Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T07:26:40.372Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Psycholinguistics of Multilingual Code-Switching

from Part IV - L3/Ln in Action

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2023

Jennifer Cabrelli
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Chicago
Adel Chaouch-Orozco
Affiliation:
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Jorge González Alonso
Affiliation:
Universidad Nebrija, Spain and UiT, Arctic University of Norway
Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
Eloi Puig-Mayenco
Affiliation:
King's College London
Jason Rothman
Affiliation:
UiT, Arctic University of Norway and Universidad Nebrija, Spain
Get access

Summary

Code-switching is the fluid alternation between languages in text or during speech. Despite its ubiquity within multilingual communities, the processing of code-switches is associated with processing costs. Recent research attempts to reconcile this apparent contradiction by investigating how linguistic, cognitive, social, and experiential factors attenuate or modify potential switch costs in comprehension. This complex interaction of factors is incorporated into recent experience-based models of bilingualism such as the Adaptive Control hypothesis (Green & Abutalebi, 2013). In this chapter we review this literature, which is based primarily on bilingual speakers, and highlight instances where lab-based studies on multilingual code-switching can provide significant theoretical contributions. We summarize three recent studies on Algerian multilinguals that illustrate how these factors extend to multilingual scenarios and conclude with a special emphasis on the social context of multilingual communities as a critical foundation for future experimental studies on multilingual code-switching.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ado, D., Gelagay, A. W., & Johannessen, J. B. (2021). The Languages of Ethiopia: Aspects of the Sociolinguistic Profile. In Ado, D., Gelagay, A. W., & Johannessen, J. B. (Eds.), Grammatical and Sociolinguistic Aspects of Ethiopian Languages (vol. 48). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Altarriba, J., Kroll, J. F., Sholl, A., & Rayner, K. (1996). The Influence of Lexical and Conceptual Constraints on Reading Mixed-Language Sentences: Evidence from Eye Fixations and Naming Times. Memory & Cognition, 24, 477492.Google Scholar
Albirini, A. (2011). The Sociolinguistic Functions of Codeswitching between Standard Arabic and Dialectal Arabic. Language in Society, 40, 537562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balukas, C., & Koops, C. (2015). Spanish–English Bilingual Voice Onset Time in Spontaneous Code-Switching. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19, 423443.Google Scholar
Barasa, S. (2016). Spoken Code-Switching in Written Form? Manifestation of Code-Switching in Computer Mediated Communication. Journal of Language Contact, 9(1), 4970.Google Scholar
Brizić, K. (2006). The Secret Life of Languages: Origin-Specific Differences in L1/12 Acquisition by Immigrant Children. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(3), 339362.Google Scholar
Beatty-Martínez, A. L., & Dussias, P. E. (2017). Bilingual Experience Shapes Language Processing: Evidence from Codeswitching. Journal of Memory and Language, 95, 173189.Google Scholar
Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Dussias, P. E. (2018). From the Field to the Lab: A Converging Methods Approach to the Study of Codeswitching. Languages, 3, 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Navarro-Torres, C. A., & Dussias, P. E. (2020a). Codeswitching: A Bilingual Toolkit for Opportunistic Speech Planning. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1699.Google Scholar
Beatty-Martínez, A. L., Navarro-Torres, C. A., Dussias, P. E., et al. (2020b). Interactional Context Mediates the Consequences of Bilingualism for Language and Cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46, 10221047.Google Scholar
Benrabah, M. (2014). Competition between Four “World” Languages in Algeria. Journal of World Languages, 1, 3859.Google Scholar
Bentahila, A., & Davies, E. E. (2002). Language Mixing in Rai Music: Localisation or Globalisation? Language & Communication, 22, 187207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bialystok, E. (2021). Bilingualism: Pathway to Cognitive Reserve. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 355364.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence from the Simon Task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290303.Google Scholar
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Caramazza, A. (2021). Common Selection Mechanism at Each Linguistic Level in Bilingual and Monolingual Language Production. Cognition, 213, article 104625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., & Pylkkänen, L. (2017). Bilingual Language Switching in the Laboratory versus in the Wild: The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Adaptive Language Control. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 90229036.Google Scholar
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., Emmorey, K., & Pylkkänen, L. (2018). Language Switching Decomposed through MEG and Evidence from Bimodal Bilinguals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 97089713.Google Scholar
