Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T17:07:16.009Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

28 - Understanding Women’s Antisocial and Criminal Behavior

A Global Review

from Section 5 - Inequality and Social Justice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2020

Fanny M. Cheung
Affiliation:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Diane F. Halpern
Affiliation:
Claremont McKenna College, California
Get access

Summary

Social scientists have produced numerous studies identifying both gender-neutral and gender-specific causes of crime and delinquency, violence, and other forms of antisocial behaviors. Noting the importance of gender (it is the most robust predictor of offending), this chapter attempts to provide a relatively comprehensive introduction to diverse approaches to understanding female criminality. We review traditional criminological theories and their relevance to understanding crime committed by women and girls, as well as newer perspectives that bring to the fore the lived realities of females, taking into account sexual and other victimization, the gendered nature of violence, and the effects of patriarchal, capitalistic systems. We recognize that all women are not alike and encourage additional theoretical work that specifically considers cultural variations.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Suggested Readings

Hua (Sara) Zhong is an Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and an Honorary Research Fellow of Hong Kong Police College. She has been a visiting scholar at the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University and at the Cybercrime Observatory, Australian National University. Her research and teaching interests include criminology, social psychology, and gender studies. Currently she has several ongoing projects on social change and trends of crime/delinquency/substance use by gender and across cultures. Her publications have appeared in Criminology, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Journal of Criminal Justice, Feminist Criminology, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, and International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Zhong grew up and did her undergraduate studies in Mainland China, and received her PhD from Pennsylvania State University. She stayed in Taiwan for several months to study the relationship between modernization and Taiwan’s crime trends by gender and age. One of her research areas is comparative crime and criminal justice. She has established an international research team including scholars from the USA, the UK, Australia, Denmark, Japan, South Korea, India, Ghana, and Greater China. Their main focus is the recent crime trends (by gender, age, and ethnicity) in different societies and how to explain such changes.

Judith Ryder is Professor and Director of the Criminology and Justice master’s program in the Sociology and Anthropology Department, St. John’s University (NYC). She is also affiliated faculty and former Director of the Women’s and Gender Studies program. Her scholarship addresses gender, adolescence, and violence, considered within critical, psychosocial, and feminist theoretical frameworks. A current project examines how globalization affects the escalation of system-involved young women internationally. She has been a Visiting Fellow at the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, University of Glasgow, and has extensive experience in the not-for-profit sector. Ryder is the author of Girls and violence and her work has appeared in Crime & Delinquency, Critical Criminology, Feminist Criminology, and Women & Criminal Justice.

Ryder grew up in Detroit, Michigan. She took her university studies in Michigan, Santa Barbara, and New York. She presented on Women in the Aftermath of the Arab Spring in Amman, Jordan, and has ongoing research on families and violence in the UK, and on the effects of globalization on the criminalization of young women internationally. In March 2019, she presented at the United Nations’ 63rd Session of the Commission on the Status of Women on educational programming for incarcerated women and girls around the world.

