1965) ‘Arianism and the Byzantine army in Africa, 533–546’, Traditio 21: 23–53 (repr. in Kaegi, (1982) ch. 8).Google Scholar
Kaegi, W. E. (1975) ‘Notes on hagiographic sources for some institutional changes and continuities in the early seventh century’, Byzantina 7: 61–70 (repr. in Kaegi, (1982) ch. II).Google Scholar
Kaegi, W. E. (1981) Byzantine Military Unrest, 471–843: An Interpretation. Amsterdam.
Kaegi, W. E. (1982) Army, Society and Religion in Byzantium. London.
Kaegi, W. E. (1992) Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge.
Kagan, K. (2006). The Eye of Command. Ann Arbor.
Kalkan, H. and Sahin, S. (1995) ‘Epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Istanbul II. Kreuzförmige Grabstelen aus Konstantinopolis’, Epigraphica Anatolica 24: 137–46.Google Scholar
Keegan, J. (1993) A History of Warfare. London.
Keenan, J. (1990) ‘Evidence for the Byzantine army in the Syene papyri’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 27: 139–50.Google Scholar
Kelly, C. (1998) ‘Emperors, government and bureaucracy’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn, Cambridge 1970–2005., XIII, 138–83.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. L. (1978) ‘Some observations on the Praetorian Guard’, AncSoc 9: 275–301.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. L. (1986) ‘“European soldiers” and the Severan siege of Hatra’, in Freeman, and Kennedy, (1986) 397–409.
Kennedy, D. L. (1994) The Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. X: The Divided Empire and the Fall of the Western Parts, A.D. 395–491. London.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. L. (2001) The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London.
Kennedy, D. L. (ed.) (1996) The Roman Army in the East (Journal of Roman Archaeology Suppl. 18). Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kennedy, H. (1995) ‘The financing of the military in the early Islamic state’, in Cameron, (1995) 361–78.
Kennedy, P. (ed.) (1991) Grand Strategy in War and Peace. New Haven.
Kent, J. P. C. (1981) The Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. VIII: The Family of Constantine I, A.D. 337–364. London.Google Scholar
Keppie, L. J. F. (1977) ‘Military service in the late Republic: the evidence of inscriptions and sculpture’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 8: 3–11 (repr. in Keppie, (2000) 11–19).Google Scholar
Keppie, L. J. F. (1983) Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47–14 bc. London.
Keppie, L. J. F. (1984) The Making of the Roman Army: from Republic to Empire. London.
Keppie, L. J. F. (1996) ‘The Praetorian Guard before Sejanus’, Athenaeum 84: 101–24.Google Scholar
Keppie, L. J. F. (1997) ‘The changing face of the Roman legions’, Papers of the British School at Rome 65: 89–102.Google Scholar
Keppie, L. J. F. (2000) Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers, 1971–2000 (Mavors 12). Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Kettenhofen, E. (1994a) ‘Die Einforderung des Achämenidenerbes durch Ardasir. Eine Interpretatio Romana’, Orientalia Lovanensia Periodica 15: 177–90.Google Scholar
Kettenhofen, E. (1994b) ‘Einige Überlegungen zur Sasanidischen Politik gegenüber Rom im 3.Jh. n.Chr.’, in Dabrowa, (1994) 99–108.
Key, Fowden E. (1999) The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran (The Transformation of the Classical Heritage 28). Berkeley, and Los Angeles, .Google Scholar
Kiechle, F. (1964) ‘Die taktik des Flavius Arrianus’, Bericht der Römisch-germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 45: 88–129.Google Scholar
Kienast, D. (1966) Untersuchungen zu den Kriegsflotten der römischen Kaiserzeit. Bonn.
King, C. E. (1980a) ‘The sacrae largitiones: revenues, expenditure and the production of coin’, in King, (1980b) 141–73.
King, C. E. and Wigg, D. G. (eds.) (1996) Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World: The Thirteenth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History, 25.–27. 3. 1993 (Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike 10). Berlin.
King, C. E. (ed.) (1980b) Imperial Revenue, Expenditure and Monetary Policy in the Fourth Century A.D.. Oxford.
Kissel, T. K. (1995) Untersuchungen zur Logistik des römischen Heeres in den Provinzen des griechischen Ostens (27 v.Chr. – 235 n.Chr.). St Katharinen.
Kissel, T. K. (2002) ‘Road-building as a munus publicum’, in Erdkamp, (2002) 127–60.
Kleiner, D. E. E. (1992) Roman Sculpture. New Haven.
Kleiner, F. S. (1988) ‘The arch in honor of C. Octavius and the fathers of Augustus’, Historia 37: 347–57.Google Scholar
Köchly, H. (ed.) (1855–6) Rhetorica Militaris (Index Lectionum in Literarum Universitate Turicensi). Zurich.
Kolb, A. (2001) ‘Transport and communication in the Roman state: the Cursus Publicus’, in Adams, and Laurence, (2001) 95–105.
Kolias, T. (1988) Byzantinishe Waffen. Vienna.
Kollautz, A. (1985) ‘Das militärwissenschaftliche Werk des sog. Maurikios’, Byzantiaka 5: 87–135.Google Scholar
Krause, J.-U., Witschel, C. (eds.) (2006) Die Stadt in der Spätantike. Niedergang oder Wandel? Historia Einzelschrift 190).
Kucma, V. V. (1982–6) ‘“Strategikos” Onasandra i “Strategikon Maurikija”. Opyt sravnitel’noj charakteristiski’, Viz Vrem 43 (1982): 35–53; 45 (1984): 20–34; 46 (1986): 109–23.Google Scholar
Kulikowski, M. (2000) ‘The Notitia Dignitatum as a historical source’, Historia 49: 358–77.Google Scholar
Kuttner, A. L. (1995) Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus: The Case of the Boscoreale Cups. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Labisch, A. (1975) Frumentum Commeatusque. Die Nahrungsmittelversorgung der Heere Caesars. Meisenheim.Google Scholar
Lacoste, E. (1890) ‘Les poliorcétiques d’Apollodore de Damas’, Revve des études grecques 3: 230–81.Google Scholar
Lammert, F. (1940) ‘Die älteste erhaltene Schrift über Seetaktik und ihre Beziehungen zum Anonymus Byzantinus des 6. Jahrhunderts, zu Vegetius und zu AineiasStrategica’, Klio 33: 271–88.Google Scholar
Lampela, A. (1998) Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt: The Development of their Political Relations, 273–80 B.C.. Helsinki.
Lane, Fox R. J. (1986) Pagans and Christians in the Mediterranean World from the Second Century A.D. to the Conversion of Constantine. Harmondsworth.
Lauffer, S. (1971) Diokletians Preisedikt. Berlin.
Laumonier, A. (1934) ‘Notes sur une inscription de Stratonicée’, Revue des études anciennes 36: 85–7.Google Scholar
Le Bohec, Y. (1989) La Troisième Légion Auguste. Paris.
Le Bohec, Y. (1993) The Imperial Roman Army. London.
Le Bohec, Y. (2006) L’armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire. Paris.
Le Bohec, Y. and Wolff, C. (eds.) (2004) L’armée romaine de Dioclétien à Valentinien Ier (Actes du Congrès de Lyon, 12–14 sept; 2002). Paris.
Lee, A. D. (1986) ‘Embassies as evidence for the movement of military intelligence between the Roman and Sasanian empires’, in Freeman, and Kennedy, (1986) 455–61.
Lee, A. D. (1993a) ‘Evagrius, Paul of Nisibis and the problem of loyalties in the mid-sixth century’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44: 569–85.Google Scholar
Lee, A. D. (1993b) Information and Frontiers: Roman Foreign Relations in Late Antiquity. Cambridge.
Lee, A. D. (1996) ‘Morale and the Roman experience of battle’, in Lloyd, (1996) 199–217.
Lee, A. D. (1998) ‘The army’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIII, 213–37.Google Scholar
Lee, A. D. (2002) ‘Naval intelligence in late antiquity’, in Andreau, and Virlouvet, (2002) 93–112.
Lee, A. D. (unpublished paper) ‘Dirty tricks in late Roman diplomacy’.
Lemerle, P. (1979–81) Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de S. Démétrius et de la pénétration des Slaves dans les Balkans (2 vols.). Paris.
Lendon, J. E. (1999) ‘The rhetoric of combat: Greek military theory and Roman culture in Julius Caesar’s battle descriptions’, Classical Antiquity 18: 273–329.Google Scholar
Lendon, J. E. (2002) ‘Primitivism and ancient foreign relations’, CJ 97: 375–84.Google Scholar
Lendon, J. E. (2004) ‘The Roman army now’, CJ 99: 441–9.Google Scholar
Lendon, J. E. (2005) Soldiers and Ghosts. New Haven.