Bobb, S. C., & Wodniecka, Z. (2013). Language Switching in Picture Naming: What Asymmetric Switch Costs (Do Not) Tell Us about Inhibition in Bilingual Speech Planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 568585.Google Scholar
Boumans, L., & Caubet, D. (2000). Modelling Intrasentential Codeswitching: A Comparative Study of Algerian/French in Algeria and Moroccan/Dutch in the Netherlands. In Owens, J. (Ed.), Arabic as a Minority Language (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 83; pp. 113180). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Boumans, L., & Caubet, D. (2013). Modelling Intrasentential Codeswitching: A Comparative Study of Algerian/French in Algeria and Moroccan/Dutch in the Netherlands. In Owens, J. (Ed.), Arabic as a Minority Language (pp. 113180). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Broersma, M., & De Bot, K. (2006). Triggered Codeswitching: A Corpus-Based Evaluation of the Original Triggering Hypothesis and a New Alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 113.Google Scholar
Broersma, M., Carter, D., Donnelly, K., & Konopka, A. (2020). Triggered Codeswitching: Lexical Processing and Conversational Dynamics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 295308.Google Scholar
Bullock, B. E., & Toribio, A. J. (Eds.) (2009). The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & Van Hell, J. G. (2015). Language Switch Costs in Sentence Comprehension Depend on Language Dominance: Evidence from Self-Paced Reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 453469.Google Scholar
Byers-Heinlein, K., Morin-Lessard, E., & Lew-Williams, C. (2017). Bilingual Infants Control Their Languages as They Listen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 90329037.Google Scholar
Cenoz, J. (2005). English in Bilingual Programs in the Basque Country. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 171(171), 4156.Google Scholar
Chemami, M.-A. (2011). Discussing Plurilingualism in Algeria: The Status of French and English Languages through the Educational Policy. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 4, 227234.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (1967) Transfer and Triggering: Observations on the Language Assimilation of Postwar German-Speaking Migrants in Australia. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Colzato, L. S., Bajo, M. T., Van Den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., & Hommel, B. (2008). How Does Bilingualism Improve Executive Control? A Comparison of Active and Reactive Inhibition Mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(2), 302312.Google ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical Access in Bilingual Speech Production: Evidence from Language Switching in Highly Proficient Bilinguals and L2 Learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 491511.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Ivanova, I. (2006). How Do Highly Proficiency Bilinguals Control Their Lexicalization Process? Inhibitory and Language-Specific Mechanisms Are Both Functional. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 10571074.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009). On the Bilingual Advantage in Conflict Processing: Now You See it, Now You Don’t. Cognition, 113, 135149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christoffels, I. K., Firk, C., & Schiller, N. O. (2007). Bilingual Language Control: An Event- Related Brain Potential Study. Brain Research, 1147, 192208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, E. & Bentahila, A. (2006). Code Switching and the Globalisation of Popular Music: The Case of North African Rai and Rap, Multilingua, 25, 367392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Declerck, M., & Philipp, A. M. (2015). A Review of Control Processes and Their Locus in Language Switching. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 16301645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Declerck, M., Koch, I., Duñabeita, J. A., Grainger, J., & Stephan, D. N. (2019). What Absent Switch Costs and Mixing Costs during Bilingual Language Comprehension Can Tell Us about Language Control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45, 771789.Google ScholarPubMed
Dell, G. S., & Chang, F. (2014). The P-Chain: Relating Sentence Production and Its Disorders to Comprehension and Acquisition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369, 20120394.Google Scholar
Deuchar, M. (2020). Code-Switching in Linguistics: A Position Paper. Languages, 5, 22.Google Scholar
Deuchar, M., Davies, P., Herring, J. R., Parafita Couto, M. C., & Carter, D. (2014). Building Bilingual Corpora: Welsh–English, Spanish–English and Spanish–Welsh. In Thomas, E. M. & Mennen, I. (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Bilingualism (pp. 93110). Bristol: Multilingualism Matters.Google Scholar
Emmorey, K., Borinstein, H. B., Thompson, R., & Gollan, T. H. (2008a). Bimodal Bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 4361.Google Scholar