Archer, J., & Candland, D. K. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic reviewReview of General Psychology8(4), 291322.Google Scholar
Choy, O., Raine, A., Portnoy, J., Rudo-Hutt, A., Gao, Y., & Soyfer, L. (2015). The mediating role of heart rate on the social adversity–antisocial behavior relationship: A social neurocriminology perspectiveJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency52(3), 303341.Google Scholar
Robinson, R. A., & Ryder, J. A. (2013). Psychosocial perspectives of girls and violence: Implications for policy and praxisCritical Criminology21(4), 431445.Google Scholar
Savolainen, J., Applin, S., Messner, S., Hughes, L., Lytle, R., & Kivivuori, J. (2017). Does the gender gap in delinquency vary by level of patriarchy? A cross‐national comparative analysisCriminology55(4), 726753.Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., Schwartz, J., Zhong, H., & Jeff, A. (2005). An assessment of recent trends in girls’ violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Implications for normative versus constructionist theories of crime. Criminology, 43(2), 355405.Google Scholar

References

Abrams, L., & Tam, C. (2018). Gender differences in desistance from crime: How do social bonds operate among formerly incarcerated emerging adults? Journal of Adolescent Research33(1), 3457. doi:10.1177/0743558416684955Google Scholar
Adler, F., & Adler, H. M. (1975). Sisters in crime: The rise of the new female criminal. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Agha, S. (2009). Structural correlates of female homicide: A cross-national analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 576585. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.09.006Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (2009). The contribution of “mainstream” theories to the explanation of female delinquency. In Zahn, M. (Ed.), The delinquent girl (pp. 729). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Akers, R. (2000). Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.Google Scholar
Archer, J. (2014). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic reviewReview of General Psychology, 8(4), 291322. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Artz, S. (1998). Sex, power and the violent school girl. Toronto: Trifolium Books.Google Scholar
Barnes, H., & Teeters, N. (1943). New horizons in criminology: The American crime problem. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Batchelor, S. (2005). “Prove me the bam!”: Victimization and agency in the lives of young women who commit violent offenses. Probation Journal, 52(4), 358375. doi:10.1177/0264550505058034Google Scholar
Batchelor, S., Burman, M., & Brown, J. (2001). Discussing violence: Let’s hear it from the girls. Probation Journal, 48(2), 125134. doi:10.1177/026455050104800208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckett, H., Brodie, I., Factor, F., Melrose, M., Pearce, J. J., Pitts, J., … Warrington, C. (2013). “It’s wrong – but you get used to it”: A qualitative study of gang-associated sexual violence towards, and exploitation of, young people in England. Luton: University of Bedfordshire.Google Scholar
Belenky, M., Clinchy, B., Goldberger, N., & Tarule, J. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bertrand, M. (1969). Self-image and delinquency: A contribution to the study of female criminality and woman’s imageActa Criminologica: Études sur la Conduite Antisociale2, 71144. doi:10.7202/017007arCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, D. M., & Frazier, C. E.(1992). Gender bias in juvenile justice processing: Implications of the JJDP actJournal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 82(4), 11621186. doi:10.2307/1143718Google Scholar
Bonger, W. (1916). Criminality and economic conditions. New York: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Bottcher, J. (2001). Social practices of gender: How gender relates to delinquency in the everyday lives of high‐risk youths. Criminology, 39(4), 893932. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00944.xGoogle Scholar
Bowker, L., Chesney-Lind, M., & Pollock, J. (1978). Women, crime, and the criminal justice system. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Box, S., & Hale, C. (1984). Liberation/emancipation, economic marginalization, or less chivalry. The relevance of three theoretical arguments to female crime patterns in England and Wales, 1951–1980. Criminology22(4), 473497. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1984.tb00312.xGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridges, G., & Myers, M. (1994). Inequality, crime, and social control. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Broidy, L., & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspectiveJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency34(3), 275306. doi:10.1177/0022427897034003001Google Scholar