Lenoir, M. (ed.) (1979) Pseudo-Hyginus. Des Fortifications du Camp (with trans. and comm.). Paris.
Lenski, N. (2000) ‘The election of Jovian and the role of the late imperial guards’, Klio 82: 492–515.Google Scholar
Lepper, F. and Frere, S. S. (1988) Trajan’s Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Gloucester.
Leriche, P. (1993) ‘Techniques de guerre sassanides et romaines à Doura-Europos’, in Vallet, and Kazanski, (1993) 83–100.
Lesquier, J. (1918) L’armée romaine de L’Egypte d’Auguste à Dioclétien. Cairo.
Levine, D. S. and Nelis, D. P. (eds.) (2002) Clio and the Poets: Augustan Poetry and the Traditions of Ancient Historiography. Leiden.
Lewis, N. (1993) ‘A reversal of a tax policy in Roman Egypt’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 34: 105–8 (repr. in Lewis, (1995) 364–6).Google Scholar
Lewis, N. (1995) On Government and Law: Collected Essays of Naphtali Lewis. Atlanta.
Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1986) ‘Generals, federates and bucellarii in Roman armies around A.D. 400’, in Freeman, and Kennedy, (1986) 463–74.
Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1990) Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom. Oxford.
Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (1994) ‘Realism and fantasy: the anonymous “De Rebus Bellicis” and its afterlife’, in Dabrowa, (1994) 119–39.
Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (2001) The Decline and Fall of the Roman City. Oxford.
Lieu, S. N. C. (1989) The Emperor Julian: Panegyric and Polemic (Translated Texts for Historians 2). Liverpool.
Lilie, R. (1995) ‘Araber und Themen. Zum Einfluss der arabischen Expansion auf die byzantinischen Militärorgansation’, in Cameron, (1995) 425–60.
Lindner, R. P. (1981) ‘Nomadism, horses and Huns’, Past and Present 92: 1–19.Google Scholar
Link, S. (1989) Konzepte der Privilegierung römischer Veteranen. Stuttgart.
Lintott, A. (1981) ‘What was the “ Imperium Romanum”?’, Greece and Rome 28: 53–67.Google Scholar
Lintott, A. (1993) ‘Imperium Romanorum’: Politics and Administration. London and New York.
Lintott, A. (1999) The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford.
Littauer, M. A. (1981) ‘Early stirrups’, Antiquity 55: 99–105.Google Scholar
Lloyd, A. B. (ed.) (1996) Battle in Antiquity. London.
Lo, Cascio E. (1994) ‘The size of the Roman population: Beloch and the meaning of the Augustan census figures’, Journal of Roman Studies 84: 23–40.Google Scholar
Lo, Cascio E. (ed.) (2003) Credito e moneta nel mondo romano. Bari.
L’Orange, H. P. (1965) Art Forms and Civic Life in the Late Roman Empire. Princeton.
Lot, F. (1946) L’art militaire et les armées au Moyen Age en Europe et dans le Proche Orient. Paris.
Luce, T. J. (1990) ‘Livy, Augustus and the Forum Augustum’, in Raaflaub, and Toher, (1990) 123–38.
Luce, T. J. and Woodman, A. J. (eds.) (1993) Tacitus and the Tacitean Tradition. Princeton.
Luttwak, E. N. (1976) The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third. Baltimore and London.
MacCormack, S. (1981) Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity (The Transformation of the Classical Heritage I). Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
MacCoull, L. S. B. (1988) Dioscorus of Aphrodito: His Work and his World. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
MacCoull, L. S. B. (1995) ‘When Justinian was upsetting the world’, in Miller, and Nebitt, (1995) 106–13.
MacGeorge, P. (2002) Late Roman Warlords. Oxford.
MacMullen, R. (1959) ‘Roman imperial building in the provinces’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 64: 207–35.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1960) ‘Inscriptions on armor and the supply of arms in the Roman Empire’, American Journal of Archaeology 64: 23–40.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1963) Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge, Mass.
MacMullen, R. (1966) Enemies of the Roman Order. Cambridge, Mass.
MacMullen, R. (1980) ‘How big was the Roman army?’, Klio 62: 451–60.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1984a) ‘The legion as society’, Historia 33: 440–56.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1984b) ‘The Roman emperor’s army costs’, Latomus 43: 571–80.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1988) Corruption and the Decline of Rome. New Haven and London.
Maenchen-Helfen, J. O. (1973) The World of the Huns: Studies in their History and Culture. London.
Malkin, I. and Rubinsohn, Z. (eds.) (1995) Leaders and Masses in the Roman World: Studies in Honor of Zwi Yavetz. Leiden.
Mango, C. (1972) The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312–1453. Englewood Cliffs.
Mango, C. (1980) Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. London.
Mango, C. (1985) Le développement urbain de Constantinople (IVe–VIIe siècles). Paris.
Mango, C. (1993a) ‘The columns of Justinian and his successors’, in Mango, (1993b) 1–20.
Mango, C. (1993b) Studies on Constantinople. Aldershot.
Mango, C. and Dagron, G. (eds.) (1995) Constantinople and its Hinterland. Aldershot.
Mango, C. and Scott, R. (eds. and trs.) (1997) The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Oxford.
Mann, J. C. (1963) ‘The raising of new legions during the Principate’, Hermes 91: 483–9.Google Scholar
Mann, J. C. (1976) ‘What was the Notitia Dignitatum for?’, in Goodburn, and Bartholomew, (1976) 1–9.
Mann, J. C. (1977) ‘Duces and comites in the fourth century’, in Johnston, (1977) 11–15.
Mann, J. C. (1979) ‘Power, force and the frontiers of the empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 69: 175–83.Google Scholar
Mann, J. C. (1983) Legionary Recruitment and Veteran Settlement during the Principate. London.
Mann, J. C. (1988) ‘The organization of the frumentarii’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 74: 149–50.Google Scholar
Mantovani, M. (1990) Bellum iustum. Die Idee des gerechten Krieges in der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Bern.Google Scholar
Marchant, D. (1990) ‘Roman weapons in Great Britain, a case study: spearheads, problems in dating and typology’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 1: 1–6.Google Scholar
Marichal, R. (1992) Les ostraca de Bu Njem. Tripoli.
Marsden, E. W. (1969) Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development. Oxford.
Marsden, E. W. (1971) Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises. Oxford.
Mason, D. J. P. (1988) ‘Prata legionis in Britain’, Britannia 19: 163–90.Google Scholar
Mason, D. J. P. (2001) Roman Chester: City of the Eagles. Stroud.
Maspero, G. (1912) L’organisation militaire de l’Egypte byzantine. Paris.
Mattern, S. P. (1999) Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Matthews, J. (1975) Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364–425. Oxford.
Matthews, J. (1989a) The Roman Empire of Ammianus. London.
Matthews, J. (1989b) ‘Hostages, philosophers, pilgrims and the diffusion of ideas in the late Roman Mediterranean and Near East’, in Clover, and Humphreys, (1989) 29–49.
Mattingly, G. (1955) Renaissance Diplomacy. London.
Mattingly, H. (1923) Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. London.
Mause, M. (1994) Die Darstellung des Kaisers in der lateinischen Panegyrik. Stuttgart.
Maxfield, V. A. (1981) The Military Decorations of the Roman Army. London.
Maxfield, V. A. (1986) ‘Pre-Flavian forts and their garrisons’, Britannia 17: 59–72.Google Scholar
Maxfield, V. A. (1989a) ‘Conquest and aftermath’, in Todd, (1989) 19–29.
Maxfield, V. A. (1989b) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook (Exeter Studies in History 25). Exeter.Google Scholar
Maxfield, V. A. and Dobson, M. J. (eds.) (1991) Roman Frontier Studies, 1989: Proceedings of the xvth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. Exeter.
Mayerson, P. (1991) ‘The use of the term “phylarchos” in the Roman-Byzantine east’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 88: 291–95.Google Scholar
Mazza, M. and Giuffrida, C. (eds.) (1985) Le trasformazioni della cultura nella tarda antichità (2 vols.). Rome.
Mazzucchi, C. M. (1981) ‘Le καταγραϕαlς dello Strategicon di Maurizio e lo schieramento di battaglia dell’esercito romano nel VI/VII secolo’, Aevum 55: 111–38.Google Scholar
McCail, R. C. (1978) ‘P. Gr. Vindob. 29788C: hexameter encomium on an unnamed emperor’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 98: 38–63.Google Scholar
McCall, J. B. (2002) The Cavalry of the Roman Republic: Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late Republic. London and New York.
McCormick, M. (1986) Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West. Cambridge.
McEvday, C. and Jones, R. (1978) Atlas of World Population. London.
McGing, B. (1986) The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus. Leiden.