Emmorey, K., Luk, G., Pyers, J. E., & Bialystok, E. (2008b). The Source of Enhanced Cognitive Control in Bilinguals: Evidence from Bimodal Bilinguals. Psychological Science, 19, 12011206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fallah, N., & Jabbari, A. A. (2018). L3 Acquisition of English Attributive Adjectives: Dominant Language of Communication Matters for Syntactic Cross-Linguistic Influence. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8(2), 193216.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. A. (1959). Diglossia. WORD, 15, 325340.Google Scholar
Fernandez, C. B., Litcofsky, K. A., & Van Hell, J. G. (2019). Neural Correlates of Intra-sentential Code-Switching in the Auditory Modality. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 51, 1741.Google Scholar
Festman, J., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Münte, T. F. (2010). Individual Differences in Control of Language Interference in Late Bilinguals Are Mainly Related to General Executive Abilities. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6, 5.Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, M., Gollan, T. H., & Caramazza, A. (2006). Lexical Access in Bilingual Speakers: What’s the (Hard) Problem? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 153166.Google Scholar
Fricke, M., & Kootstra, G. J. (2016). Primed Codeswitches in Spontaneous Bilingual Discourse. Journal of Memory and Language, 91, 181201.Google Scholar
Fricke, M., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2016). Phonetic Variation in Bilingual Speech: A Lens for Studying the Production-Comprehension Link. Journal of Memory and Language, 89, 110137.Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P. (2009). Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gollan, T. H., & Ferreira, V. S. (2009). Should I Stay or Should I Switch? A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Voluntary Language Switching in Young and Aging Bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 640665.Google Scholar
Gollan, T. H., & Goldrick, M. (2016). Grammatical Constraints on Language Switching: Language Control Is Not Just Executive Control. Journal of Memory and Language, 90, 177199.Google Scholar
Green, D. W. (1998). Mental Control of the Bilingual Lexico-semantic System. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 6781.Google Scholar
Green, D. W. (2017). Language Control in the Contexts of L3 Acquisition: The Centrality of Individual. In Angelovska, T. & Hahn, A. (Eds.), L3 Syntactic Transfer: Models, New Developments and Implications (pp. 1334). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Green, D. W. (2018). Language Control and Code-Switching. Languages, 3(2), 8.Google Scholar
Green, D. W., & Abultalebi, J. (2013). Language Control in Bilinguals: The Adaptive Control Hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 515530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, D. W., & Wei, L. (2014). A Control Process Model of Code-Switching. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 29, 499511.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2001). The Bilingual’s Language Modes. In Nicol, J. L. (Ed.), Explaining Linguistics: One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual Language Processing (pp. 122). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying Bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grundy, J. G. (2020). The Effects of Bilingualism on Executive Functions: An Updated Quantitative Analysis. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 4, 177199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gullberg, M., Indefrey, P., & Muysken, P. (2009). Research Techniques for the Study of Code-Switching. In Bullock, B. E. & Toribio, A. J. (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-Switching (pp. 2139). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gullifer, J. W., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). When Language Switching Has No Apparent Cost: Lexical Access in Sentence Context. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 278.Google Scholar
Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Dussias, P. E. (2016). Examining the Relationship between Comprehension and Production Processes in Code-Switched Language. Journal of Memory and Language, 89, 138161.Google Scholar
Hernández-Chávez, E., Burt, M., & Dulay, H. (2013). Language Dominance and Proficiency Testing: Some General Considerations. NABE Journal, 3, 4154.Google Scholar
Hilchey, M. D., Klein, R. M. (2011). Are There Bilingual Advantages on Nonlinguistic Interference Tasks? Implications for the Plasticity of Executive Control Processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 625658.Google Scholar
Hofweber, J., Marinis, T., Treffers-Daller, J. (2016). Effects of Dense Code-Switching on Executive Control. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6, 648668.Google Scholar
Jessner, U. (2007). Teaching Third Languages: Findings, Trends and Challenges. Language Teaching, 41, 1556.Google Scholar
Johns, M. A., & Steuck, J. (2021). Is Codeswitching Easy or Difficult? Testing Processing Cost through the Prosodic Structure of Bilingual Speech. Cognition, 211, article 104634.Google Scholar
Johns, M. A., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Dussias, P. E. (2019). Mixing Things Up: How Blocking and Mixing Affect the Processing of Codemixed Sentences. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23, 584611.Google Scholar