Brown, L. (1998). Raising their voices: The politics of girls’ anger. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, L. (2003). Girlfighting: Betrayal and rejection among girls. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Brownmiller, S. (1975). Against our will. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2006). Sex differences in direct aggression: What are the psychological mediators? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(3), 237264. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2005.09.002Google Scholar
Campbell, H. (2008). Female drug smugglers on the US–Mexico border: Gender, crime, and empowermentAnthropological Quarterly, 81(1), 233267. doi:10.1353/anq.2008.0004Google Scholar
Carlen, P. (1988). Women, crime and poverty. Bristol, PA: Open University Press. ISBN 0-355-15870-6.Google Scholar
Carlen, P., & Worrall, A. (1987). Gender, crime and justice. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Carrington, K. (2002) Feminist research in crimino-legal studies: Reflections on “absolute rubbish.” Law Text Culture, 6(107), 130.Google Scholar
Carrington, K. (2014). Feminism and global justice. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cavan, R. (1948). Criminology. New York: Crowell.Google Scholar
Chernoff, N. W., & Simon, R. J. (2000). Women and crime the world over. Gender Issues, 18, 520. doi:10.1007/s12147–000-0015-0Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Girls in jailCrime & Delinquency34(2), 150168. doi:10.1177/0011128788034002003Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, M. (1989). Girls’ crime and women’s place: Toward a feminist model of female delinquencyCrime & Delinquency35(1), 529. doi:10.1177/0011128789035001002Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, M. (1997). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, M. (2007). Epilogue: Criminal justice, gender and diversity: A call for passion and public criminology. In Miller, S. L. (Ed.), Criminal justice research and practice: Diverse voices in the field (pp. 210–220). Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, M., & Faith, K. (2000). What about feminism? Engendering theory-making in criminology. In R. Paternoster, & R. Bachman, R. (Eds.), Explaining criminals and crime: Essays in contemporary criminology (pp. 287302). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.Google Scholar
Chesney-Lind, M., & Shelden, R. (1992). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Chin, K. L., & Finckenauer, J. O. (2012). Selling sex overseas: Chinese women and the realities of prostitution and global sex trafficking. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Choy, O., Raine, A., Portnoy, J., Rudo-Hutt, A., Gao, Y., & Soyfer, L. (2015). The mediating role of heart rate on the social adversity–antisocial behavior relationship: A social neurocriminology perspectiveJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency52(3), 303341.Google Scholar
Choy, O., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Farrington, D. P. (2017). Explaining the gender gap in crime: The role of heart rateCriminology55(2), 465487. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12138Google Scholar
Collins, P. H. (1991). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Corley, C., Cernkovich, S., & Giordano, P. (1989). Sex and the likelihood of sanction. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology80(2), 540556. doi:10.2307/1143804Google Scholar
Crew, B. K. (1991). Sex differences in criminal sentencing: Chivalry or patriarchy? Justice Quarterly, 8(1), 5983. doi:10.1080/07418829100090911CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, C. P., Cyrenne, D. L. M., & Brown, G. R. (2013). Sex differences in sensation-seeking: A meta-analysisScientific Reports3(1), 2486. doi:10.1038/srep02486Google Scholar
Currie, D. H. (1989). Women and the state: A statement on feminist theory. Critical Criminology, 2, 45.Google Scholar
Currie, D. H., & Kline, M. (1991). Challenging privilege: Women, knowledge and feminist strugglesJournal of Human Justice, 2(2), 136. doi:10.1007/BF02636785CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, K. (1989). Gender and varieties of white‐collar crime. Criminology27(4), 769794. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01054.xGoogle Scholar
Daly, K. (1994). Gender, crime, and punishment. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Daly, K., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Feminism and criminologyJustice Quarterly5(4), 497538. doi:10.1080/07418828800089871Google Scholar