McGing, B. (1998) ‘Bandits, real and imagined, in Graeco-Roman Egypt’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 35: 159–83.Google Scholar
Meier, C. (1995) Caesar. London.
Meissner, B. (ed.) (2005) Krieg — Gesellschaft — Institutionen/War — Society — Institutions. Stuttgart.
Menéndez Argüín, A. R. (2000) ‘Evolución del armamento del legionario romano durante el s. III d.C. y su reflejo en las tácticas’, Habis 31: 327–44.Google Scholar
Mews, S. (ed.) (1982) Religion and National Identity (Studies in Church History 18). Oxford.Google Scholar
Michalak, M. (1987) ‘The origins and development of Sassanian heavy cavalry’, Folia Orientalia 24: 73–86.Google Scholar
Middleton, P. (1983) ‘The Roman army and long-distance trade’, in Garnsey, and Whittaker, (1983) 75–83.
Mielczarek, M. (1993) Cataphracti and Clibanarii: Studies on the Heavy Armoured Cavalry of the Ancient World. Lodz.
Miket, R. and Burgess, C. (eds.) (1984) Between and Beyond the Walls: Essays on the Prehistory and History of North Britain. Edinburgh.
Miles, R. (ed.) (1999) Constructing Identities in Late Antiquity. London.
Millar, F. G. B. (1977, 2 edn. 1992) The Emperor in the Roman World, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. London.
Millar, F. G. B. (1981) ‘The world of the Golden Ass’, Journal of Roman Studies 71: 63–75.Google Scholar
Millar, F. G. B. (1982) ‘Emperors, frontiers and foreign relations, 31 B.C. to A.D. 378’, Britannia 13: 1–23.Google Scholar
Millar, F. G. B. (1984a) ‘The Mediterranean and the Roman revolution: politics, war and the economy’, Past and Present 102: 3–24 (repr. in Millar, (2002) 215–37).Google Scholar
Millar, F. G. B. (1984b) ‘The political character of the classical Roman Republic’, Journal of Roman Studies 74: 1–19.Google Scholar
Millar, F. G. B. (1986) ‘Politics, persuasion and the people before the Social War, 150–90 B.C.’, Journal of Roman Studies 76: 1–11.Google Scholar
Millar, F. G. B. (1988) ‘Government and diplomacy in the Roman empire during the first three centuries’, International History Review 10: 345–77.Google Scholar
Millar, F. G. B. (1989) ‘Political power in mid-Republican Rome: Curia or Comitium?’, Journal of Roman Studies 79: 138–50.Google Scholar
Millar, F. G. B. (1993) The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.–A.D. 337. Cambridge, Mass. and London.
Millar, F. G. B. (1995) ‘Popular politics at Rome in the late Republic’, in Malkin, and Rubinsohn, (1995) 91–113.
Millar, F. G. B. (1998) The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic. Ann Arbor.
Millar, F. G. B. (2002) Rome, the Greek World and the East. Vol. I: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution (ed. by Cotton, H. and Rogers, G.). Chapel Hill and London.Google Scholar
Miller, T. S. and Nebitt, J. (eds.) (1995) Peace and War in Byzantium: Essays in honor of George T. Dennis S.J. Washington, DC.
Millet, M. (1990) The Romanization of Britain: An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation. Cambridge.
Milner, N. P. (1993, 2 edn. 1996) Vegetius, Epitome of Military Science. (Translated Texts for Historians 16) Liverpool.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. (1976) ‘Requisitioned transport in the Roman empire: a new inscription from Pisidia’, Journal of Roman Studies 66: 106–31.Google Scholar
Mitthof, F. M. (2001) Annona militaris. Ein Beitrag zur Verwaltungs- und Heeres-geschichte des römischen Reiches im 3. bis 6. Jh. n. Chr. Florence.
Momigliano, A. (1966a) ‘Some observations on causes of war in ancient historiography’, in Momigliano, (1966b) 112–26.
Momigliano, A. (1975) Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization. Cambridge.
Momigliano, A. (ed.) (1966b) Studies in Historiography. London.
Mommsen, T. (1905) Codex Theodosianus. Berlin.
Morley, N. (2001) ‘The transformation of Italy, 225–28 B.C.’, Journal of Roman Studies 91: 50–62.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. (2001) Plebs and Popular Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge.
Movassat, J. D. (2005) The Large Vault at Taq-i Bustan: A study in Late Sasanian Royal Art (Mellen Studies in Archaeology 3), Queenston/Lampeter.Google Scholar
Müller, A. (1912) ‘Das Heer Iustinians nach Prokop und Agathias’, Philologus 71: 101–38.Google Scholar
Mutz, A. (1987) ‘Die Deutung eines Eisenfundes aus dem spätrepublikanischen Legionslager Cáceres el Viejo (Spanien)’, Jahresberichte aus Augst und Kaiseraugst 7: 323–30.Google Scholar
Nagy, K. (2005) ‘Notes on the arms of the Avar heavy cavalry’, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58.2: 135–48.Google Scholar
Neckel, G. (1918) ‘Hamalt fylkia und svin fylkia’, Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi 34 (n.s. 30): 284–349.Google Scholar
Needham, J. (1976) ‘China’s trebuchets, manned and counterweighted’, in Hall, and West, (1976) 107–45.
Nelis-Clément, J. (2000) Les beneficiarii. Militaires et administrateurs au service de l’empire (Ier s. a. C. – vie s. p. C.). Bordeaux.Google Scholar
Nicasie, M. J. (1998) Twilight of Empire: The Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople (Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology 19). Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Nicolet, C. (1980) The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome. London.
Nicolet, C. (1991) Space, Geography and Politics in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor.
Nicolet, C. (ed.) (1996) Les littératures techniques dans l’antiquité romaine (Entretiens Hardt 42). Geneva.Google Scholar
Nishimura, D. (1988) ‘Crossbows, arrow-guides and the solenarion’, Byzantion 58: 422–35.Google Scholar
Nixon, C. E. V. and Rodgers, B. S. (1996) In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The ‘Panegyrici Latini’. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
North, J. A. (1981) ‘The development of Roman imperialism’, Journal of Roman Studies 71: 1–9.Google Scholar
Oakley, S. P. (1985) ‘Single combat in the Roman republic’, Classical Quarterly 35: 392–410.Google Scholar
Oakley, S. P. (1993) ‘The Roman conquest of Italy’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 9–37.
Obolensky, D. (1971) The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453. London.
Obolensky, D. (1994) Byzantium and the Slavs. Crestwood, NY.
O’Flynn, J. M. (1983) Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire. Edmonton.
O’Gorman, E. (2000) Irony and Misreading in the Annals of Tacitus. Cambridge.
Olster, D. (1993) The Politics of Usurpation in the Seventh Century: Rhetoric and Revolution in Byzantium. Amsterdam.
Oman, C. (1898) A History of the Art of War: The Middle Ages from the Fourth to the Fourteenth Century. London.
Paddock, J. (1985) ‘Some changes in the manufacture and supply of Roman bronze helmets under the late Republic and the early Empire’, in Bishop, (1985b) 142–59.
Parker, H. M. D. (1928) The Roman Legions. Oxford (rev. edn. Watson, G. R., 1971).
Parker, S. T. (1986) Romans and Saracens: A History of the Arabian Frontier (ASOR Diss. Ser. 6). Winona Lake, Ind.
Pasquinucci, M. and Menchelli, S. (1999) ‘The landscape and economy of the territories of Pisae and Volaterrae (coastal north Etruria)’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12: 123–41.Google Scholar
Passerini, A. (1939) Le coorti pretorie. Rome.
Passerini, A. (1949) ‘Legio’, in Ruggiero, (1949) 549–627.
Patterson, J. R. (1987) ‘Crisis, what crisis? Rural change and urban development in imperial Apennine Italy’, Papers of the British School at Rome 55: 115–46.Google Scholar
Patterson, J. R. (1993) ‘Military organization and social change in the later Roman Republic’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 92–112.
Pearce, J. W. E. (1951) The Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. IX: Valentinian I—Theodosius I. London.Google Scholar
Pedroni, L. (2001) ‘Illusionismo antico e illusioni moderne sul soldo legionario da “Polibio” a Domiziano’, Historia 50: 115–30.Google Scholar
Pelling, C. (1993) ‘Tacitus and Germanicus’, in Luce, and Woodman, (1993) 59–85.
Peyrefitte, A. (1989) The Collision of Two Civilisations: The British Expedition to China in 1792–4. London.
Phang, S. E. (2001) The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, 13 B.C—A.D. 235: Law and Family in the Imperial Army. Leiden, Boston, Cologne.
Pharr, C. (1952) The Theodosian Code and Novels. Princeton.
Pigott, S. (1958) ‘Native economies and the Roman occupation of north Britain’, in Richmond, (1958) 1–27.