Kaan, E., Kheder, S., Kreidler, A., Tomić, A., & Valdés Kroff, J. R. (2020) Processing Code-Switches in the Presence of Others: An ERP Study.Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kheder, S., & Kaan, E. (2016). Processing Code-Switching in Algerian Bilinguals: Effects of Language Use and Semantic Expectancy. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 248.Google Scholar
Kheder, S., & Kaan, E. (2019). Lexical Selection, Cross-Language Interaction, and Switch Costs in Habitually Codeswitching Bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22, 569589.Google Scholar
Kheder, S., & Kaan, E. (2021). Cognitive Control in Bilinguals: Proficiency and Code-Switching Both Matter. Cognition, 209, 104575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kootstra, G. J., Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of Code-Switches in Sentences: The Role of Lexical Repetition, Cognates, and Language Proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 797819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kootstra, G. J., Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2020). Interactive Alignment and Lexical Triggering of Code-Switching in Bilingual Discourse. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1747.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., Bogulski, C., & Valdés-Kroff, J. (2012). Juggling Two Languages in One Mind: What Bilinguals Tell Us about Language Processing and Its Consequences for Cognition. In Ross, B. (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (vol. 56; pp. 229262). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., Bice, K., & Perrotti, L. (2015). Bilingualism, Mind, and Brain. Annual Review of Linguistics, 1, 377394.Google Scholar
La Heij, W. (2005). Selection Processes in Monolingual and Bilingual Lexical Access. In Kroll, J. F & De Groot, A. M. B. (Eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches (pp. 289307). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., De Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018). Is Bilingualism Associated with Enhanced Executive Functioning in Adults? A Meta-analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 394425.Google Scholar
Li, P. (1996). Spoken Word Recognition of Code-Switched Words by Chinese–English Bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 757774.Google Scholar
Linck, J. A., Schweiter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2012). Inhibitory Control Predicts Language Switching Performance in Trilingual Speech Production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 651662.Google Scholar
Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Blanco-Elorrieta, E., He, Y., Chen, B. (2020). The Role of Proactive Control on Subcomponents of Language Control: Evidence from Trilinguals. Cognition, 194, 104055.Google Scholar
Litcofsky, K. A., & Van Hell, J. G. (2017). Switching Direction Affects Switching Costs. Behavioral, ERP and Time-Frequency Analyses of Intra-sentential Codeswitching. Neuropsychologia, 97, 112139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald, M. C. (2013). How Language Production Shapes Language Form and Comprehension. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 226.Google Scholar
Meuter, R. F. I. (2009). Neurolinguistic Contributions to Understanding the Bilingual Mental Lexicon. In Pavlenko, A. (Ed.), The Bilingual Mental Lexicon (pp. 125). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Meuter, R. F. I., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual Language Switching in Naming: Asymmetrical Costs of Language Selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 2540.Google Scholar
Monsell, S. (2003). Task Switching. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 134140.Google Scholar
Morales, J., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., Bajo, M. T. (2013). Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control in Bilinguals and Monolinguals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 531546.Google Scholar
Moreno, E. M., Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (2002). Switching Languages Switching Palabras (Words): An Electrophysiological Study of Code Switching. Brain and Language, 80, 188207.Google Scholar
Mosca, M. (2019). Trilinguals’ Language Switching: A Strategic and Flexible Account. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 693716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. M. (1993a). Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structures in Codeswitching. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. M. (1993b). Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. M. (2000). Explaining the Role of Norms and Rationality in Codeswitching. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 12591271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. M., & Jake, J. (2015). Cross-Language Asymmetries in Code-Switching Patterns. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (pp. 416458). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myslín, M., & Levy, R. (2015). Code-Switching and Predictability of Meaning in Discourse. Language, 91, 871905.Google Scholar
Myslín, M., & Levy, R. (2016). Comprehension Priming as Rational Expectation for Repetition: Evidence from Syntactic Processing. Cognition, 147, 2956.Google Scholar