Datesman, S., & Scarpitti, F. (1980). Women, crime, and justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Coster, S., Heimer, K., & Cumley, S. R. (2013). Gender and theories of delinquency. In F. T. Cullen, & P. Wilcox, (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of criminological theory (pp. 313330). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DeWarker, E. V. (1875). The relations of women to crime. Popular Science Monthly, 14, 116.Google Scholar
Esbensen, F. A., Peterson, D., Taylor, T., & Freng, A. (2010). Youth violence: Sex and race differences in offending, victimization, and gang membership. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P., & Morris, A. M. (1983). Sex, sentencing and recognitionBritish Journal of Criminology23(3), 229248. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047377Google Scholar
Felson, R (2002). Violence and gender reexamined. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10470-000Google Scholar
Garza, C. (1992). Postmodern paradigms and Chicana feminist thought: Creating a “space and language.” Critical Criminology, 3/4(1–2), 1113.Google Scholar
Gaskins, S. (2004). Women of circumstance – The effects of mandatory minimum sentencing on women minimally involved in drug crimes. American Criminal Law Review, 41, 15331553.Google Scholar
Gault, R. (1932). Criminology. Washington, DC: Heath.Google Scholar
Gelsthorpe, L. (2007). The jack-roller: Telling a story? Theoretical Criminology, 11(4), 515542. doi:10.1177/1362480607081839Google Scholar
Gelsthorpe, L., Sharpe, G., & Roberts, J. (2007). Provision for women offenders in the communityLondon: Fawcett Society.Google Scholar
Gilfus, M. E. (1993). From victims to survivors to offenders: Women’s routes of entry and immersion into street crimeWomen & Criminal Justice4(1), 6389. doi:10.1300/J012v04n01_04Google Scholar
Gilligan, C. (1995). Hearing the difference: Theorizing connection. Hypatia, 10(2), 120127. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb01373.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillian, J. (1926). Principles of criminology. New York: Centaury.Google Scholar
Giordano, P. C., Millhollin, T. J., Cernkovich, S. A., Pugh, M. D., & Rudolph, J. L. (1999). Delinquency, identity, and women’s involvement in relationship violence. Criminology, 37(1), 1740. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00478.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glueck, S. & Glueck, E. (1934). Five hundred delinquent women. Reprinted by Periodicals Service, Germantown, PA, 1972.Google Scholar
Grasmick, H., Bursik, R., & Arneklev, B. (1993). Reduction in drunk driving as a response to increased threats of shame, embarrassment, and legal sanctionsCriminology31(1), 4167. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01121.xGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, E., Yule, C., & Gartner, R. (2011). Fighting over trivial things: Explaining the issue of contention in violent altercations. Criminology, 49(1), 6194. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00218.xGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, E., Yule, C., & Gartner, R. (2018). Relationship (a)symmetries and violence: Comparing intimates and nonpartners. Violence Against Women, 24(6), 697717. doi:10.1177/1077801217711267CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagan, J. (1989). Why is there so little criminal justice theory? Neglected macro- and micro-level links between organization and powerJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency26(2), 116135. doi:10.1177/0022427889026002002Google Scholar
Hagan, J., Gillis, A. R., & Simpson, J. (1990). Clarifying and extending power-control theoryAmerican Journal of Sociology95(4), 10241037. doi:10.1086/229384Google Scholar
Harding, S. G. (Ed.). (1987). Feminism and methodology: Social science issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, A. (1977). Sex and theories of deviance: Toward a functional theory of deviant type-scriptsAmerican Sociological Review42(1), 316. doi:10.2307/2117728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartnagel, T. F., & Mizanuddin, M. (1986). Modernization, gender role convergence and female crime: A further test. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 27, 114. doi:10.1177/002071528602700101Google Scholar
Haynes, F. (1935). Criminology. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Heidensohn, F. (1968). The deviance of women: A critique and an enquiryBritish Journal of Sociology19(2), 160175. doi:10.2307/588692Google Scholar
Heidensohn, F. (1985). Women and crime: The life of the female offender. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Heimer, K. (1996). Gender, interaction, and delinquency: Testing a theory of differential social controlSocial Psychology Quarterly59(1), 3961. doi:10.2307/2787118Google Scholar