Pitts, L. F. and St Joseph, J. K. (1985) Inchtuthil: The Roman Legionary Fortress. London.
Platner, S. B. and Ashby, J. (1929) A Topographical Dictionary of Rome. London.
Pohl, W. (1997a) ‘The Empire and the Lombards: treaties and negotiations in the sixth century’, in Pohl, (1997b) 75–133.
Pohl, W. (ed.) (1997b) Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity (The Transformation of the Roman World I). Leiden.
Pollard, N. (1996) ‘The Roman army as a “total” institution in the Near East? Dura-Europos as a case study’, in Kennedy, (1996) 211–27.
Pollard, N. (2000) Soldiers, Cities and Civilians in Roman Syria. Ann Arbor.
Potter, D. (1990) Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire: A Historical Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle. Oxford.
Potter, D. (1996) ‘Emperors, their borders and their neighbours: the scope of imperial mandata’, in Kennedy, (1996) 49–66.
Potter, T. W. (1979) The Changing Landscape of South Etruria. London.
Price, S. R. F. (1984) Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge.
Purcell, N. (1990) ‘The creation of provincial landscape: the Roman impact on Cisalpine Gaul’, in Blagg, and Millet, (1990) 7–29.
Raaflaub, K. A. and Toher, M. (1990) Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Raaflaub, K. A. and Rosenstein, N. (eds.) (1999) War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Washington, DC and Cambridge, Mass.
Rabello, A. M. (1989) Giustiniano, Ebrei e Samaritani alla luce delle fonti storicoletterarie, ecclesiastiche e giuridiche, I. Milan.
Rainbird, J. S. (1969) ‘Tactics at Mons Graupius’, CR 19: 11–12.Google Scholar
Rainbird, J. S. (1976) ‘The Vigiles of Rome’ (University of Durham diss.).
Ramsay, W. M. (1925) ‘The speed of the Roman imperial post’, Journal of Roman Studies 15: 60–74.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2000) ‘Simulacra pugnae: the literary and historical tradition of mock battles in the Roman army’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 41: 223–75.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2003) ‘Elephants in warfare in late antiquity’, Acta Antiqua 43: 355–84.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2004a) ‘The fulcum, the late Roman and Byzantine testudo: the Germanization of late Roman tactics?’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 44: 265–326.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2004b) ‘Drungus, δρoU’γγo” and δρoUγγiστiς – a Gallicism and continuity in Roman cavalry tactics’, Phoenix 58: 96–130.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2005) ‘Narses and the Battle of Taginae (552): text and context in Procopius’, Historia 54: 424–72.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2007a) ‘The Etymologicum Magnum and the “fragmen of Urbicius”’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 47: 193–224.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2007b) ‘The date of the military compendium of Syrianus Magister (formerly the sixth-century Anonymus Byzantinus)’, BZ 100.2.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2007c) The Roman Art of War in Late Antiquity: The Strategicon of the Emperor Maurice: A Translation with Commentary and Textual Studies (Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs). Aldershot.Google Scholar
Rance, P. (2008) ‘Maurice’s Strategikon and “the Ancients”: Aelian and Arrian’, in Rance, P. and Sekunda, N. V. (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Greek Taktika (University of Toru, 7–11 April 2005). (Gdansk).Google Scholar
Rance, P. (forthcoming) ‘Campidoctores, vicarii vel tribuni: the Senior Regimental Officers in the late Roman Army’, in Lewin, A. and Pellegrini, P. (eds.), L’esercito romano tardo antico nel vicino oriente da Diocleziano alla conquista araba (Atti del Congresso organizato dall’ Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza-Acerenza-Matera, 10–14 Maggio 2005) (BAR Int. Ser.). Oxford.
Rankov, N. B. (1990) ‘Frumentarii, the Castra Peregrina and the provincial officia’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 79: 176–82.Google Scholar
Rankov, N. B. (1994) The Praetorian Guard. London.
Rankov, N. B. (1995) ‘Fleets of the early Roman empire, 31 B.C–A.D. 324’, in Gardiner, and Morrison, (1995) 78–85.
Rankov, N. B. (1999) ‘The governor’s men: the officium consularis in provincial administration’, in Goldsworthy, and Haynes, (1999) 15–34.
Rathbone, D. W. (1981) ‘The development of agriculture in the Ager Cosanus during the Roman republic: problems of evidence and interpretation’, Journal of Roman Studies 71: 10–23.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. W. (1989) ‘The ancient economy and Graeco-Roman Egypt’, in Criscuolo, and Geraci, (1989) 159–76.
Rathbone, D. W. (1993a) ‘The census qualifications of the assidui and the prima classis’, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg, et al. (1993) 121–52.
Rathbone, D. W. (1993b) ‘The Italian countryside and the Gracchan “crisis”’, JACT Review 13: 18–20.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. W. (1996) ‘The imperial finances’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005 x, 309–23.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. W. (1997) ‘Prices and price-formation in Roman Egypt’, in Andreau, et al. (1997) 183–244.
Rathbone, D. W. (2003) ‘The financing of maritime commerce in the Roman empire, 1–11 A.D.’, in Lo, Cascio (2003) 197–229.
Ravegnani, G. (1988) Soldati di Bisanzio in età giustinianea (Materiali e Ricerche n.s. 6). Rome.
Rawson, E. (1971) ‘The literary sources for the pre-Marian Roman army’, Papers of the British School at Rome 39: 13–31.Google Scholar
Rawson, E. (1975) ‘Caesar’s heritage: Hellenistic kings and their Roman equals’, Journal of Roman Studies 65: 148–59.Google Scholar
Rawson, E. (1985) Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic. London.
Rea, J. R. (1984) ‘A cavalryman’s career, A.D. 384(?)–401’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 56: 79–88.Google Scholar
Reddé, M. (1986) Mare Nostrum. Les infrastructures, le dispositif et l’histoire de la marine militaire sous l’empire romain (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 260). Rome.Google Scholar
Reeve, M. D. (ed.) (2004) Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris. Oxford.
Reinink, G. J. and Stolte, B. H. (eds.) (2002) The Reign of Heraclius, 610–641: Crisis and Confrontation (Gröningen Studies in Cultural Change 2). Leuven.Google Scholar
Remesal, Rodriguez J. (1986) La annona militaris y la exportación de aceite bético a Germania. Madrid.
Remesal, Rodriguez J. (1997) Heeresversorgung und die wirtschaflichen Beziehungen zwischen Baetica und Germanien. Stuttgart.
Rémondon, R. (1955) ‘Problèmes militaires en Égypte et dans l’empire à la fin du ive siècle’, Revue Historique 213: 21–38.Google Scholar
Reynolds, J. (1982) Aphrodisias and Rome. London.
Rich, J. W. and Williams, J. H. C. (1999) ‘Leges et iura P. R. restituit: A new aureus of Octavian and the settlement of 28–27 B.C.’, Numismatic Chronicle 159: 169–213.Google Scholar
Rich, J. W. (1983) ‘The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century B.C.’, Historia 32: 287–331.Google Scholar
Rich, J. W. (1993) ‘Fear, greed and glory: the causes of Roman war-making in the middle Republic’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 38–68.
Rich, J. W. (1998) ‘Augustus’s Parthian honours, the temple of Mars Ultor and the arch in the Forum Romanum’, Papers of the British School at Rome 66: 71–128.Google Scholar
Rich, J. W. and Shipley, G. (eds.) (1993) War and Society in the Roman World. London and New York.
Richardot, P. (1998a) ‘La datation du De re militari de Végèce’, Latomus 57: 136–47.Google Scholar
Richardot, P. (1998b) Végèce et la culture militaire au Moyen Age (Ve–XVe siècles). Paris.
Richardot, P. (2001, 3rd edn, 2005) La Fin de l’armée romaine (284–476), 2nd rev. and exp. edn, Paris.
Richardson, J. S. (1991) ‘Imperium Romanum: empire and the language of power’, Journal of Roman Studies 81: 1–9.Google Scholar
Richmond, I. A. (1962) ‘The Roman siege-works at Masada’, Journal of Roman Studies 52: 142–55.Google Scholar
Richmond, I. A. (1968) Hod Hill. Vol. II: Excavations Carried out between 1951 and 1958 for the Trustees of the British Museum. London.Google Scholar
Richmond, I. A. (ed.) (1958) Roman and Native in North Britain. Edinburgh.
Ridley, R. T. (tr.) (1982) Zosimus, New History. Melbourne.
Ritterling, E. (1903) ‘Zum römischen Heerwesen des ausgehenden dritten Jahrhunderts’, in Babes, V. et al. (eds.) Festschrift für O. Hirschfeld (Berlin) 345–49.Google Scholar
Ritterling, E. (1925) ‘Legio’, Paulys Real-Encylopädie der classische Altertumwissenschaft, ed. Wissowa, G. et al. Stuttgart 1894–1972 XII.1–XII.2, 1211–1829.Google Scholar
Rivet, A. L. F. (1971) ‘Hillforts in action’, in Hill, and Jesson, (1971) 109–202.
