Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- 1 Ming government
- 2 The Ming fiscal administration
- 3 Ming law
- 4 The Ming and Inner Asia
- 5 Sino-Korean tributary relations under the Ming
- 6 Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia
- 7 Relations with maritime Europeans, 1514–1662
- 8 Ming China and the emerging world economy, c. 1470–1650
- 9 The socio-economic development of rural China during the Ming
- 10 Communications and commerce
- 11 Confucian learning in late Ming thought
- 12 Learning from Heaven: the introduction of Christianity and other Western ideas into late Ming China
- 13 Official religion in the Ming
- 14 Ming Buddhism
- 15 Taoism in Ming culture
- Bibliographic notes
- Bibliography
- Glossary-Index
- References
4 - The Ming and Inner Asia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- 1 Ming government
- 2 The Ming fiscal administration
- 3 Ming law
- 4 The Ming and Inner Asia
- 5 Sino-Korean tributary relations under the Ming
- 6 Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia
- 7 Relations with maritime Europeans, 1514–1662
- 8 Ming China and the emerging world economy, c. 1470–1650
- 9 The socio-economic development of rural China during the Ming
- 10 Communications and commerce
- 11 Confucian learning in late Ming thought
- 12 Learning from Heaven: the introduction of Christianity and other Western ideas into late Ming China
- 13 Official religion in the Ming
- 14 Ming Buddhism
- 15 Taoism in Ming culture
- Bibliographic notes
- Bibliography
- Glossary-Index
- References
Summary
Ming China, having just endured a century of Mongol rule, sought to avert further occupations by a people or state from Inner Asia. Court policy was, therefore, generally based on restricting relations with foreigners, particularly those from across the northern and northwestern borders. Fear of future invasions conditioned the Ming's attitudes and policies toward Central and Inner Asia. The court was determined to reinstate the Chinese world order so as to maintain control over the conduct of foreign relations. Yet the economic benefits to be garnered from dealings with the peoples north of China could not be discounted. Merchants and some officials who profited from trade naturally attempted to support an increase in commerce. When court restrictions on commerce persisted, these merchants and officials even evaded the regulations and continued to trade with the peoples and tribes across the borders.
The Yung-lo emperor (r. 1403–24), however, often sided with the advocates of trade and increased contact with Inner Asia. His reign nonetheless was unique, and his policies were exceptions. Unlike the other Ming emperors, he actively encouraged an expansion of commerce and attempted to augment the number of embassies arriving in China. His usurpation of the throne and the ensuing questions about his legitimacy may have inspired him to seek such a flow of foreign emissaries, for, in the Confucian view, a good emperor naturally attracted the so-called barbarians to “come and be transformed” (lai-hua) – that is, to acknowledge the superiority of Chinese civilization by becoming increasingly sinicized. The more embassies, the more legitimate the Yung-lo emperor would appear to his own people.
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- The Cambridge History of China , pp. 221 - 271Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1998
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