Heimer, K., & De Coster, S. (1999). The gendering of violent delinquency. Criminology37(2), 277318. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00487.xGoogle Scholar
Heimer, K., & Kruttschnitt, C. (Eds.). (2006). Gender and crime: Patterns of victimization and offending. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Heimer, K., Lauritsen, J., & Lynch, J. (2009). The national crime victimization survey and the gender gap in offending: Redux. Criminology47(2), 427438. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00154.xGoogle Scholar
Heywood, L., & Drake, J. (Eds.). (1997). Third wave agenda: Being feminist, doing feminism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Holtfreter, K. (2005). Is occupational fraud “typical” white-collar crime? A comparison of individual and organizational characteristicsJournal of Criminal Justice33(4), 353365. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2005.04.005Google Scholar
Horowitz, R., & Pottieger, A. (1991). Gender bias in juvenile justice handling of seriously crime-involved youthsJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28(1), 75100. doi:10.1177/0022427891028001005Google Scholar
Hsieh, M. L., & Schwartz, J. (2018). Female violence and gender gap trends in Taiwan: Offender-behavioral changes or net-widening enforcement explanations? Feminist Criminology13(1), 2858. doi:10.1177/1557085115626798Google Scholar
Hübschle, A. (2014). Of bogus hunters, queenpins and mules: The varied roles of women in transnational organized crime in Southern AfricaTrends in Organized Crime17(1), 3151. doi:10.1007/s12117–013-9202-8Google Scholar
Hunnicutt, G., & Broidy, L. M. (2004). Liberation and economic marginalization: A reformulation and test of (formerly?) competing models. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41, 3055. doi:10.1177/0022427803257306Google Scholar
Hwang, S., & Akers, R. L. (2006). Parental and peer influences on adolescent drug use in KoreaAsian Journal of Criminology1(1), 5169. doi:10.1007/s11417–006-9009-5Google Scholar
Jaggar, A. (1983). Feminist politics and human nature. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld.Google Scholar
Joe, K., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1995). “Just every mother’s angel”: An analysis of gender and ethnic variations in youth gang membershipGender and Society9(4), 408431. doi:10.1177/089124395009004002Google Scholar
Joe, K., & Hunt, G. (2001). Accomplishing femininity among the girls in the gang. British Journal of Criminology41(4), 656678. doi:10.1093/bjc/41.4.656Google Scholar
Jones, N. (2010). Between good and ghetto: African American girls and inner city violence. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Kargar, J. M., Jamali, S., Koshkaki, A., & Javadpour, , . (2015). Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence against women by their husbands in Iran. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(5), 175183. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n5p175Google Scholar
Kellor, F. (1900). Psychological and environmental study of women criminals. American Journal of Sociology5(4), 527543. doi:10.1086/210911Google Scholar
Kim, B., Gerber, J., & Kim, Y. (2018). Does the victim–offender relationship matter? Exploring the sentencing of female homicide offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology62(4), 898914. doi:10.1177/0306624X16667573Google Scholar
Kim, J. E., & Kim, J. (2015). Software piracy among Korean adolescents: Lessons from panel dataDeviant Behavior36(9), 705724. doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.977111Google Scholar
Kleemans, E., Kruisbergen, R., & Kouwenberg, E. (2014). Women, brokerage and transnational organized crime. Empirical results from the Dutch Organized Crime MonitorTrends in Organized Crime17(1), 1630. doi:10.1007/s12117–013-9203-7Google Scholar
Klein, D. (1973). The etiology of female crime: A review of the literatureIssues in Criminology8(2), 330. doi:10.4135/9781412959193.n136Google Scholar
Liddell, M., & Martinovic, M. (2013). Women’s offending: Trends, issues and theoretical explanations. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 6(1), 127142.Google Scholar
Liu, R. (2016). Life events and delinquency: An assessment of event‐based stressors and gender differences among adolescents in mainland ChinaSociological Inquiry, 86(3), 400426. doi:10.1111/soin.12123Google Scholar
Lo, C., & Zhong, H. (2006). Linking crime rates to relationship factors: The use of gender-specific dataJournal of Criminal Justice34(3), 317329. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.03.001Google Scholar