Robinson, H. R. (1975) The Armour of Imperial Rome. London.
Rösch, G. (1978) ONOMA BA∑IΛEIA∑ Studien zum offiziellen Gebrauch der Kaisertitel in spätantiker und frühbyzantinischer Zeit. Vienna.
Rosenstein, N. (1999) ‘Republican Rome’, in Raaflaub and Rosenstein (1999) 193–216.
Rossi, L. (1971) Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars. London.
Rostovtzeff, M. (1957) The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (2 vols.), 2nd edn (rev. Fraser, P.M.). Oxford.
Roth, J. P. (1994) ‘The size and organisation of the Roman imperial legion’, Historia 43: 346–62.Google Scholar
Roth, J. P. (1999) The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 264 B.C–A.D. 235. Leiden.
Rowlandson, J. (1996) Landowners and Tenants in Roman Egypt. Oxford.
Roymans, N. (1983) ‘The north Belgic tribes in the first century B.C.: a historical-anthropological perspective’, in Burndt, and Slofstra, (1983) 43–69.
Roymans, N. (1990) Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul. Amsterdam.
Rubin, Z. (1986) ‘Diplomacy and war in the relations between Byzantium and the Sassanids in the fifth century A.D.’, in Freeman, and Kennedy, (1986) 677–95.
Rubin, Z. (1995) ‘The reforms of Khusro Anushirwan’, in Cameron, (1995) 227–97.
Rubin, Z. (2000) ‘The Sasanid monarchy’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005 XIV, 638–61.Google Scholar
Rupprecht, G. (ed.) (1986) Die Mainzer Römerschiffe. Mainz.
Rushworth, A. (1996) ‘North African deserts and mountains: comparisons and insights’, in Kennedy, (1996) 297–316.
Sabbah, G. (1980), ‘Pour la datation théodosienne du De Re Militari de Végèce’, in Centre, Jean Palerne (Univ. de Saint-Etienne), Mémoires 2: 131–55.Google Scholar
Sabin, P. (2000) ‘The face of Roman battle’, Journal of Roman Studies 90: 1–17.Google Scholar
Sabin, P. (2007) Lost Battles: Reconstructing the Great Clashes of the Ancient World. London.
Sablayrolles, R. (1996) Libertinus miles. Les cohortes de vigiles. Rome.Google Scholar
Saddington, D. B. (1975) ‘The development of Roman auxiliary forces from Augustus to Trajan’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 11.3: 176–201.Google Scholar
Saddington, D. B. (1982) The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian. Harare.
Salazar, C. F. (2000) The Treatment of War Wounds in Graeco-Roman Antiquity. Leiden.
Sallares, R. (1999) ‘Malattie e demografia nel Lazio e in Toscana nell’antichità’, in Vera, (1999) 131–88.
Salmon, E. T. (1965) Samnia and the Samnites. Cambridge.
Salway, B. (2001) ‘Travel, itineraria and tabellaria’, in Adams, and Laurence, (2001) 22–66.
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H., Teitler, H. C., van der Spek, R. J. and Wallinga, H. T. (eds.) (1993) ‘De agricultura’. In memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Sasel, Kos M. (1978) ‘A Latin epitaph of a Roman legionary from Corinth’, Journal of Roman Studies 68: 22–6.Google Scholar
Saxer, R. (1967) Untersuchungen zu den Vexillationen des römischen Kaiserheeres von Augustus bis Diokletian (Epigraphische Studien I). Cologne and Graz.
Scharf, R. (1991a) ‘Praefecti praetorio vacantes. Generalquartiermeister des spätrömischen Heeres’, Byzantinische Forschungen 17: 223–33.Google Scholar
Scharf, R. (1991b) ‘Seniores-iuniores und die Heeresteilung des Jahres 364’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 89: 265–72.Google Scholar
Scharf, R. (2001) ‘Equites Dalmatae und cunei Dalmatarum in der Spätantike’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 135: 185–93.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. (1996a) ‘The demography of the Roman imperial army’, in Scheidel, (1996b) 93–138.
Scheidel, W. (1996b) Measuring Sex, Age and Death in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor.
Schenk, D. (1930) Flavius Vegetius Renatus. Die Quellen der ‘Epitoma rei militaris’ (Klio Beiheft 22). Leipzig.
Schiavone, A. (ed.) (1993) Storia di Roma. Vol. III: L’età tardoantica, I: Crisi e trasformazioni. Turin.Google Scholar
Schiller, A. A. (1970) ‘Sententiae Hadriani de re militari’, in Becker, W. G. and Carolfeld, L. Schnorr von (eds.), Sein und Werden im Recht. Festgabe für Ulrich von Lübtow zum 70. Geburtstag am 21. August 1970 (Berlin) 295–306.Google Scholar
Schissel, Fleschenberg O. (1941–2) ‘Spätantike Anleitung zum Bogenschiessen’, Wiener Studien 59: 110–24, Wiener Studien 60: 43–70.Google Scholar
Schlüter, W. (1999) ‘The battle of the Teutoburg Forest: archaeological research at Kalkriese near Osnabrück’, in Creighton, and Wilson, (1999) 125–61.
Schmitt, O. (1994) ‘Die bucellarii’, Tyche 9: 147–74.Google Scholar
Schmitthenner, W. C. G. (1958) ‘The armies of the triumviral period: a study of the origins of the Roman Imperial Legions’ (Oxford University diss.)
Scott, R. T. (2000) ‘The triple arch of Augustus and the Roman triumph’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 13: 183–91.Google Scholar
Scott, R. (1992) ‘Diplomacy in the sixth century: the evidence of John Malalas’, in Shepard, and Franklin, (1992) 159–65.
Scramuzza, V. M. (1937) ‘Roman Sicily’, in Frank, (1937) 225–377.
Seager, R. (1979) Pompey: A Political Biography. Oxford.
Seager, R. (1997) ‘Perceptions of eastern frontier policy in Ammianus, Libanius and Julian (337–363)’, Classical Quarterly n.s. 47: 253–68.Google Scholar
Seager, R. (1999) ‘Roman policy on the Rhine and Danube in Ammianus’, Classical Quarterly n.s. 49: 579–605.Google Scholar
Seeck, O. (1876) Notitia Dignitatum. Frankfurt.
Seston, W. (1955) ‘Du comitatus du Dioclétien aux comitatenses de Constantin’, Historia 5: 284–96.Google Scholar
Settis, S., La Regina, A., Agnosti, G. and Farinella, V. (1988) La Colonna Traiana. Turin.
Shahîd, I. (1989) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. Washington, DC.
Shahîd, I. (1995) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (2 vols.). Washington, DC.
Shaw, B. D. (1983) ‘Soldiers and society: the army in Numidia’, Opus 2: 133–60 (repr. in Shaw, (1995) ch. 9).Google Scholar
Shaw, B. D. (1984) ‘Bandits in the Roman Empire’, Past and Present 105: 3–52.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. D. (1986) ‘Autonomy and tribute: mountain and plain in Mauretania Tingitana’, Revue de I’Occident Musulman 41–2: 66–89.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. D. (1995) Rulers, Nomads and Christians in Roman North Africa. Brookfield, Vt.
Shaw, B. D. (1999) ‘War and violence’, in Bowersock, et al. (1999) 130–69.
Shaw, B. D. (2000) ‘Rebels and outsiders’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XII, 361–403.Google Scholar
Shepard, J. and Franklin, S. (eds.) (1992) Byzantine Diplomacy. Aldershot.
Shepherd, D. (1983) ‘Sasanian art’, in Yarshater, (1983) 11.1055–1112.
Sheridan, J. A. (1998) Columbia Papyri IX: The ‘Vestis Militaris’ Codex. Atlanta.Google Scholar
Sherk, R. K. (1969) Roman Documents from the Greek East. Baltimore.
Sherk, R. K. (1974) ‘Roman geographical exploration and military maps’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 11.1: 534–62.Google Scholar
Sherk, R. K. (1988) The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Translated Documents of Greece and Rome 6). Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sherwin-White, A. N. (1984) Roman Foreign Policy in the East, 168 bc to ad I. London.
Shirley, E. (2001) Building a Roman Legionary Fortress. Stroud.
Sidebottom, H. (1990) ‘Studies in Dio Chrysostom, On Kingship’ (Oxford University diss.).
Sidebottom, H. (1993) ‘Philosophers’ attitudes to warfare under the principate’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 241–64.