Ng, S., Gonzalez, C., & Wicha, N. Y. Y. (2014). The Fox and the Cabra: An ERP Analysis of Reading Code Switched Nouns and Verbs in Bilingual Short Stories. Brain Research, 1557, 127140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paap, K., & Greenberg, Z. I. (2013). There Is No Coherent Evidence for a Bilingual Advantage in Executive Processing. Cognitive Psychology, 66, 232258.Google Scholar
Pablos, L., Parafita Couto, M. C., Boutonnet, B., De Jong, A., Perquin, M., Haan, A., Schiller, N. O. (2018). Adjective-Noun Order in Papiamento–Dutch Code-Switching. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 9, 710735.Google Scholar
Philipp, A. M., & Gade, M., & Koch, I. (2007). Inhibitory Processes in Language Switching: Evidence from Switching Language-Defined Response Sets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 395416.Google Scholar
Pienemann., M., Di Biase., B., Kawaguchi., S., & Håkansson., G. (2005). Processability, Typological Distance and L1 Transfer. In Pienemann, M. (Ed.), Cross-Linguistic Aspects of Processability Theory (pp. 85116). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll Start a Sentence in Spanish y termino en Español: Towards a Typology of Code-Switching. Linguistics, 18, 581618.Google Scholar
Poplack, S. (1988). Contrasting Patterns of Code-Switching in Two Communities. In Heller, M. (Ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 215244). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Prior, A., & Gollan, T. H. (2011). Good Language-Switchers Are Good Task-Switchers: Evidence from Spanish–English and Mandarin–English Bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 682691.Google Scholar
Rothman, J. (2015). Linguistic and Cognitive Motivations for the Typological Primacy Model of Third Language (L3) Transfer: Timing of Acquisition and Proficiency Considered. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, 179190.Google Scholar
Salig, L., Valdés Kroff, J. R., Slevc, L. R., & Novick, J. M. (2021). Moving from Bilingual Traits to States: Understanding Cognition and Language Processing through Moment-to-Moment Variation. Neurobiology of Language, 2(4), 487512.Google Scholar
Schotter, E. R., Li, C., & Gollan, T. H. (2019). What Reading Aloud Reveals about Speaking: Regressive Saccades Implicate a Failure to Monitor, Not Inattention, in the Prevalence of Intrusion Errors on Function Words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 20322045.Google Scholar
Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of Visual and Linguistic Information in Spoken Language Comprehension. Science, 268, 16321634.Google Scholar
Tomić, A., & Valdés Kroff, J. R. (2021a). Code-Switching Aids the Prediction of the Unexpected. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 25(1), 8192.Google Scholar
Tomić, A., & Valdés Kroff, J. R. (2021b). Code-Switching: A Processing Burden or a Valuable Resource for Prediction? In Kaan, E. & Grüter, T. (Eds.), Prediction in Second Language Processing (pp. 139166). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Valdés Kroff, J. R. (2016). Mixed NPs in Spanish–English Bilingual Speech: Using a Corpus-Based Approach to Inform Models of Sentence Processing. In Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., Mazak, C., & Parafita Couto, M. C. (Eds.), Spanish–English Code-Switching in the Caribbean and the U.S. (pp. 281300). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Valdés Kroff, J. R., Dussias, P. E., Gerfen, C., Perrotti, L., & Bajo, M. T. (2017). Experience with Code-Switching Modulates the Use of Grammatical Gender during Sentence Processing. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7, 163198.Google Scholar
Valdés Kroff, J. R., Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., & Dussias, P. E. (2018). Experimental Contributions of Eye-Tracking to the Understanding of Comprehension Processes while Hearing or Reading Code-Switches. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8, 98133.Google Scholar
Valdés Kroff, J. R., Román, P., & Dussias, P. E. (2020). Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2138.Google Scholar
Van Hell, J. G., Litkofsky, K., & Ting, C. (2015). Intra-sentential Code-Switching. In Schwieter, J. W. (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (pp. 459482). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Hell, J. G., Fernandez, C. B., Kootstra, G. J., Litcofsky, K. A., & Ting, C. Y. (2018). Electrophysiological and Experimental-Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Intra-sentential Code-Switching. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8, 136161.Google Scholar
Vaughan-Evans, A., Parafita Couto, M. C., Boutonnet, B. et al. (2020). Switchmate! An Electrophysiological Attempt to Adjudicate between Competing Accounts of Adjective-Noun Code-Switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2341.Google Scholar
Whitford, V., & Luk, G. (2019). Comparing Executive Functions in Monolinguals and Bilinguals: Considerations on Participant Characteristics and Statistical Assumptions in Current Research. In Sekerina, I., Spradlin, L., & Valian, V. (Eds.), Bilingualism, Executive Function, and Beyond: Questions And Insights (pp. 6780). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×