Lombroso, C., & Ferrero, W. (1899). The female offender. New York: D. Appleton and Company.Google Scholar
Lusthaus, J. (2018). Industry of anonymity: Inside the business of cybercrime. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Maher, L., & Daly, K. (1996). Women in the street-level drug economy: Continuity or change? Criminology34(4), 465492. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01216.xGoogle Scholar
McCord, J., & Otten, L. (1983). A consideration of sex roles and motivations for crime. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 10(1), 312. doi:10.1177/0093854883010001001Google Scholar
Mears, D., Ploeger, M., & Warr, M. (1998). Explaining the gender gap in delinquency: Peer influence and moral evaluations of behaviorJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency35(3), 251266. doi:10.1177/0022427898035003001Google Scholar
Messerschmidt, J. W. (1986). Capitalism, patriarchy and crime: Toward a socialist feminist criminology. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Mili, P., Perumal, R., & Cherian, N. (2015). Female criminality in India: Prevalence, causes and preventive measures. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences10(1), 6576.Google Scholar
Miller, J. (2001). One of the guys: Girls, gangs and gender. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, J. (2008). Getting played: African American girls, urban inequality, and gendered violence. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, J., & Mullins, C. (2006). The status of feminist theories in criminology. In Cullen, F., Wright, J. P., & Blevins, K. (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory, advances in criminological theory (pp. 217249). Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Millman, M. (1975). She did it all for love: A feminist view of the sociology of deviance. Sociological Inquiry45(2‐3), 251279. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1975.tb00338.xGoogle Scholar
Morris, A. (1987). Women, crime and criminal justice. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Morris, R. (1964). Female delinquency and relational problems. Social Forces, 43(1), 8289.Google Scholar
Moulds, E. F. (1978). Chivalry and paternalism: Disparities of treatment in the criminal justice systemWestern Political Quarterly31(3), 416430. doi:10.1177/106591297803100311Google Scholar
Myers, M. (1995). Gender and southern punishment after the Civil War. Criminology33(1), 1746. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01170.xGoogle Scholar
Ness, C. (2010) Why girls fight: Female youth violence in the inner city. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Newbold, G., & Dennehy, G. (2003). Girls in gangs: Biographies and culture of female gang associates in New Zealand. Journal of Gang Research, 11, 3353.Google Scholar
Ng, K. S. D. (2012). Explaining gender gap in illicit drug use: Evidence from a time-series analysis. Doctoral dissertation, Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Onyejekwe, C. J. (2009). Nigeria: The dominance of rapeJournal of International Women’s Studies 10(1), 4863. (Joint special issue with WAGADU: A Journal of Transnational Women's and Gender, 6.)Google Scholar
Panchanadeswaran, S., & Koverola, C. (2005). The voices of battered women in India. Violence Against women, 11(6), 736758. doi:10.1177/1077801205276088Google Scholar
Parmelee, M. (1918). Criminology. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Pollak, O. (1950). The criminality of women. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company.Google Scholar
Radosh, P. (1990). Women and crime in the United States: A Marxian explanation. Sociological Spectrum10(1), 105131. doi:10.1080/02732173.1990.9981914Google Scholar
Rebellon, C. J., Wiesen-Martin, D., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., & Tibbetts, S. G. (2015). Gender differences in criminal intent: Examining the mediating influence of anticipated shamingDeviant Behavior36(1), 1741. doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.903755Google Scholar
Reckless, W. C. (1961). The crime problem. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Renzetti, C. M. (2013). Feminist criminology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Robinson, R. (2018). “Since I couldn’t get out of my own skin”. What would a feminist psychoanalytic perspective crime and justice look like? In DeKeseredy, W. and Dragiewicz, M. (Eds.), Handbook of critical criminology (pp. 192208). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Robinson, R., & Ryder, J. (2013). Psychosocial perspectives of girls and violence: Implications for policy and praxisCritical Criminology21(4), 431445. doi:10.1007/s10612–013-9185-4Google Scholar