Sidebottom, H. (1998) ‘Herodian’s historical methods and understanding of history’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 11.34.4: 2775–836.Google Scholar
Sidebottom, H. (2005) ‘Roman imperialism: the changed outward trajectory of the Roman empire’, Historia.Google Scholar
Sidebottom, H. (forthcoming a) ‘Philostratus and the roles of the Sophist and Philosopher in the Second Sophistic’, in Bowie, and Elsner, (forthcoming).
Sirks, B. (1991) Food for Rome: The Legal Structure of the Transportation and Processing of Supplies for the Imperial Distributions in Rome and Constantinople. Amsterdam.
Sivan, H. S. (1985) ‘An unedited letter of the Emperor Honorius to the Spanish soldiers’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 61: 273–87.Google Scholar
Skeat, T. C. (1964) Papyri from Panopolis in the Chester Beatty Library Dublin. Dublin.
Smith, G. R. (tr.) (1994) The Conquest of Iran (The History of al-Tabari 14). Albany, NY.
Smith, R. E. (1958) Service in the Post-Marian Roman Army. Manchester.
Smith, R. E. (1972a) ‘The army reforms of Septimius Severus’, Historia 21: 481–99.Google Scholar
Smith, R. E. (1972b) ‘Dux, praepositus’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 36: 263–78.Google Scholar
Smythe, D. C. (ed.) (2000) Strangers to Themselves: The Byzantine Outsider. Aldershot.
Sommer, C. S. (1984) The Military Vici in Roman Britain: Aspects of their Origins, their Location and Layout, Administration, Function and End (BAR Brit. Ser. 129). Oxford.
Sommer, C. S. (1999) ‘The Roman army in SW Germany as an instrument of colonisation: the relationship of forts to military and civilian vici’, in Goldsworthy, and Haynes, (1999) 81–93.
Southern, P. and Dixon, K. R. (1996) The Late Roman Army. London.
Southern, P. (1989) ‘The numeri of the Roman imperial army’, Britannia 20: 81–140.Google Scholar
Spaul, J. (1994) Ala: The Auxiliary Cavalry Units of the Pre-Diocletianic Imperial Roman Army. Andover.
Spaul, J. (2000) Cohors: The Evidence for and a Short History of the Auxiliary Infantry Units of the Imperial Roman Army (BAR Int. Ser. 841). Oxford.
Spaulding, O. A. (1933) ‘The ancient military writers’, Classical Journal 28: 657–69.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. A. (1992) ‘Roman army pay scales’, Journal of Roman Studies 82: 87–106.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. and Dimitrova-Milceva, A. (1978) ‘The cult of the Genii in the Roman army and a new military deity’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 11.16.2: 1542–55.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1965) Die ‘Equites Singulares Augusti’. Begleittruppe der römischen Kaiser des zweiten und dritten Jahrhunderts. Bonn.
Speidel, M. P. (1974) ‘Stablesiani: the raising of new cavalry units during the crisis of the Roman Empire’, Chiron 4: 541–6.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1975) ‘The rise of ethnic units in the Roman Imperial Army’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 11.3: 202–31.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1977) ‘A cavalry regiment from Orleans at Zeugma on the Euphrates: the Equites Scutarii Aureliaci’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 27: 271–3.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1978a) Guards of the Roman Armies: An Essay on the Singulares of the Provinces. Bonn.
Speidel, M. P. (1978b) The Religion of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. Leiden.
Speidel, M. P. (1983) ‘Exploratores: mobile élite units of Roman Germany’, Epigraphische Studien 13: 63–78 (repr. in Speidel (1992b) 89–104).Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1984a) ‘Cataphractarii clibanarii and the rise of the later Roman mailed cavalry: a gravestone from Claudiopolis in Bithynia’, Epigraphica Anatolica 4: 151–6.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1984b) ‘Germani corporis custodes’, Germania 62: 31–45 (repr. in Speidel (1992b) 105–19).Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1984c) Roman Army Studies. Vol. 1 (Mavors I). Amsterdam.
Speidel, M. P. (1986) ‘The early protectores and their beneficiarius-lance’, AKB 16: 451–3.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1987) ‘The Roman road to Dumata (Jawf in Saudi Arabia) and the frontier strategy of praetensione colligare’, Historia 36: 213–21.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1988) ‘Maxentius’ Praetorians’, Mélanges de l’archéologie et d’histoire de l’Ecole française de Rome, Antiquité 100: 183–6.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1991) ‘Swimming the Danube under Hadrian’s eyes: a feat of the emperor’s Batavi Horse Guard’, Ancient Society 22: 277–82.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1992a) The Framework of an Imperial Legion. Cardiff.
Speidel, M. P. (1992b) Roman Army Studies. Vol. II (Mavors 8). Stuttgart.
Speidel, M. P. (1993) Die Denkmäler der Kaiserreiter (‘Equites Singulares Augusti’). Bonn.
Speidel, M. P. (1994) Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors’ Horse Guards. Cambridge, Mass.
Speidel, M. P. (1996a) ‘Raising new units for the late Roman army: Auxilia Palatina’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 50: 163–70.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1996b) ‘Roman cavalry training and the riding school of the Mauritanian horseguard’, Antiquités africaines 32: 57–62.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (1996c) ‘Sebastian’s strike force at Adrianople’, Klio 78: 434–7.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. P. (2000) ‘Who fought in the front?’, in Alföldy, et al. (2000) 473–82.
Stäcker, J. (2003) Princeps und miles. Studien zum Bindungs und Nahverhältnis von Kaiser und Soldat im I. und 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Hildesheim.
Stadter, P. A. (1978) ‘The Ars tactica of Arrian: tradition and originality’, Classical Philology 73: 117–28.Google Scholar
Stadter, P. A. (1980) Arrian of Nicomedia. Chapel Hill.
Stahl, M. (1989) ‘Zwischen abgrenzung und intergration: die vertrage der Kaiser Mark Aurel und Commodus mit den volken genseits der Donau’, Chiron 19: 289–317.Google Scholar
Starr, C. G. (1941) The Roman Imperial Navy, 31 B.C–A.D. 324. Ithaca.
Starr, C. G. (1960) The Roman Imperial Navy, 31 B.C–A.D. 324, 2nd edn. Cambridge.
Starr, C. G. (1993) The Roman Imperial Navy, 31 B.C–A.D. 324, 3rd edn. Chicago.
Stockton, D. (1979) The Gracchi. Oxford.
Stoneman, R. (1992) Palmyra and its Empire: Zenobia’s Revolt against Rome. Michigan.
Strazzula, M. J. (1972) Il santuario sannitico di Pietrabbondante, 2nd edn. Campobasso.
Sutherland, C. H. V. (1967) The Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. vi: From Diocletian’s reform to the death of Maximinus, A.D. 294–313. London.Google Scholar
Swain, S. and Edwards, M. (eds.) (2004) Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire. Oxford.
Swann, V. G. and Philpott, R. A. (2000) ‘Legio xx vv and tile production at Tarbock, Merseyside’, Britannia 31: 55–67.Google Scholar
Syme, R. (1939) The Roman Revolution. Oxford.
Syme, R. (1964) Sallust. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Syme, R. (1971) Emperors and Biography: Studies in the Historia Augusta. Oxford.
Syme, R. (1988) ‘Military geography at Rome’, Classical Antiquity 7: 227–51.Google Scholar
Talbert, R. J. A. (1984) The Senate of Imperial Rome. Princeton.
Talbert, R. J. A. (1988) ‘Commodus as diplomat in an extract from the Acta Senatus’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 71: 137–47.Google Scholar
Tarver, W. T. S. (1995) ‘The traction trebuchet: a reconsideration of an early medieval siege engine’, Technology and Culture 36: 136–67.Google Scholar
Tausend, K. (1985–6) ‘Hunnische Poliorketik’, Gräzer Beiträge 12–13: 265–81.Google Scholar
Tchernia, A. (1986) Le vin de l’Italie romaine. Rome.
Teall, J. (1965) ‘The barbarians in Justinian’s armies’, Speculum 40: 294–322.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. A. (1982) Romans and Barbarians. Madison, Wis.
Thompson, E. A. (1996) The Huns, rev. edn. London.
Thompson, E. A (1952) A Roman Reformer and Inventor. Oxford.
Thomson, R. W. and Howard-Johnston, J. D. (1999) The Armenian History attributed to Sebeos (Trasnlated Texts for Historians 31). Liverpool.Google Scholar
Thomson, R. W. (2000) ‘Armenia in the fifth and sixth century’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. , J. Boardman et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005 XIV, 662–77.Google Scholar
Todd, M. (1998) ‘The Germanic peoples’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005 XIII, 461–86.Google Scholar
Todd, M. (1999) Roman Britain, 3rd edn. Oxford.
Todd, M. (ed.) (1989) Research on Roman Britain, 1960–1989. London.