Robinson, R., & Ryder, J. (2014). “Constant violence from everywhere”: Psychodynamics of power and abuse amongst rural and small-town youthCritical Criminology22(4), 545560. doi:10.1007/s10612–014-9254-3Google Scholar
Rohner, R. (1976). Sex differences in aggressionEthos4(1), 5772. doi:10.1525/eth.1976.4.1.02a00030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryder, J. (2007). “I wasn’t really bonded with my family”: An understanding of violent female offending. Critical Criminology: An International Journal 15(1), 1940. doi:10.1007/s10612–006-9017-xGoogle Scholar
Ryder, J. (2014). Girls and violence: Tracing the roots of criminal behavior. Qualitative Criminological Studies Series. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Savolainen, J., Applin, S., Messner, S., Hughes, L., Lytle, R., & Kivivuori, J. (2017). Does the gender gap in delinquency vary by level of patriarchy? A cross‐national comparative analysisCriminology55(4), 726753. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12161Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. (2013). A “new” female offender or increasing social control of women’s behavior? Cross-national evidence. Feminist Studies, 39, 790821.Google Scholar
Schwartz, J., Steffensmeier, D., Zhong, H., & Ackerman, J. (2009). Trends in the gender gap in violence: Reevaluating NCVS and other evidence. Criminology, 47(2), 401425. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00152.xGoogle Scholar
Sea, J., Youngs, D., & Tkazky, S. (2018). Sex difference in homicide: Comparing male and female violent crimes in KoreaInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology62(11), 34083435. doi:10.1177/0306624X17740555Google Scholar
Sharma, B. R. (1993). Crime and women: A psycho-diagnostic study of female criminalityNew Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration.Google Scholar
Shekarkhar, Z., & Gibson, C. L. (2011). Gender, self-control, and offending behaviors among Latino youthJournal of Contemporary Criminal Justice27(1), 6380. doi:10.1177/1043986211402224Google Scholar
Shen, A. (2016). Female membership in the Black-society style criminal organizations: Evidence from a female prison in ChinaFeminist Criminology11(1), 6990. doi:10.1177/1557085115605910Google Scholar
Shen, A., & Winlow, S. (2013). Women and crime in contemporary China: A review essay. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice38(4), 327342. doi:10.1080/01924036.2013.861354Google Scholar
Shen, Y., & Zhong, H. (2018). Rural-to-urban migration and juvenile delinquency in urban China: A social control perspectiveAsian Journal of Criminology13(3), 207229. doi:10.1007/s11417–018-9267-zGoogle Scholar
Sikes, G. (1997). 8 ball chicks: A year in the violent word of girl gangs, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Simon, R. (1975). Women and crime. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Simpson, S. (1989). Feminist theory, crime, and Justice. Criminology, 27(4), 605632. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01048.xGoogle Scholar
Simpson, S. & Ellis, L. (1995). Doing gender: Sorting out the caste and crime conundrum. Criminology 33(1), 4775. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01171.xGoogle Scholar
Smart, C. (1976). Women, crime and criminology: A feminist critique. Boston, MA: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Smart, C. (1989). Feminism and the power of law. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smart, C. (2003). Feminist approaches to criminology or postmodern woman meets atavistic man. In Bean, P. (Ed.), Crime: Critical concepts in sociology (pp. 153169). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, D., & Paternoster, R. (1987). The gender gap in theories of deviance: Issues and evidence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency24(2), 140172. doi:10.1177/0022427887024002004Google Scholar
Sommers, I., Baskin, D., & Fagan, J. (1996). The structural relationship between drug use, drug dealing, and other income support activities among women drug sellers. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(4), 9751006.Google Scholar
South, S. J., and Messner, S. F. (1986). The sex ratio and women’s involvement in crime: A cross-national analysis. Sociological Quarterly, 28, 171188. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1987.tb00289.xGoogle Scholar
Steffensmeier, D. (1980). Sex differences in patterns of adult crime, 1965–77: A review and assessmentSocial Forces58(4), 10801108. doi:10.2307/2577314Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D. (1983). An organizational perspective on sex-segregation in the underworld: Building a sociological theory of sex differences in crime. Social Forces, 61(4), 10101032.Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D. (1993). National trends in female arrests, 1960–1990: Assessment and recommendations for researchJournal of Quantitative Criminology9(4), 411441. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01136.xGoogle Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., & Allan, E. (1996). Gender and crime: Toward a gendered theory of female offending. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 459487. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.459Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., Allan, E., & Streifel, C. (1989). Development and female crime: A cross-national test of alternative explanationsSocial Forces68(1), 262283. doi:10.2307/2579228Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., & Haynie, D. (2000). Gender, structural disadvantage, and urban crime: Do macrosocial variables also explain female offending rates? Criminology, 38(2), 403438. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00895.xGoogle Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., Schwartz, J., & Roche, M. (2013). Gender and twenty-first century corporate crime: Female involvement and the gender gap in Enron-era corporate fraudsAmerican Sociological Review78(3), 448476. doi:10.1177/0003122413484150Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., Schwartz, J., Zhong, H., & Ackerman, J. (2005). An assessment of recent trends in girls’ violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Is the gender gap closing? Criminology, 43(2), 355405. doi:10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00011.xGoogle Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., & Terry, R. M. (1986). Institutional sexism in the underworld: A view from the insideSociological Inquiry56(3), 304323. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb00090.xGoogle Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., Zhong, H., Ackerman, J., Schwartz, J., & Agha, S. (2006). Gender gap trends for violent crimes, 1980 to 2003: A UCR-NCVS comparisonFeminist Criminology1(1), 7298. doi:10.1177/1557085105283953Google Scholar
Sutherland, E. (1924). Criminology. Chicago: J. B. Lippincott.Google Scholar
Thomas, W. (1923). The unadjusted girl: With cases and standpoint for behavior analysis. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Van Gelder, J. L., Elffers, H., Reynald, D., & Nagin, D. S. (Eds.). (2013). Affect and cognition in criminal decision making. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vold, G., Bernard, T., & Snipes, J. (2002). Theoretical criminology (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wang, S. N., & Jensen, G. F. (2003). Explaining delinquency in Taiwan: A test of social learning theory. In R. L. Akers & G. F. Jensen (Eds.), Social learning theory and the explanation of crime (pp. 6583). New York: Sage. doi:10.4324/9781315129594-3Google Scholar
Warner, J. (2011). Understanding cyber-crime in Ghana: A view from belowInternational Journal of Cyber Criminology5(1), 736749.Google Scholar
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing genderGender & Society1(2), 125151. doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002Google Scholar
Wilson, N. K. (1993). Stealing and dealing: The drug war and gendered criminal opportunity. In Culliver, C. C. (Ed.), Female criminality: The state of the art (pp. 169194). New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner-city, the underclass and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wonders, N. A. (1999). Postmodern feminism and social justice. In Arrigo, B. (Ed.), Social Justice, criminal justice (pp. 111128). Belmont, CA: West WadsworthGoogle Scholar
Zhang, S. X., Chin, K. L., & Miller, J. (2007). Women’s participation in Chinese transnational human smuggling: A gendered market perspective. Criminology, 45(3), 699733. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00085.xGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., & Zhong, H. (2017). Drug use patterns in China: From past to present. Forensic Science and Addiction Research, 1(5), 14. doi:10.1080/20961790.2017.1333249Google Scholar
Zhong, H. (2007). Victim protection in domestic violence: Current situations and future development in China. In Zhang, H., Huang, Y., & Zhao, R. (Eds.), Studies on victim protections (pp. 100119). Beijing: China Court Press.Google Scholar
Zhong, H., & Schwartz, J. (2010). Exploring gender-specific trends in underage drinking across adolescent age groups and measures of drinking: Is girls’ drinking catching up with boys’?Journal of Youth and Adolescence39(8), 911926. doi:10.1007/s10964–009-9413-0Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×