Tomber, R. (1996) ‘Provisioning the desert: pottery supply to Mons Claudianus’, in Bailey (1996) 39–49.
Tomlin, R. S. O. (1972) ‘Seniores-luniores in the late Roman field army’, American Journal of Philology 93: 253–78.Google Scholar
Tomlin, R. S. O. (1987) ‘The army of the late empire’, in Wacher (1987) 1, 107–33.
Tomlin, R. S. O. (2000) ‘The legions in the late empire’, in Brewer (2000) 159–78.
Toynbee, A. J. (1965) Hannibal’s Legacy: The Hannabalic War’s Effects on Roman Life. Vol. II: Rome and her Neighbours after Hannibal’s Exit. London.Google Scholar
Traina, G. (1986–7) ‘Aspettando i barbari. Le origini tardoantiche della guerriglia di frontiera’, Romano-barbarica 9: 247–80.Google Scholar
Treadgold, W. (1995) Byzantium and its Army, 284–1081. Stanford.
Trombley, F. R. (2002) ‘Military cadres and battle during the reign of Heraclius’, in Reinink and Stolte (2002) 240–60.
Ubina, J. F. (2000) Cristianosy Militares. La iglesia antigua ante el ejército y la guerra. Granada.
Vallet, F. and Kazanski, M. (eds.) (1993) L’armée romaine et les barbares du IIIe au VIIe siècles (Mémoires de l’Association Française d’Archéologie Mérovingienne 5). Paris.Google Scholar
van Berchem, D. (1937) ‘L’annone militaire dans l’empire remain au IIIe siècle’, Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France 8th ser. 10: 117–202.Google Scholar
van Berchem, D. (1952) L’armée de Dioclétien et la réforme constantinienne. Paris.
van Berchem, D. (1977) ‘L’annone militaire, est-elle un mythe?’, in Chastagnol et al. (1977) 331–9.
van Dam, R. (1985) Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
van der Veen, M. (1998) ‘A life of luxury in the desert? The food and fodder supply to Mons Claudianus’, Journal of Roman Archaeology II: 101–16.Google Scholar
van Driel-Murray, C. (1990) ‘New light on old tents’, Jounal of Roman Military Equipment Studies I: 109–37.Google Scholar
van Driel-Murray, C. (ed.) (1989) Roman Military Equipment: The Sources of Evidence (BAR Int. Ser. 476). Oxford.
Vasiliev, A. A. (1950) Justin the First: An Introduction to the Epoch of Justinian the Great (Dumbarton Oaks Studies I). Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Vera, D. (ed.) (1999) Demografia, sistemi agrari, regimi alimentari nel mondo antico. Atti del convegno internazionale di Studi (Parma 17–19 ottobre 1997). Bari.Google Scholar
Viereck, H. D. L (1975) Die römische Flotte. Classis Romana. Herford.
Vishnia, R. F. (1996) State, Society and Popular Leaders in Mid-Republican Rome, 241–167 B.C.. London and New York.
Vittinghoff, F. (1968) ‘Die Bedeutung der Legionslager für die Entstehung der römischen Städte an der Donau und in Dakien’, in Claus et al. (1968) 132–42.
Völling, T. (1991–2) ‘Plumbatae sagittae? Anmerkungen zu Waffenfunden aus dem augusteischen Lager von Haltern’, Boreas 14–15: 293–6.Google Scholar
Völling, T. (1991) ‘Plumbata-mattiobarbulus-μαρτξoβαρβouλν. Bemerkungen zu einem Waffenfund aus Olympia’, Archäologischer Anzeiger: 287–98.Google Scholar
von Domaszewski, A. (1885) Die Fahnen im Römischen Heere. Vienna.
von Domaszewski, A. (1892) ‘Die Thierbilder der Signa’, Archäologische Epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn 15: 182–93.Google Scholar
von Domaszewski, A. (1895) ‘Die Religion des römischen Heeres’, Westdeutsche Zeitschrift 21: 1–124.Google Scholar
von Domaszewski, A. (1908; 2nd edn Dobson, B., 1967) Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres. Cologne and Graz.
von Gall, H. (1990) Das Reiterkampfbild in der Iranischer und lranisch Beeinflusten Kunst Parthischer und Sassanischer Zeit. Berlin.
von Petrikovits, H. (1975) Die Innenbauten römischer Legionslager während der Prinzipatszeit (Wiss. Abh. der Rhein.-Westf. Akad der Wiss. 56). Opladen.
Voorips, A., Loving, S. H. and Kamermans, H. (1991) The Agro Pontino Survey Project: Methods and Preliminary Results. Amsterdam.
Waas, M. (1965) Germanen im römischen Dienst. Bonn.
Wacher, J. (1987). The Roman World (2 vols.). London.
Walker, C. L. (1980) ‘Hostages in republican Rome’ (University of North Carolina diss.).
Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1990) ‘Roman arches and Greek honours: the language of power at Rome’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 36: 143–81.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, B. (2000) ‘Land, labour and settlement’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005 XIV, 315–45.Google Scholar
Ward-Perkins, B. (2005) The Fall of Rome. Oxford.
Wardman, A. E. (1984) ‘Usurpers and internal conflicts in the fourth century A.D.’, Historia 33: 220–37.Google Scholar
Warmington, B. H. (1953) Review of van Berchem (1952), Journal of Roman Studies 43: 173–5.Google Scholar
Warmington, B. H. (1977) ‘Objectives and strategy in the Persian War of Constantius II’, in Fitz, (1977) 509–20.
Watson, A. (1999) Aurelian and the Third Century. London.
Watson, G. R. (1965) ‘Discharge and resettlement in the Roman army: the praemia militiae’, in Welskopf, (1965) 147–62.
Watson, G. R. (1969) The Roman Soldier. Bath.
Watson, G. R. (1983) The Roman Soldier, 2nd edn. London, .
Waurick, G. (1983) ‘Untersuchungen zur historisierenden Rüstung in der römischen Kunst’, Jahrbuch des Römisch-germanische Zentralmuseums 30: 267–301.Google Scholar
Waurick, G. (1988) ‘Römische Helme’, in Antike Helme. Eine Ausstellung aus Anlass des XIII. Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie in Berlin 327–538, Mainz.Google Scholar
Webster, G. (1985) The Roman Imperial Army, 3rd edn (orig. 1969). London.
Webster, G. (1993) The Roman Invasion of Britain. London.
Webster, J. (1994) ‘Ethnographic barbarity: colonial discourse and “Celtic warrior societies”’, in Webster, and Cooper, (1994) 111–123.
Webster, J. and Cooper, N. (eds.) (1996) Symposium on Roman Imperialism, Post-Colonial Perspectives. Leicester.
Wegeleben, Th. (1913) ‘Die Rangordnung der römischen Centurionen’ (Berlin University diss.).
Welch, K. and Powell, A. (eds.) (1998) Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The Commentarii as Political Propaganda. London.
Wellesley, K. (1975) The Long Year, A.D. 69. London.
Wells, C. M. (1972) The German Policy of Augustus. Oxford.
Wells, C. M. (1977) ‘Where did they put the horses? Cavalry stables in the early empire’, in Fitz, (1977) 659–65.
Wells, C. M. (1989 [1998]) ‘Celibate soldiers: Augustus and the army’, American Journal of Ancient History 14 (1989): 180–90.Google Scholar
Welskopf, E. C. (ed.) (1965) Neue Beiträge zur Geschichte der Alten Welt, II. Berlin.
Werner, J. (1984), ‘Ein byzantinischer “Steigbügel” aus Cari in Grad’, in Duval, N. and Popovi, V. (eds.), Cari in Grad I (Collection de l’École Française de Rome 75). Belgrade/Rome, 147–55.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E. L. (1977) ‘Flavius Arrianus: a political and military biography’ (Duke University diss.).
Wheeler, E. L. (1978) ‘The occasion of Arrian’s Tactica’, Greel, Roman and Byzantine Studies 19: 351–65.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E. L. (1979) ‘The legion as phalanx’, Chiron 9: 303–18.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E. L. (1991) ‘Rethinking the upper Euphrates frontier: where was the western border of Armenia?’, Limes 15: 505–11.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E. L. (1993) ‘Methodological limits and the mirage of Roman strategy’, Journal of Military History 57: 7–41, 215–40.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E. L. (1996) ‘The laxity of Syrian legions’, in Kennedy, (1996). 229–76.
Wheeler, E. L. (1998), ‘Battles and Frontiers’, Journal of Roman Archaeology II: 644–51.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E. L. (2001) ‘Firepower: missile weapons and the “face of battle”’, in Dabrowa, (2001) 169–84.
Wheeler, E. L. (2004) ‘The Legion as Phalanx in the Late Empire’ (pt. I) in Le Bohec, and Wolff, (2004) 309–58; (pt. II) Revue des Etudes Militaires Anciennes I (2004) 147–75.Google Scholar
Wheeler, R. E. M. (1943) Maiden Castle. Oxford.
Whitby, ( Michael L. (2000d) ‘Pride and prejudice in Procopius’ Buildings: imperial images in Constantinople’, Antiquité tardive 8: 59–66.Google Scholar
Whitby, ( Michael L. (2004) ‘Emperors and armies, 235–395’, in Swain, and Edwards, (2004) 156–86.
Whitby, ( Michael L. (2005) ‘War and state in late antiquity: some economic and political connections’, in Meissner, (2005) 355–85.
Whitby, ( Michael L. (2006) ‘Fractions, bishops, violence and urban decline’ in Krause, and Witschel, (2006) 441–61
Whitby, ( Michael L. (2008) ‘Byzantine diplomacy: good faith, trust and cooperation in international relations in late antiquity’.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1985) ‘The long walls of Constantinople’, Byzantion 55: 560–83.Google Scholar
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1988) The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare. Oxford.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1992a) ‘From frontier to palace: the personal role of the emperor in diplomacy’, in Shepard, and Franklin, (1992) 295–303.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1992b) ‘Greek historical writing after Procopius: variety and vitality’, in Cameron, and Conrad, (1992) 25–80.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1994) ‘The Persian king at war’, in Dabrowa, (1994) 227–63.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1995) ‘Recruitment in Roman armies from Justinian to Heraclius, ca. 565–615’, in Cameron, (1995) 61–124.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1998) ‘Deus nobiscum: Christianity, warfare and morale in late antiquity’, in Austin, et al. (1998) 191–208.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (1999) ‘The violence of the circus factions’, in Hopwood, (1999) 229–53.
Whitby, (L.) Michael (2000a) ‘Armies and society in the later Roman world’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIV, 469–95.Google Scholar
Whitby, (L.) Michael (2000b) ‘The army, c. 420–602’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIV, 288–314.Google Scholar
Whitby, (L.) Michael (2000c) ‘The Balkans and Greece’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIV, 701–30.Google Scholar
Whitby, ( M. L. and Whitby, , Mary, (trs.) (1986) The ‘Historiae’ of Theophylact Simocatta. Oxford.
Whitby, ( M. L. (tr.) (2000e) The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius Scholasticus. (Translated Texts for Historians 33) Liverpool.Google Scholar
Whitby, Marry (1987) ‘On the omission of a ceremony in mid-sixth century Constantinople’, Historia 36: 462–88.Google Scholar
Whittaker, C. R. and Garnsey, P. D. A. (1998) ‘Rural life in the later Roman empire’, The Cambridge Ancient History, ed. Boardman, J. et al. 2nd edn. Cambridge 1970–2005. XIII, 277–311.Google Scholar
Whittaker, C. R. (1982) ‘Labour supply in the late Roman Empire’, Opus 1: 171–9.Google Scholar
Whittaker, C. R. (1993) ‘Landlords and warlords in the later Roman Empire’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 277–302.
Whittaker, C. R. (1994) Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study. Baltimore and London.
Whittaker, C. R. (1996) ‘Where are the frontiers now?’, in Kennedy, (1996) 25–41.
Whittaker, C. R. (2000) ‘Frontiers’, CAH XII, 293–319.Google Scholar
Whittaker, C. R. (2002) ‘Supplying the army: evidence from Vindolanda’, in Erdkamp, (2002) 204–34.
Whittow, M. (1999) ‘Rome and the Jafnids: writing the history of a sixth-century tribal dynasty’, in Humphrey, (1999) 207–24.
Wiedemann, T. (1979) ‘Petitioning a fourth-century emperor’, Florilegium 1: 140–50.Google Scholar
Wierschowski, L. (1984) Heer und Wirtschaft. Das römische Heer der Prinzipat als Wirtschaftsfaktor. Bonn.
Wiesehöfer, J. (1996) Ancient Persia from 550 B.C. to 650 ad (tr. Azodi, A.). London.
Wightman, E. M. (1981) ‘The lower Liri valley: problems, trends and peculiarities’, in Barker, and Hodges, (1981) 275–87.
Wild, J. P. (1976) ‘The gynaecia’, in Goodburn, and Bartholomew, (1976) 51–8.
Williams, S. and Friell, G. (1994) Theodosius: The Empire at Bay. London.
Wilmott, T. and Wilson, P. (2000) The Late Roman Transition in the North. Oxford.
Wilmott, T. (1997) Birdoswald: Excavations of a Roman Fort on Hadrian’s Wall and its successor settlements. London.
Winkler, S. (1965) ‘Die Samariter in den Jahren 529/30’, Klio 43–5: 435–57.Google Scholar
Winter, E. and Dignas, B. (2001) Rom und das Perserreich. Berlin.
Wirszubski, Ch. (1950) Libertas as a Political Ideal at Rome during the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge.
Wirth, G. (1997) ‘Rome and its Germanic partners in the fourth century’, in Pohl, (1997b) 13–55.
Witakowski, W. (1996) Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Chronicle (known also as the Chronicle of Zuqnin), Part III. (Translated Texts for Historians 22) Liverpool.
Wolff, H. (1986) ‘Die Entwicklung der Veteranenprivilegien vom Beginn des I. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. bis auf Konstantin d. Gr.’, in Eck, and Wolff, (1986) 44–115.
Wolfram, H. (1988) History of the Goths. Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Wolters, R. (1999) ‘Nummi Signati’: Untersuchungen zur römischen Münzprägung und Geldwirtschaft. Munich.
Woodman, A. (1998a) ‘The literature of war’, in Woodman, (1998b) 1–22.
Woodman, A. (1998b) Tacitus Reviewed. Oxford.
Woods, D. (1995a) ‘Ammianus Marcellinus and the deaths of Bonosus and Maximilianus’, Hagiographica 2: 25–55.Google Scholar
Woods, D. (1995b) ‘A note concerning the early career of Valentinian I’, Ancient Society 26: 273–88.Google Scholar
Woods, D. (1997) ‘The Emperor Julian and the passion of Sergius and Bacchus’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 5: 355–67.Google Scholar
Woods, D. (1998) ‘Two notes on late Roman military equipment’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 9: 31–6.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (1990) ‘Food, poverty and paronage: the significance of the Roman alimentary schemes in early imperial Italy’, Papers of the British School at Rome 59: 197–228.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (1993) ‘Roman peace’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 171–94.
Woolf, G. (1996) ‘Monumental activity and the expansion of empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 86: 22–39.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (1998) Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilisation in Gaul. Cambridge.
Wright, F. A. (1993) Liudprand of Cremona: The Embassy to Constantinople and Other Writings. London and Rutland, Vt.
Yarshater, E. (ed.) (1983) The Cambridge History of Iran III (2 vols.). Cambridge.
Zanker, P. (1988) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor.
Zástěrová, B. (1971) Les Avares et les Slaves dans la Tactique de Maurice. Prague.
Zhmodikov, A. (2000) ‘Roman Republican heavy infantrymen in battle (fourth–second centuries B.C.)’, Historia 49: 67–78.Google Scholar
Ziolkowski, A. (1993) ‘Urbs Direpta, or how the Romans sacked cities’, in Rich, and Shipley, (1993) 69–91.
Zuckerman, C. (1988) ‘Legio v Macedonica in Egypt’, Tyche 3: 279–87.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, C. (1990) ‘The compendium of Syrianus’, Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 40: 209–24.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, C. (1993) ‘Les “barbares” romains. Au sujet de l’origine des auxilia tétrarchiques’, in Vallet, and Kazanski, (1993) 17–29.
Zuckerman, C. (1994a) ‘Le camp de ψώβθς Sosteos et les catafractarii’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100: 199–202.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, C. (1994b) ‘L’empire d’orient et les Huns: notes sur Priscus’, Travaux et mémoires 12: 159–82.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, C. (1994c) ‘Sur la date du traité militaire de Végèce et son destinaire Valentinien II’, Sripta Classica Israelica 13: 67–74.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, C. (1995) ‘Le δ∊ϱτ∊???νϱ β???νδоνϱ κωνσταντακ???ν dans une épitaphe de Pylai’, Tyche 10: 233–5.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, C. (1998) ‘Two reforms of the 370s: recruiting soldiers and senators in the divided empire’, Revue des études byzantines 56: 79–139.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Edited by Philip Sabin, King's College London, Hans van Wees, University College London, Michael Whitby, University of Warwick
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521782746.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Edited by Philip Sabin, King's College London, Hans van Wees, University College London, Michael Whitby, University of Warwick
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521782746.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Edited by Philip Sabin, King's College London, Hans van Wees, University College London, Michael Whitby, University of Warwick
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521782746.017
Available formats
×